Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China.Besides cultivated hawthorn,other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value,such as Crataeg...Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China.Besides cultivated hawthorn,other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value,such as Crataegus chungtienensis,an endemic species distributed in the Southwest of China.In this study,by integrating the flavor-related metabolome and transcriptome data of the ripening fruit of C.chungtienensis,we have developed an understanding of the formation of hawthorn fruit quality.The results show that a total of 849 metabolites were detected in the young and mature fruit of C.chungtienensis,of which flavonoids were the most detected metabolites.Among the differentially accumulated metabolites,stachyose,maltotetraose and cis-aconitic acid were significantly increased during fruit ripening,and these may be important metabolites affecting fruit flavor change.Moreover,several flavonoids and terpenoids were reduced after fruit ripening compared with young fruit.Therefore,using the unripe fruit of C.chungtienensis may allow us to obtain more medicinal active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpenoids.Furthermore,we screened out some differentially expressed genes(DEGs)related to fruit quality formation,which had important relationships with differentially accumulated sugars,acids,flavonoids and terpenoids.Our study provides new insights into flavor formation in wild hawthorn during fruit development and ripening,and at the same time this study lays the foundation for the improvement of hawthorn fruit flavor.展开更多
Objective: To determine the in vitro and in vivo absorption properties of active ingredients of the Chinese medicine, baicalein, to enrich mechanistic understanding of oral drug absorption.Methods: The Biopharmaceutic...Objective: To determine the in vitro and in vivo absorption properties of active ingredients of the Chinese medicine, baicalein, to enrich mechanistic understanding of oral drug absorption.Methods: The Biopharmaceutic Classification System(BCS) category was determined using equilibrium solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, and intestinal permeability to evaluate intestinal absorption mechanisms of baicalein in rats in vitro. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic(PBPK) model commercial software GastroPlus~(TM) was used to predict oral absorption of baicalein in vivo.Results: Based on equilibrium solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, and permeability values of main absorptive segments in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, baicalein was classified as a drug with low solubility and high permeability. Intestinal perfusion with venous sampling(IPVS) revealed that baicalein was extensively metabolized in the body, which corresponded to the low bioavailability predicted by the PBPK model. Further, the PBPK model predicted the key indicators of BCS, leading to reclassification as BCS-II. Predicted values of peak plasma concentration of the drug(C_(max)) and area under the curve(AUC)fell within two times of the error of the measured results, highlighting the superior prediction of absorption of baicalein in rats, beagles, and humans. The PBPK model supported in vitro and in vivo evidence and provided excellent prediction for this BCS class II drug.Conclusion: BCS and PBPK are complementary methods that enable comprehensive research of BCS parameters, intestinal absorption rate, metabolism, prediction of human absorption fraction and bioavailability, simulation of PK, and drug absorption in various intestinal segments across species. This combined approach may facilitate a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of the absorption characteristics of active ingredients of Chinese medicine from in vitro and in vivo perspectives.展开更多
Long-term moderately high or low temperatures can damage economically important plants.In the present study,we treated Panax notoginseng,an important traditional Chinese medicine,with temperatures of 10,20,and 30℃for...Long-term moderately high or low temperatures can damage economically important plants.In the present study,we treated Panax notoginseng,an important traditional Chinese medicine,with temperatures of 10,20,and 30℃for 30 days.We then investigated P.notoginseng glycerolipidome responses to these moderate temperature stresses using an ESI/MS-MS-based lipidomic approach.Both long-term chilling(LTC,10℃)and long-term heat(LTH,30℃)decreased photo pigment levels and photosynthetic rate.LTH-induced degradation of photo pigments and glycerolipids may further cause the decline of photosynthesis and thereafter the senescence of leaves.LTC-induced photosynthesis decline is attributed to the degradation of photo synthetic pigments rather than the degradation of chloroplastidic lipids.P.notoginseng has an especially high level of lysophosphatidylglycerol,which may indicate that either P.notoginseng phospholipase A acts in a special manner on phosphatidylglycerol(PG),or that phospholipase B acts.The ratio of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol(SQDG)to PG increased significantly after LTC treatment,which may indicate that SQDG partially substitutes for PG.After LTC treatment,the increase in the degree of unsaturation of plastidic lipids was less than that of extraplastidic lipids,and the increase in the unsaturation of PG was the largest among the ten lipid classes tested.These results indicate that increasing the level of unsaturated PG may play a special role in maintaining the function and stability of P.notoginseng photosystems after LTC treatment.展开更多
Understanding the responses of crops to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(E[CO2])is very important in terms of global food supplies.The present study investigates the effects of CO2 enrichment(to 800...Understanding the responses of crops to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(E[CO2])is very important in terms of global food supplies.The present study investigates the effects of CO2 enrichment(to 800μmol mol^-1)on the physiology of soybean plants and the nutritional value of their seeds under growth chamber conditions.The photosynthesis of soybean was significantly promoted by E[CO2]at all growth stages,but leaf area and specific leaf weight were not affected.The levels of mineral elements in the leaves decreased under EICO2J.The soil properties after soybean cultivation under E[CO2]were not affected,except for a decrease in available potassium.Moreover,the levels of soluble sugars in the seeds were not affected by E[CO2].but the levels of natural antioxidants decreased.In addition,the level of oleic acid decreased under E[CO2].However,levels of fatty acid peroxidation and saturation were maintained.In conclusion.E[CO2] appears to have positive effects on the growth of cultivated soybean plants,but its influence on the nutritional values of soybean seeds is complex.Copyright?2019 Kunming Institute of Botany.Chinese Academy of Sciences.展开更多
Cultivated hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida var.major)is an important medicinal and edible plant with a long history of use for health protection in China.Herein,we provide a de novo chromosomelevel genome sequence of t...Cultivated hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida var.major)is an important medicinal and edible plant with a long history of use for health protection in China.Herein,we provide a de novo chromosomelevel genome sequence of the hawthorn cultivar“Qiu Jinxing.”We assembled an 823.41 Mb genome encoding 40571 genes and further anchored the779.24 Mb sequence into 17 pseudo-chromosomes,which account for 94.64%of the assembled genome.Phylogenomic analyses revealed that cultivated hawthorn diverged from other species within the Maleae(apple tribe)at approximately 35.4 Mya.Notably,genes involved in the flavonoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways have been significantly amplified in the hawthorn genome.In addition,our results indicated that the Maleae share a unique ancient tetraploidization event;however,no recent independent whole-genome duplication event was specifically detected in hawthorn.The amplification of non-specific long terminal repeat retrotransposons contributed the most to the expansion of the hawthorn genome.Furthermore,we identified two paleo-sub-genomes in extant species of Maleae and found that these two sub-genomes showed different rearrangement mechanisms.We also reconstructed the ancestral chromosomes of Rosaceae and discussed two possible paleopolyploid origin patterns(autopolyploidization or allopolyploidization)of Maleae.Overall,our study provides an improved context for understanding the evolution of Maleae species,and this new highquality reference genome provides a useful resource for the horticultural improvement of hawthorn.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260094,32060237 to T.Z.,82260739 to G.L.,and 32060085 to Q.Q.)the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan Province(202102AE090031)to G.L.
文摘Hawthorns are important medicinal and edible plants with a long history of health protection in China.Besides cultivated hawthorn,other wild hawthorns may also have excellent medicinal and edible value,such as Crataegus chungtienensis,an endemic species distributed in the Southwest of China.In this study,by integrating the flavor-related metabolome and transcriptome data of the ripening fruit of C.chungtienensis,we have developed an understanding of the formation of hawthorn fruit quality.The results show that a total of 849 metabolites were detected in the young and mature fruit of C.chungtienensis,of which flavonoids were the most detected metabolites.Among the differentially accumulated metabolites,stachyose,maltotetraose and cis-aconitic acid were significantly increased during fruit ripening,and these may be important metabolites affecting fruit flavor change.Moreover,several flavonoids and terpenoids were reduced after fruit ripening compared with young fruit.Therefore,using the unripe fruit of C.chungtienensis may allow us to obtain more medicinal active ingredients such as flavonoids and terpenoids.Furthermore,we screened out some differentially expressed genes(DEGs)related to fruit quality formation,which had important relationships with differentially accumulated sugars,acids,flavonoids and terpenoids.Our study provides new insights into flavor formation in wild hawthorn during fruit development and ripening,and at the same time this study lays the foundation for the improvement of hawthorn fruit flavor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473362)。
文摘Objective: To determine the in vitro and in vivo absorption properties of active ingredients of the Chinese medicine, baicalein, to enrich mechanistic understanding of oral drug absorption.Methods: The Biopharmaceutic Classification System(BCS) category was determined using equilibrium solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, and intestinal permeability to evaluate intestinal absorption mechanisms of baicalein in rats in vitro. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic(PBPK) model commercial software GastroPlus~(TM) was used to predict oral absorption of baicalein in vivo.Results: Based on equilibrium solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate, and permeability values of main absorptive segments in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, baicalein was classified as a drug with low solubility and high permeability. Intestinal perfusion with venous sampling(IPVS) revealed that baicalein was extensively metabolized in the body, which corresponded to the low bioavailability predicted by the PBPK model. Further, the PBPK model predicted the key indicators of BCS, leading to reclassification as BCS-II. Predicted values of peak plasma concentration of the drug(C_(max)) and area under the curve(AUC)fell within two times of the error of the measured results, highlighting the superior prediction of absorption of baicalein in rats, beagles, and humans. The PBPK model supported in vitro and in vivo evidence and provided excellent prediction for this BCS class II drug.Conclusion: BCS and PBPK are complementary methods that enable comprehensive research of BCS parameters, intestinal absorption rate, metabolism, prediction of human absorption fraction and bioavailability, simulation of PK, and drug absorption in various intestinal segments across species. This combined approach may facilitate a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of the absorption characteristics of active ingredients of Chinese medicine from in vitro and in vivo perspectives.
基金grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(31560085,81460581 and 31600215)High Level Talents Project of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine(2019YZG07)+2 种基金Natural Science Fund of Yunnan Province(2017FG001)Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(2016FA042,2017FB057 and 2015FB171)Innovation Guidance and Scientific and Technological Enterprise Cultivation Plan in Yunnan Province(2017RA001)。
文摘Long-term moderately high or low temperatures can damage economically important plants.In the present study,we treated Panax notoginseng,an important traditional Chinese medicine,with temperatures of 10,20,and 30℃for 30 days.We then investigated P.notoginseng glycerolipidome responses to these moderate temperature stresses using an ESI/MS-MS-based lipidomic approach.Both long-term chilling(LTC,10℃)and long-term heat(LTH,30℃)decreased photo pigment levels and photosynthetic rate.LTH-induced degradation of photo pigments and glycerolipids may further cause the decline of photosynthesis and thereafter the senescence of leaves.LTC-induced photosynthesis decline is attributed to the degradation of photo synthetic pigments rather than the degradation of chloroplastidic lipids.P.notoginseng has an especially high level of lysophosphatidylglycerol,which may indicate that either P.notoginseng phospholipase A acts in a special manner on phosphatidylglycerol(PG),or that phospholipase B acts.The ratio of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol(SQDG)to PG increased significantly after LTC treatment,which may indicate that SQDG partially substitutes for PG.After LTC treatment,the increase in the degree of unsaturation of plastidic lipids was less than that of extraplastidic lipids,and the increase in the unsaturation of PG was the largest among the ten lipid classes tested.These results indicate that increasing the level of unsaturated PG may play a special role in maintaining the function and stability of P.notoginseng photosystems after LTC treatment.
基金This work was supported by the High Level Talents Project of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine(2019YZG07)Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Funding(2018JS290)+3 种基金the Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(2016FA042,2017FB057 and 2015FB171)Discipline funding of School of Chinese Material Medica,Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine(2019ZY014)grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31600215,31401313)by Joint Special Funds for Basic Research of Yunnan Local College.We thank Dr.Shihong Luo for help with the analysis of the isoflavones and tocopherols.We also thank Zhen Yu for assistance with the GC—MS analysis.
文摘Understanding the responses of crops to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations(E[CO2])is very important in terms of global food supplies.The present study investigates the effects of CO2 enrichment(to 800μmol mol^-1)on the physiology of soybean plants and the nutritional value of their seeds under growth chamber conditions.The photosynthesis of soybean was significantly promoted by E[CO2]at all growth stages,but leaf area and specific leaf weight were not affected.The levels of mineral elements in the leaves decreased under EICO2J.The soil properties after soybean cultivation under E[CO2]were not affected,except for a decrease in available potassium.Moreover,the levels of soluble sugars in the seeds were not affected by E[CO2].but the levels of natural antioxidants decreased.In addition,the level of oleic acid decreased under E[CO2].However,levels of fatty acid peroxidation and saturation were maintained.In conclusion.E[CO2] appears to have positive effects on the growth of cultivated soybean plants,but its influence on the nutritional values of soybean seeds is complex.Copyright?2019 Kunming Institute of Botany.Chinese Academy of Sciences.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060237 to T.Z.and 32060085 to Q.Q.)funding from the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(No.833522)from Ghent University(Methusalem funding,BOF.MET.2021.0005.01)。
文摘Cultivated hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida var.major)is an important medicinal and edible plant with a long history of use for health protection in China.Herein,we provide a de novo chromosomelevel genome sequence of the hawthorn cultivar“Qiu Jinxing.”We assembled an 823.41 Mb genome encoding 40571 genes and further anchored the779.24 Mb sequence into 17 pseudo-chromosomes,which account for 94.64%of the assembled genome.Phylogenomic analyses revealed that cultivated hawthorn diverged from other species within the Maleae(apple tribe)at approximately 35.4 Mya.Notably,genes involved in the flavonoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathways have been significantly amplified in the hawthorn genome.In addition,our results indicated that the Maleae share a unique ancient tetraploidization event;however,no recent independent whole-genome duplication event was specifically detected in hawthorn.The amplification of non-specific long terminal repeat retrotransposons contributed the most to the expansion of the hawthorn genome.Furthermore,we identified two paleo-sub-genomes in extant species of Maleae and found that these two sub-genomes showed different rearrangement mechanisms.We also reconstructed the ancestral chromosomes of Rosaceae and discussed two possible paleopolyploid origin patterns(autopolyploidization or allopolyploidization)of Maleae.Overall,our study provides an improved context for understanding the evolution of Maleae species,and this new highquality reference genome provides a useful resource for the horticultural improvement of hawthorn.
