This study reviews the historical development,current applications,and multifaceted impacts of religious psychological coping on the physical and mental health of cancer patients.As a method for coping with life’s pr...This study reviews the historical development,current applications,and multifaceted impacts of religious psychological coping on the physical and mental health of cancer patients.As a method for coping with life’s pressures through religious beliefs or activities,religious psychological coping has been proven to alleviate the negative emotions of cancer patients and enhance their spiritual well-being and quality of life(QOL).Research indicates that religious faith can alleviate the physical symptoms of cancer patients,extend survival time,reduce the fear of death,assist in coping with treatment side effects,and improve self-efficacy and overall quality of life.Additionally,this study explores factors influencing religious psychological coping,including demographic and sociological characteristics,the faith status of caregivers,types of religion,the relationship between the course of the disease and the duration of belief,and psychological factors.Considering the cultural differences between China and other countries,this study calls for further research into the real experiences of cancer patients with religious beliefs and provides theoretical guidance for clinical nursing practices to achieve holistic care for the body,mind,and spirit of cancer patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Illness perception has long been hypothesized to be linked to psychological well-b eing in patients with rheumatic diseases,although substantial evidence is lacking,and the contribution of ruminative coping...BACKGROUND Illness perception has long been hypothesized to be linked to psychological well-b eing in patients with rheumatic diseases,although substantial evidence is lacking,and the contribution of ruminative coping style to this relationship is unclear.AIM To investigate the roles of illness perception and rumination in predicting fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases.METHODS Illness perception,rumination,fatigue and negative emotions(i.e.depression,anxiety and stress)were assessed by the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised,Stress Reactive Rumination Scale,Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue,and the Depression,Anxiety and Stress Scale respectively.Multivariate regression analysis,the Sobel test,and the bootstrap were used to identify the mediating effect of rumination.RESULTS All five subscales of illness perception,including perceived illness identity,chronicity,cyclical nature,consequences and coherence of illness,were significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions.In mediational analysis,rumination was found to mediate three components of illness perception(the identity,cyclical nature and consequences of illness)and negative emotions/fatigue.CONCLUSION Perceived identity,cyclical nature,and consequences of illness are significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases and these associations are mediated by rumination.Our findings suggest that psychological intervention should target rumination to improve physical and emotional well-being of patients with chronic rheumatic diseases.展开更多
Northeast China(NEC)is one of the vital commercial grain bases in China and it has suffered from soil erosion due to prolonged cultivation and lack of protection.To determine long-term trends of precipi-tation and rai...Northeast China(NEC)is one of the vital commercial grain bases in China and it has suffered from soil erosion due to prolonged cultivation and lack of protection.To determine long-term trends of precipi-tation and rainfall erosivity over NEC during the latest decades,daily precipitation for the entire year during 1961-2020 and hourly precipitation for the warm season(May to September)during 1971-2020 were collected for 192 and 126 stations,respectively.Three seasons,including the cold season(October to April),early warm season(May to June),and late warm season(July to September)were divided according to the combination of precipitation and vegetation.Results demonstrate:(1)Daily precipita-tion reveals total precipitation and rainfall erosivity in the cold season and early warm season increase significantly at relative rates of 3.1%-6.1%compared with the average during 1961-2020,and those in the late warm season decrease insignificantly.(2)Hourly precipitation reveals storms occurring in the early and late warm seasons have undergone significant increasing changes,which shift towards longer storm duration,larger amount,peak intensity,kinetic energy,and rainfall erosivity during 1971-2020.Moreover,the frequency of extreme storms increased.(3)Rainfall erosivities estimated from daily pre-cipitation during 1971-2020 increase insignificantly for the early and late warm season,whereas those from hourly precipitation increase significantly(6.1%and 5.5%,respectively),which indicates daily precipitation may not be able to capture the trend fully under the warming background,and precipi-tation at higher resolutions than the daily scale is necessary to detect trends of rainfall erosivity more accurately.展开更多
Thermodynamics plays an important role in gravitational theories.It is a principle that is independent of gravitational dynamics,and there is still no rigorous proof to show that it is consistent with the dynamical pr...Thermodynamics plays an important role in gravitational theories.It is a principle that is independent of gravitational dynamics,and there is still no rigorous proof to show that it is consistent with the dynamical principle.We consider a self-gravitating perfect fluid system with the general diffeomorphism-covariant purely gravitational theory.Based on the Noether charge method proposed by Iyer and Wald,considering static off/on-shell variational configurations,which satisfy the gravitational constraint equation,we rigorously prove that the extrema of the total entropy of a perfect fluid inside a compact region for a fixed total particle number demands that the static configuration is an on-shell solution after we introduce some appropriate boundary conditions,i.e.,it also satisfies the spatial gravitational equations.This means that the entropy principle of the fluid stores the same information as the gravitational equation in a static configuration.Our proof is universal and holds for any diffeomorphism-covariant purely gravitational theories,such as Einstein gravity,f(R)gravity,Lovelock gravity,f(Gauss-Bonnet)gravity and Einstein-Weyl gravity.Our result indicates the consistency between ordinary thermodynamics and gravitational dynamics.展开更多
Compared with general redox chemistry,electrochemistry using the electron as a potent,controllable,yet traceless alternative to chemical oxidants/reductants usually offers more sustainable options for achieving select...Compared with general redox chemistry,electrochemistry using the electron as a potent,controllable,yet traceless alternative to chemical oxidants/reductants usually offers more sustainable options for achieving selective organic synthesis.With its environmentally benign features gradually being uncovered and studied,organic electrosynthesis is currently undergoing a revival and becoming a rapidly growing area within the synthetic community.Among the electrochemical transformations,the anodically enabled ones have been far more extensively exploited than those driven by cathodic reduction,although both approaches are conceptually attractive.To stimulate the development of cathodically enabled organic reactions,this review summarizes the recently developed reductive electrosynthetic protocols,discussing and highlighting reaction features,substrate scopes,applications,and plausible mechanisms to reveal the recent trends in this area.Herein,cathodic reduction-enabled preparative organic transformations are categorized into four types:reduction of(1)unsaturated hydrocarbons,(2)heteroatom-containing carbon-based unsaturated systems,(3)saturated C-hetero or C–C polar/strained bonds,and(4)hetero-hetero linkages.Apart from net electroreductive reactions,a few examples of reductive photo-electrosynthesis as well as paired electrolysis are also introduced,which offer opportunities to overcome certain limitations and improve synthetic versatility.The electrochemically driven,transition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-couplings that have been comprehensively discussed in several other recent reviews are not included here.展开更多
Multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent physical,chemical and mechanical properties,and they are used as novel structural materials for potential applications in nuclear energy,hydrogen energy,and petrochemic...Multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent physical,chemical and mechanical properties,and they are used as novel structural materials for potential applications in nuclear energy,hydrogen energy,and petrochemical fields.However,exposing components made of the alloys to service conditions related to the mentioned applications may induce hydrogen embrittlement(HE)as one of the typical failure mechanisms.In this review,we report and summarize the progress in understanding HE in multi-principal element alloys,with a particular focus on high-entropy alloys(HEAs).The review focuses on four aspects:(1)hydrogen migration behavior(hydrogen dissolution,hydrogen diffusion,and hydrogen traps);(2)factors affecting HE(hydrogen concentration,alloy elements and microstructure);(3)tensile mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen and micro-damage HE mechanisms;(4)the design concept for preventing hydrogen-induced mechanical degradation.The differences in the HE behavior and failure mechanisms between HEAs and traditional alloys are compared and discussed.Moreover,specific research directions for further investigation of fundamental HE issues and a strategy for a simultaneous improvement in strength and HE resistance are identified.展开更多
It has been established that Strong Cosmic Censorship Conjecture(SCCC)is respected by an asymptotically flat black hole with charge,but violated by a charged asymptotically de Sitter black hole.We studied the instabil...It has been established that Strong Cosmic Censorship Conjecture(SCCC)is respected by an asymptotically flat black hole with charge,but violated by a charged asymptotically de Sitter black hole.We studied the instability of the Cauchy horizon for an accelerating black hole in Einstein theory conformally coupled with a scalar field.The black hole is uncharged while having inner,outer,and acceleration horizons.In the limit of vanishing acceleration,denoted by A→0,it becomes asymptotically flat and extremal,with its acceleration horizon vanishing as well.By exploring the perturbation of the massless scalar field upon the accelerating black hole,whose decay rate is governed by the quasinormal mode spectra,we show that the SCCC is violated in the near-extremal regime and also in the A→0+limit.Our result is the first observation of a black hole violating the SCCC in an almost asymptotically Minkowskian flat regime,as well as the first example of a black hole violating the SCCC with neither charge nor rotation.展开更多
This paper attempts to study the optimal stopping time for semi- Markov processes (SMPs) under the discount optimization criteria with unbounded cost rates. In our work, we introduce an explicit construction of the eq...This paper attempts to study the optimal stopping time for semi- Markov processes (SMPs) under the discount optimization criteria with unbounded cost rates. In our work, we introduce an explicit construction of the equivalent semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs). The equivalence is embodied in the expected discounted cost functions of SMPs and SMDPs, that is, every stopping time of SMPs can induce a policy of SMDPs such that the value functions are equal, and vice versa. The existence of the optimal stopping time of SMPs is proved by this equivalence relation. Next, we give the optimality equation of the value function and develop an effective iterative algorithm for computing it. Moreover, we show that the optimal and ε-optimal stopping time can be characterized by the hitting time of the special sets. Finally, to illustrate the validity of our results, an example of a maintenance system is presented in the end.展开更多
文摘This study reviews the historical development,current applications,and multifaceted impacts of religious psychological coping on the physical and mental health of cancer patients.As a method for coping with life’s pressures through religious beliefs or activities,religious psychological coping has been proven to alleviate the negative emotions of cancer patients and enhance their spiritual well-being and quality of life(QOL).Research indicates that religious faith can alleviate the physical symptoms of cancer patients,extend survival time,reduce the fear of death,assist in coping with treatment side effects,and improve self-efficacy and overall quality of life.Additionally,this study explores factors influencing religious psychological coping,including demographic and sociological characteristics,the faith status of caregivers,types of religion,the relationship between the course of the disease and the duration of belief,and psychological factors.Considering the cultural differences between China and other countries,this study calls for further research into the real experiences of cancer patients with religious beliefs and provides theoretical guidance for clinical nursing practices to achieve holistic care for the body,mind,and spirit of cancer patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Illness perception has long been hypothesized to be linked to psychological well-b eing in patients with rheumatic diseases,although substantial evidence is lacking,and the contribution of ruminative coping style to this relationship is unclear.AIM To investigate the roles of illness perception and rumination in predicting fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases.METHODS Illness perception,rumination,fatigue and negative emotions(i.e.depression,anxiety and stress)were assessed by the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised,Stress Reactive Rumination Scale,Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue,and the Depression,Anxiety and Stress Scale respectively.Multivariate regression analysis,the Sobel test,and the bootstrap were used to identify the mediating effect of rumination.RESULTS All five subscales of illness perception,including perceived illness identity,chronicity,cyclical nature,consequences and coherence of illness,were significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions.In mediational analysis,rumination was found to mediate three components of illness perception(the identity,cyclical nature and consequences of illness)and negative emotions/fatigue.CONCLUSION Perceived identity,cyclical nature,and consequences of illness are significantly associated with fatigue and negative emotions in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases and these associations are mediated by rumination.Our findings suggest that psychological intervention should target rumination to improve physical and emotional well-being of patients with chronic rheumatic diseases.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFE0113800)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1500705)the Project for Recruited Talents to Start Up Their Work and Research in Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai(310432116).
文摘Northeast China(NEC)is one of the vital commercial grain bases in China and it has suffered from soil erosion due to prolonged cultivation and lack of protection.To determine long-term trends of precipi-tation and rainfall erosivity over NEC during the latest decades,daily precipitation for the entire year during 1961-2020 and hourly precipitation for the warm season(May to September)during 1971-2020 were collected for 192 and 126 stations,respectively.Three seasons,including the cold season(October to April),early warm season(May to June),and late warm season(July to September)were divided according to the combination of precipitation and vegetation.Results demonstrate:(1)Daily precipita-tion reveals total precipitation and rainfall erosivity in the cold season and early warm season increase significantly at relative rates of 3.1%-6.1%compared with the average during 1961-2020,and those in the late warm season decrease insignificantly.(2)Hourly precipitation reveals storms occurring in the early and late warm seasons have undergone significant increasing changes,which shift towards longer storm duration,larger amount,peak intensity,kinetic energy,and rainfall erosivity during 1971-2020.Moreover,the frequency of extreme storms increased.(3)Rainfall erosivities estimated from daily pre-cipitation during 1971-2020 increase insignificantly for the early and late warm season,whereas those from hourly precipitation increase significantly(6.1%and 5.5%,respectively),which indicates daily precipitation may not be able to capture the trend fully under the warming background,and precipi-tation at higher resolutions than the daily scale is necessary to detect trends of rainfall erosivity more accurately.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11705053,12035005,11775022,11873044)。
文摘Thermodynamics plays an important role in gravitational theories.It is a principle that is independent of gravitational dynamics,and there is still no rigorous proof to show that it is consistent with the dynamical principle.We consider a self-gravitating perfect fluid system with the general diffeomorphism-covariant purely gravitational theory.Based on the Noether charge method proposed by Iyer and Wald,considering static off/on-shell variational configurations,which satisfy the gravitational constraint equation,we rigorously prove that the extrema of the total entropy of a perfect fluid inside a compact region for a fixed total particle number demands that the static configuration is an on-shell solution after we introduce some appropriate boundary conditions,i.e.,it also satisfies the spatial gravitational equations.This means that the entropy principle of the fluid stores the same information as the gravitational equation in a static configuration.Our proof is universal and holds for any diffeomorphism-covariant purely gravitational theories,such as Einstein gravity,f(R)gravity,Lovelock gravity,f(Gauss-Bonnet)gravity and Einstein-Weyl gravity.Our result indicates the consistency between ordinary thermodynamics and gravitational dynamics.
基金Beijing Normal University is acknowledged for providing financial support.
文摘Compared with general redox chemistry,electrochemistry using the electron as a potent,controllable,yet traceless alternative to chemical oxidants/reductants usually offers more sustainable options for achieving selective organic synthesis.With its environmentally benign features gradually being uncovered and studied,organic electrosynthesis is currently undergoing a revival and becoming a rapidly growing area within the synthetic community.Among the electrochemical transformations,the anodically enabled ones have been far more extensively exploited than those driven by cathodic reduction,although both approaches are conceptually attractive.To stimulate the development of cathodically enabled organic reactions,this review summarizes the recently developed reductive electrosynthetic protocols,discussing and highlighting reaction features,substrate scopes,applications,and plausible mechanisms to reveal the recent trends in this area.Herein,cathodic reduction-enabled preparative organic transformations are categorized into four types:reduction of(1)unsaturated hydrocarbons,(2)heteroatom-containing carbon-based unsaturated systems,(3)saturated C-hetero or C–C polar/strained bonds,and(4)hetero-hetero linkages.Apart from net electroreductive reactions,a few examples of reductive photo-electrosynthesis as well as paired electrolysis are also introduced,which offer opportunities to overcome certain limitations and improve synthetic versatility.The electrochemically driven,transition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-couplings that have been comprehensively discussed in several other recent reviews are not included here.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12104057)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019A1515110895)+5 种基金the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials(No.20202209)the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metals and Materials(No.2021-Z02)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special SteelShanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2021-08)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.19DZ2270200 and 20511107700)the Major Engineering Materials Service Safety Research Evaluation Facility National Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Open Project Fund。
文摘Multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent physical,chemical and mechanical properties,and they are used as novel structural materials for potential applications in nuclear energy,hydrogen energy,and petrochemical fields.However,exposing components made of the alloys to service conditions related to the mentioned applications may induce hydrogen embrittlement(HE)as one of the typical failure mechanisms.In this review,we report and summarize the progress in understanding HE in multi-principal element alloys,with a particular focus on high-entropy alloys(HEAs).The review focuses on four aspects:(1)hydrogen migration behavior(hydrogen dissolution,hydrogen diffusion,and hydrogen traps);(2)factors affecting HE(hydrogen concentration,alloy elements and microstructure);(3)tensile mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen and micro-damage HE mechanisms;(4)the design concept for preventing hydrogen-induced mechanical degradation.The differences in the HE behavior and failure mechanisms between HEAs and traditional alloys are compared and discussed.Moreover,specific research directions for further investigation of fundamental HE issues and a strategy for a simultaneous improvement in strength and HE resistance are identified.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12005080)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12205014)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation(Grant No.217200003)the Talents Introduction Foundation of Beijing Normal University(Grant No.310432102)。
文摘It has been established that Strong Cosmic Censorship Conjecture(SCCC)is respected by an asymptotically flat black hole with charge,but violated by a charged asymptotically de Sitter black hole.We studied the instability of the Cauchy horizon for an accelerating black hole in Einstein theory conformally coupled with a scalar field.The black hole is uncharged while having inner,outer,and acceleration horizons.In the limit of vanishing acceleration,denoted by A→0,it becomes asymptotically flat and extremal,with its acceleration horizon vanishing as well.By exploring the perturbation of the massless scalar field upon the accelerating black hole,whose decay rate is governed by the quasinormal mode spectra,we show that the SCCC is violated in the near-extremal regime and also in the A→0+limit.Our result is the first observation of a black hole violating the SCCC in an almost asymptotically Minkowskian flat regime,as well as the first example of a black hole violating the SCCC with neither charge nor rotation.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11931018,61773411,11701588,11961005)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2020B1515310021).
文摘This paper attempts to study the optimal stopping time for semi- Markov processes (SMPs) under the discount optimization criteria with unbounded cost rates. In our work, we introduce an explicit construction of the equivalent semi-Markov decision processes (SMDPs). The equivalence is embodied in the expected discounted cost functions of SMPs and SMDPs, that is, every stopping time of SMPs can induce a policy of SMDPs such that the value functions are equal, and vice versa. The existence of the optimal stopping time of SMPs is proved by this equivalence relation. Next, we give the optimality equation of the value function and develop an effective iterative algorithm for computing it. Moreover, we show that the optimal and ε-optimal stopping time can be characterized by the hitting time of the special sets. Finally, to illustrate the validity of our results, an example of a maintenance system is presented in the end.
