PLATZ is a novel zinc finger DNA-binding protein that plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development and resisting abiotic stress.However,there has been very little research on the function of this...PLATZ is a novel zinc finger DNA-binding protein that plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development and resisting abiotic stress.However,there has been very little research on the function of this family gene in tomatoes,which limits its application in germplasm resource improvement.Therefore,the PLATZ gene family was identified and analyzed in tomato,and its roles were predicted and verified to provide a basis for in-depth research on SlPLATZ gene function.In this study,the PLATZ family members of tomato were identified in the whole genome,and 19 SlPLATZ genes were obtained.Functional prediction was conducted based on gene and promoter structure analysis and RNA-seq-based expression pattern analysis.SlPLATZ genes that responded significantly under different abiotic stresses or were significantly differentially expressed among multiple tissues were screened as functional gene resources.SlPLATZ17 was selected for functional verification by experiment-based analysis.The results showed that the downregulation of SlPLATZ17 gene expression reduced the drought and salt tolerance of tomato plants.Tomato plants overexpressing SlPLATZ17 had larger flower sizes and long,thin petals,adjacent petals were not connected at the base,and the stamen circumference was smaller.This study contributes to understanding the functions of the SlPLATZ family in tomato and provides a reference for functional gene screening.展开更多
Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and...Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.展开更多
As one of the main active components of Dendrobium catenatum, alkaloids have high medicinal value. The physicochemicalproperties, conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic analysis, and cis-acting elements of the gen...As one of the main active components of Dendrobium catenatum, alkaloids have high medicinal value. The physicochemicalproperties, conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic analysis, and cis-acting elements of the genefamily members in the alkaloid biosynthesis pathway of D. catenatum were analyzed by bioinformatics, and theexpression of the genes in different years and tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR. There are 16 gene families,including 25 genes, in the D. catenatum alkaloid biosynthesis pathway. The analysis of conserved domains andmotifs showed that the types, quantities, and orders of domains and motifs were similar among members ofthe same family, but there were significant differences among families. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that thegene family members showed some evolutionary conservation. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that therewere a large number of light-responsive elements and MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)-related elements in these genes. qRT-PCR showed that expressions of gene family members involved in alkaloidsynthesis were different in different years and tissues of D. catenatum. This study provides a theoretical basisfor further exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of these genes in the alkaloid biosynthesis of D. catenatum.展开更多
In order to optimize the ultrasonic extraction technique for the total flavonoid of leaf yellows plus, the contents of 21 leaf yellows plus total flavonoid from four regions in Heilongjiang Province were comparatively...In order to optimize the ultrasonic extraction technique for the total flavonoid of leaf yellows plus, the contents of 21 leaf yellows plus total flavonoid from four regions in Heilongjiang Province were comparatively analyzed. The ultrasonic extraction technology was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method, and the total flavonoid content of 21 kinds of Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms from different producing areas were analyzed by cluster analysis. The optimal process conditions were determined as ultrasonic time 30 min, solid-liquid ratio 1 : 12 and ultrasonic power 250 W, and the average yield of the total flavonoid was 1.453 mg·g^ (-1). By optimizing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the total flavonoid content from different producing areas was compared in the experiment, which provided certain data support for the optimization of the extraction process in the future and laid a certain theoretical foundation for the quality analysis of Chinese medicinal materials.展开更多
Four varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat were planted in different sowing periods to explore a variety of planting patterns.A theoretical foundation was provided for the innovative application of cold region prod...Four varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat were planted in different sowing periods to explore a variety of planting patterns.A theoretical foundation was provided for the innovative application of cold region productive plant landscapes.The analytic hierarchy process was employed to develop a model for the evaluation of multiple cropping systems.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to study 10 indicators in plant type,flower color,flowering period,flower volume,branch coverage,plot average yield,number of grains per plant,yield per plant,thousand-grain quality and ecological adaptability in four different varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat.The results indicated that flower color,ecological adaptability,plot average yield and flower volume were the most important indicators for the value of productive plant landscapes in cold regions.Concerning the sowing period,the optimal combination of varieties and planting times were March 31 for Qingza No.5(rapeseed)and July 18 for Xinong T1211(buckwheat).展开更多
Taking the flower art major in Tianjin Agricultural University as an example,the paper discusses and practices series courses of flower art in agricultural universities and colleges,strengthens the integration of cour...Taking the flower art major in Tianjin Agricultural University as an example,the paper discusses and practices series courses of flower art in agricultural universities and colleges,strengthens the integration of courses and highlights the characteristics.The teaching quality of flower art series courses has been significantly improved by optimizing high-level teaching team,constructing scientific course system,improving teaching methods and teaching means,using network teaching platform to assist teaching,compiling high-quality teaching materials and implementing whole process assessment mode.展开更多
This paper emphatically sums up the problems existing in the implementation of"1+X"certificate system by taking horticulture major in higher vocational colleges as an example.From the point of view of the im...This paper emphatically sums up the problems existing in the implementation of"1+X"certificate system by taking horticulture major in higher vocational colleges as an example.From the point of view of the improvement of"1+X"certificate system,the reform of talent training program,the improvement of teachers ability and summing up experience,this paper puts forward the updated working mode and ideas to provide strategies for accelerating the development of vocational education in southern Xinjiang.展开更多
`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments ...`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments were conducted using leaching water equivalent to the rainfall amount in the study area over 3 years to investigate changes in concentrations of PTEs,including copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),and nickel(Ni)in the leachate from the acidic forest soil.Water quality index of leachate,potential ecological risk and human health risk in soil at different leaching stages were compared.Sewage sludge was applied at SS/soil mass ratios of 0:100(controls),15:85(T1),30:70(T2),45:55(T3),60:40(T4),and 75:25(T5).All treatments resulted in increased PTEs concentration in the upper 20 cm soil,T3-T5 increased potential ecological risk from"low"(control)to"moderate"or"considerable".During first year leaching,PTEs concentration increased with increasing SS/soil ratios,but the water quality index of T1-T3 was"excellent"or"good".Pb,Cu,Cd,and Ni in the 20-40 cm soil depth,and Zn in the 60-80 cm soil depth were also enriched,but potential ecological risk was"low".In subsequent leaching,PTEs concentration of leachate gradually returned to the background value and water quality index was"excellent".There were no significant changes in PTEs and ecological risk observed.During the monitoring process,the health risk caused by the migration of PTEs to the human body was always within the acceptable range.Overall,this study provides a reference for the management of risks from the application of SS on forestlands,i.e.,SS/soil ratios<45:55 is recommended on forestlands,and special attention should be given to early leaching risk.In addition,it also provides an important assessment method for the risk of PTEs leaching and migration in forested land application.展开更多
This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in the Zingiberaceae family.The inhibitory rate,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and minimum ba...This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in the Zingiberaceae family.The inhibitory rate,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of leaf and stem,and root and rhizome extracts from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata,Alpinia oxyphylla Miq×Alpinia henryi K.Schumann,Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata,Alpinia nigra(Gaertn.)Burtt,Amomum villosum Lour,Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.)Burtt.et Smith and Alpinia oxyphylla Miq were determined using the fungus cake method and double dilution method.The seven Zingiberaceae plants exhibited characteristic antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.At a 1.5 mg mL^(−1),A.zerumbet root and rhizome extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S.aureus and E.coli,with 83.23%and 79.62%,respectively.In addition,A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had an inhibitory rate of 90.85%against P.aeruginosa.At the same concentration,the leaf and stem,root and rhizome extracts of A.katsumadai had the best anti-bacterial effect against F.oxysporum,with inhibition rates of 84.46%and 84.73%,respectively.Moreover,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had the most significant antibacterial effect against S.aureus,with a MIC of 0.063 mg mL^(−1).Thus,both A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet extracts had significant antibacterial activity.In addition,by comparing the inhibitory effect of extracts from different parts,it was found that the inhibitory rate and average inhibitory rate of extracts from leaf and stem were higher than those from root and rhizome.The chemical constituents of A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet,determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS),revealed that citric acid(CA),alpinetin,and pinocembrin(PNCB)were the functional constituents yielding the antibacterial activity.Overall,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet have the potential to be developed as new plant fungicides and bactericides.展开更多
Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a traditional Chinese flower,which prefers cool weather.However,high temperature in summer in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River restricts its growth and develop...Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a traditional Chinese flower,which prefers cool weather.However,high temperature in summer in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River restricts its growth and development.In this study,osmotic regulation,antioxidant enzyme activities,and photosynthetic characteristics of tree peony in response to high-temperature stress were investigated.The results showed that high-temperature stress had destroyed the cell membrane,manifested as the increased relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content.Moreover,high-temperature stress led to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species,thereby,activating antioxidant enzyme activities.Also,photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters directly reflected the damage to the photosystem II reflection center under high-temperature stress.In addition,high-temperature stress led to stomatal closure and chloroplast damage.This study revealed the physiological responses of tree peony to high-temperature stress,laying a foundation for the promotion of tree peony in high-temperature areas and the improvement of high-temperature resistance.展开更多
The melon varieties MR-1 and M4-7 were used as the parent materials to produce hybrids.A total of 170 F2 individuals were used as the mapping population to construct a genetic linkage map.In this study,240 cleaved amp...The melon varieties MR-1 and M4-7 were used as the parent materials to produce hybrids.A total of 170 F2 individuals were used as the mapping population to construct a genetic linkage map.In this study,240 cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence(CAPS)molecular markers were developed,and 105 of which showed polymorphism between parents.The map contained 105 markers grouped into 12 linkage groups,spanning a total length of 1998.85 cM,with an average length of 19.04 cM between markers.The composite interval mapping(CIM)method was used to detect QTLs related with melon stigma and ovary traits:stigma longitudinal diameter(STLD),stigma transverse diameter(STTD),stigma weight(STW),ovary longitudinal diameter(OLD),and ovary transverse diameter(OTD).A total of nine QTLs were identified:six for stigma size and three for ovary size.A total of six loci were detected for stigma size,which included two loci for stigma longitudinal diameter,two loci for stigma transverse diameter,and two loci for stigma weight.The major effective locus regulating stigma transverse diameter was qSTTD-9-1.A total of three loci were identified for ovary size traits,including one locus for ovary longitudinal diameter and two loci for ovary transverse diameter.展开更多
Intercropping of crops that can secrete bacteriostatic active substances can not only inhibit the occurrence of disease but also have an important effect on plant growth.However,the effects of dandelion intercropping ...Intercropping of crops that can secrete bacteriostatic active substances can not only inhibit the occurrence of disease but also have an important effect on plant growth.However,the effects of dandelion intercropping on pepper blight control and pepper growth remain unclear.In this study,the control effect of dandelion on pepper blight was studied by inoculating the pepper leaves with Phytophthora infestans,and it also discusses the correlation of the occurrence of pepper epidemic disease with the pepper canopy environment,soil environment,pepper photo-synthesis,and yield index.The results showed that best plant distance for dandelion intercropping was 20 cm(P20),and the control effect reached 43.31%.As compared to the CK,SOD enzyme,POD enzyme,and PAL enzyme were significantly up-regulated during the growth of pepper;chlorophyll content in pepper leaves was significantly increased;photosynthetic characteristics were significantly increased;stem diameter and yield of crop pepper were effectively improved;and the quality of the pepper product was better,but intercropping dandelion resulted in a significant decrease of nutrients in the soil environment of pepper,so a reasonable intercropping distance was needed.The correlation analysis shows that the incidence of pepper blight(A)was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature(Q),intercellular carbon dioxide(L),and canopy air temperature(O).The incidence of capsicum blight(A)was significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content(F),net photo-synthetic rate(K),stomatal conductance(M),ww rate(N),soil sucrase activity(W),vitamin C(AB),and leaf PAL enzyme(J).Finally,it was deduced that intercropping dandelion could effectively control the occurrence of pepper blight while also demonstrating a complex interaction with the pepper growing environment.展开更多
Wild loquats(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)provide remarkable genetic resources for studying domestication and breeding improved varieties.Herein,we generate the first high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of wil...Wild loquats(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)provide remarkable genetic resources for studying domestication and breeding improved varieties.Herein,we generate the first high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of wild loquat,with 45791 predicted proteincoding genes.Analysis of comparative genomics indicated that loquat shares a common ancestor with apple and pear,and a recent whole-genome duplication event occurred in loquat prior to its divergence.Genome resequencing showed that the loquat germplasms can be distinctly classified into wild and cultivated groups,and the commercial cultivars have experienced allelic admixture.Compared with cultivated loquats,the wild loquat genome showed very few selected genomic regions and had higher levels of genetic diversity.However,whole-genome scans of selective sweeps were mainly related to fruit quality,size,and f lesh color during the domestication process.Large-scale transcriptome and metabolome analyses were further performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)in wild and cultivated loquats at various fruit development stages.Unlike those in wild loquat,the key DEGs and DAMs involved in carbohydrate metabolism,plant hormone signal transduction,f lavonoid biosynthesis,and carotenoid biosynthesis were significantly regulated in cultivated loquats during fruit development.These high-quality reference genome,resequencing,and large-scale transcriptome/metabolome data provide valuable resources for elucidating fruit domestication and molecular breeding in loquat.展开更多
The growth and development of taproots are inhibited by cold stress in radish(Raphanus sativus L.).Ethylene-responsive element binding factors(ERF)are key participators in the cold stress response and growth regulatio...The growth and development of taproots are inhibited by cold stress in radish(Raphanus sativus L.).Ethylene-responsive element binding factors(ERF)are key participators in the cold stress response and growth regulation of plants.However,the function of ERF genes in cold tolerance and root development in radish remains elusive.Here,we showed that the secondary growth of radish taproots was inhibited by cold stress.Comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the RsERF40 gene is an important regulator of the cold stress response and root growth regulation.The cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the RsERF40 gene was significantly improved.Overexpressing RsERF40 in the cold-sensitive radish genotype and silencing RsERF40 in the cold-tolerant radish genotype indicated that RsERF40 was beneficial for alleviating oxidative damage under cold stress in radish.Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings showed an increase in the elongation and radial growth of dark-grown roots.RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of the cold-related genes(CORs)RsCOR78 and RsCOR413PM1 and the cell wall strengthening-related genes RsCESA6 and RsEXPB3 was upregulated in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)and dual-luciferase reporter assays(DLA)revealed that RsERF40 directly regulates RsCOR78,RsCOR413PM1,RsCESA6 and RsEXPB3 expression,illustrating that RsERF40 enhances cold tolerance and taproot growth by modulating osmotic adjustment and cell wall mechanical strength in radish.In this study,the RsERF40-regulon was firstly found to be a new cold response pathway independent of the CBF-COR pathway conferring cold stress tolerance with increasing radish taproot growth.These results provided novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying cold stress response and would facilitate the genetic improvement of cold tolerance in radish and other root vegetable crops.展开更多
EV71-type virus is one of the main pathogens causing the occurrence of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD),and VP1 protein,a factor that directly determines the antigenicity of the virus,has been isolated.The tomato was...EV71-type virus is one of the main pathogens causing the occurrence of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD),and VP1 protein,a factor that directly determines the antigenicity of the virus,has been isolated.The tomato was selected as a bioreactor for the production of an edible EV71 vaccine designed for the VP1 capsid protein.Using molecular biology techniques,the fusion gene EV71-VP1 was cut from vector PGEX-4T-2,a vector containing the p2300-EV71 gene with CaMV35S promoter and TL regulatory elements was constructed,and the hypocotyl and cotyledons of tomato were transformed using Agrobacterium(EHA105)-mediated method,screened,elongated and rooted,and finally 20 resistant tomato plants were obtained.Five transgenic positive seedlings were obtained by digestion and PCR assay,among which three plants were detected by RT-PCR to be capable of transcriptional translation at the RNA level.The experimental results aimed to explore new material support for the preparation of transgenic plant oral vaccines against EV71 infection and provide a theoretical basis for accelerating the development of transgenic plant vaccines in the future.展开更多
The historical and cultural districts of a city serve as important cultural heritage and tourism resources.This paper focused on four such districts in Yangzhou and performed semantic analysis on online public comment...The historical and cultural districts of a city serve as important cultural heritage and tourism resources.This paper focused on four such districts in Yangzhou and performed semantic analysis on online public comments using ROST CM6 software.According to the high frequency words,attention preference of district site elements,activities and feelings in Yangzhou historical and cultural districts were analyzed.Through the analysis of semantic network and public emotional tendency,the relationship between the protection and utilization of Yangzhou historical and cultural districts and the perception and demand of users were discussed,and some suggestions for the protection,utilization and renewal of historical and cultural districts were put forward.展开更多
At present,the lack of Chinese culture in higher vocational English teaching in southern Xinjiang is serious.The existing English curriculum system is not enough to support the goal of cultivating ethnic minority coll...At present,the lack of Chinese culture in higher vocational English teaching in southern Xinjiang is serious.The existing English curriculum system is not enough to support the goal of cultivating ethnic minority college students cultural confidence,and its curriculum ideological and political construction is still in the initial stage of exploration.The combination of the Chinese national culture and the ethnic culture of Xinjiang and the ideological and political elements organically integrated into cultural confidence have endowed the vocational English education in Xinjiang with the characteristics of the times.In this paper,from the perspective of China s"cultural confidence",ideological and political elements were explored,and the background of ideological and political construction in higher vocational English teaching course in southern Xinjiang was analyzed;it is expounded that the ideological and political construction is an inevitable requirement for the high-quality development of vocational English education in southern Xinjiang,and the content design and implementation path of higher vocational English course was explored to provide new ideas and new ways for the curriculum ideological and political construction of higher vocational English teaching in southern Xinjiang.展开更多
The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode d...The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.展开更多
Based on the investigation of understory landscapes in mountain amenity forest in Guangdong, plant selection and spatial structure of understory landscapes were explored from the perspective of influencing factors suc...Based on the investigation of understory landscapes in mountain amenity forest in Guangdong, plant selection and spatial structure of understory landscapes were explored from the perspective of influencing factors such as terrain, stand structure, canopy density. It was proposed that plant selection for the construction of understory landscapes should use more indigenous plants, follow ecological attributes of plants and pay attention for ornamental value of plants. Three modes of constructing understory landscapes were proposed: ornamental, recreational and ecological.展开更多
Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR/Cas)systems are effective technologies for rapid and accurate gene function verification...Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR/Cas)systems are effective technologies for rapid and accurate gene function verification in modern plant biotechnology.However,the investigation of gene silencing and editing in radish remains limited.In this study,a bleaching phenotype was generated through the knockdown of RsPDS using tobacco rattle virus(TRV)-and turnip yellow mosaic virus(TYMV)-mediated gene silencing vectors.The TYMV-mediated gene silencing efficiency was higher than the TRV-based VIGS system in radish.The expression level of RsPDS was significantly inhibited using VIGS in'NAU-067'radish leaves.The rootless seedlings of‘NAU-067'were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes using the 2300GN-Ubi-RsPDS-Cas9 vector with two target sequences.Nine adventitious roots were blue with GUs staining,and four of these adventitious roots were edited at target sequence 1 of the RsPDS gene as indicated by Sanger sequencing.Furthermore,albino lines were generated with A.tumefaciens-mediated transformation of radish cotyledons.Five base substitutions and three base deletions occurred at target sequence 2 in Line 1,and three base insertions and three base substitutions occurred at target sequence 1 in Line 2.This study shows that VIGS and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques can be employed to precisely verify the biological functions of genes in radish,which will facilitate the genetic improvement of vital horticultural traits in radish breeding programs.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32102390 and 32072589)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23-A11)+1 种基金the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(YQ2021C013)the Northeast Agricultural University Scholars Program(20XG28),China。
文摘PLATZ is a novel zinc finger DNA-binding protein that plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development and resisting abiotic stress.However,there has been very little research on the function of this family gene in tomatoes,which limits its application in germplasm resource improvement.Therefore,the PLATZ gene family was identified and analyzed in tomato,and its roles were predicted and verified to provide a basis for in-depth research on SlPLATZ gene function.In this study,the PLATZ family members of tomato were identified in the whole genome,and 19 SlPLATZ genes were obtained.Functional prediction was conducted based on gene and promoter structure analysis and RNA-seq-based expression pattern analysis.SlPLATZ genes that responded significantly under different abiotic stresses or were significantly differentially expressed among multiple tissues were screened as functional gene resources.SlPLATZ17 was selected for functional verification by experiment-based analysis.The results showed that the downregulation of SlPLATZ17 gene expression reduced the drought and salt tolerance of tomato plants.Tomato plants overexpressing SlPLATZ17 had larger flower sizes and long,thin petals,adjacent petals were not connected at the base,and the stamen circumference was smaller.This study contributes to understanding the functions of the SlPLATZ family in tomato and provides a reference for functional gene screening.
基金funded by the Scarce and Quality Economic Forest Engineering Technology Research Center(2022GCZX002)the Key Lab.of Biomass Energy and Material,Jiangsu Province(Grant No.JSBEM-S-202305).
文摘Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.
基金the Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and promotion Project of Jiangsu Province‘Long-Term Research Base of Forest and Wetland Positioning Monitoring in Jiangsu Province’(Grant No.LYKJ[2020]21)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20210800)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32001341 and 32202523)Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(Grant No.CX(21)3047).
文摘As one of the main active components of Dendrobium catenatum, alkaloids have high medicinal value. The physicochemicalproperties, conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic analysis, and cis-acting elements of the genefamily members in the alkaloid biosynthesis pathway of D. catenatum were analyzed by bioinformatics, and theexpression of the genes in different years and tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR. There are 16 gene families,including 25 genes, in the D. catenatum alkaloid biosynthesis pathway. The analysis of conserved domains andmotifs showed that the types, quantities, and orders of domains and motifs were similar among members ofthe same family, but there were significant differences among families. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that thegene family members showed some evolutionary conservation. Cis-acting element analysis revealed that therewere a large number of light-responsive elements and MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)-related elements in these genes. qRT-PCR showed that expressions of gene family members involved in alkaloidsynthesis were different in different years and tissues of D. catenatum. This study provides a theoretical basisfor further exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of these genes in the alkaloid biosynthesis of D. catenatum.
基金Supported by the Breeding Techniques for New Varieties of Acanthopanax senticosus(CZKYF2022-1-B023)。
文摘In order to optimize the ultrasonic extraction technique for the total flavonoid of leaf yellows plus, the contents of 21 leaf yellows plus total flavonoid from four regions in Heilongjiang Province were comparatively analyzed. The ultrasonic extraction technology was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method, and the total flavonoid content of 21 kinds of Acanthopanax senticosus(Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms from different producing areas were analyzed by cluster analysis. The optimal process conditions were determined as ultrasonic time 30 min, solid-liquid ratio 1 : 12 and ultrasonic power 250 W, and the average yield of the total flavonoid was 1.453 mg·g^ (-1). By optimizing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the total flavonoid content from different producing areas was compared in the experiment, which provided certain data support for the optimization of the extraction process in the future and laid a certain theoretical foundation for the quality analysis of Chinese medicinal materials.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770437)。
文摘Four varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat were planted in different sowing periods to explore a variety of planting patterns.A theoretical foundation was provided for the innovative application of cold region productive plant landscapes.The analytic hierarchy process was employed to develop a model for the evaluation of multiple cropping systems.A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to study 10 indicators in plant type,flower color,flowering period,flower volume,branch coverage,plot average yield,number of grains per plant,yield per plant,thousand-grain quality and ecological adaptability in four different varieties of each rapeseed and buckwheat.The results indicated that flower color,ecological adaptability,plot average yield and flower volume were the most important indicators for the value of productive plant landscapes in cold regions.Concerning the sowing period,the optimal combination of varieties and planting times were March 31 for Qingza No.5(rapeseed)and July 18 for Xinong T1211(buckwheat).
基金Sponsored by Key Social Science Project of Tianjin Education Commission(2020JWZD51)Education Reform Project of Tianjin Agricultural University(2021-A-18)Foreign Language Teaching Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Xinjiang(XJGXWYJG2022A04)。
文摘Taking the flower art major in Tianjin Agricultural University as an example,the paper discusses and practices series courses of flower art in agricultural universities and colleges,strengthens the integration of courses and highlights the characteristics.The teaching quality of flower art series courses has been significantly improved by optimizing high-level teaching team,constructing scientific course system,improving teaching methods and teaching means,using network teaching platform to assist teaching,compiling high-quality teaching materials and implementing whole process assessment mode.
基金Supported by School-level Cultivation Project of Hetian Vocational and Technical College(HZ-2022-14)Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Project in Hetian Area(20220219).
文摘This paper emphatically sums up the problems existing in the implementation of"1+X"certificate system by taking horticulture major in higher vocational colleges as an example.From the point of view of the improvement of"1+X"certificate system,the reform of talent training program,the improvement of teachers ability and summing up experience,this paper puts forward the updated working mode and ideas to provide strategies for accelerating the development of vocational education in southern Xinjiang.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31971629,42007335)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515012157)。
文摘`The application of sewage sludge(SS)to forested lands may lead to the downward migration of potentially toxic elements(PTEs)through rainfall and thus pose risk to the subsoil and groundwater.Batch column experiments were conducted using leaching water equivalent to the rainfall amount in the study area over 3 years to investigate changes in concentrations of PTEs,including copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),and nickel(Ni)in the leachate from the acidic forest soil.Water quality index of leachate,potential ecological risk and human health risk in soil at different leaching stages were compared.Sewage sludge was applied at SS/soil mass ratios of 0:100(controls),15:85(T1),30:70(T2),45:55(T3),60:40(T4),and 75:25(T5).All treatments resulted in increased PTEs concentration in the upper 20 cm soil,T3-T5 increased potential ecological risk from"low"(control)to"moderate"or"considerable".During first year leaching,PTEs concentration increased with increasing SS/soil ratios,but the water quality index of T1-T3 was"excellent"or"good".Pb,Cu,Cd,and Ni in the 20-40 cm soil depth,and Zn in the 60-80 cm soil depth were also enriched,but potential ecological risk was"low".In subsequent leaching,PTEs concentration of leachate gradually returned to the background value and water quality index was"excellent".There were no significant changes in PTEs and ecological risk observed.During the monitoring process,the health risk caused by the migration of PTEs to the human body was always within the acceptable range.Overall,this study provides a reference for the management of risks from the application of SS on forestlands,i.e.,SS/soil ratios<45:55 is recommended on forestlands,and special attention should be given to early leaching risk.In addition,it also provides an important assessment method for the risk of PTEs leaching and migration in forested land application.
基金funded by the Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project of Guangdong Province,China(2020KJCX010).
文摘This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in the Zingiberaceae family.The inhibitory rate,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of leaf and stem,and root and rhizome extracts from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata,Alpinia oxyphylla Miq×Alpinia henryi K.Schumann,Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata,Alpinia nigra(Gaertn.)Burtt,Amomum villosum Lour,Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.)Burtt.et Smith and Alpinia oxyphylla Miq were determined using the fungus cake method and double dilution method.The seven Zingiberaceae plants exhibited characteristic antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.At a 1.5 mg mL^(−1),A.zerumbet root and rhizome extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S.aureus and E.coli,with 83.23%and 79.62%,respectively.In addition,A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had an inhibitory rate of 90.85%against P.aeruginosa.At the same concentration,the leaf and stem,root and rhizome extracts of A.katsumadai had the best anti-bacterial effect against F.oxysporum,with inhibition rates of 84.46%and 84.73%,respectively.Moreover,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had the most significant antibacterial effect against S.aureus,with a MIC of 0.063 mg mL^(−1).Thus,both A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet extracts had significant antibacterial activity.In addition,by comparing the inhibitory effect of extracts from different parts,it was found that the inhibitory rate and average inhibitory rate of extracts from leaf and stem were higher than those from root and rhizome.The chemical constituents of A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet,determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS),revealed that citric acid(CA),alpinetin,and pinocembrin(PNCB)were the functional constituents yielding the antibacterial activity.Overall,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet have the potential to be developed as new plant fungicides and bactericides.
基金supported by Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System(JATS[2022]489)Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province(CX(22)3186)+1 种基金Policy Guidance Program of Jiangsu Province-Science and Technology Special Project of Northern Jiangsu Province(SZ-SQ2021041)the Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province and High-Level Talent Support Program of Yangzhou University.
文摘Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a traditional Chinese flower,which prefers cool weather.However,high temperature in summer in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River restricts its growth and development.In this study,osmotic regulation,antioxidant enzyme activities,and photosynthetic characteristics of tree peony in response to high-temperature stress were investigated.The results showed that high-temperature stress had destroyed the cell membrane,manifested as the increased relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content.Moreover,high-temperature stress led to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species,thereby,activating antioxidant enzyme activities.Also,photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters directly reflected the damage to the photosystem II reflection center under high-temperature stress.In addition,high-temperature stress led to stomatal closure and chloroplast damage.This study revealed the physiological responses of tree peony to high-temperature stress,laying a foundation for the promotion of tree peony in high-temperature areas and the improvement of high-temperature resistance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772333)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-25)
文摘The melon varieties MR-1 and M4-7 were used as the parent materials to produce hybrids.A total of 170 F2 individuals were used as the mapping population to construct a genetic linkage map.In this study,240 cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence(CAPS)molecular markers were developed,and 105 of which showed polymorphism between parents.The map contained 105 markers grouped into 12 linkage groups,spanning a total length of 1998.85 cM,with an average length of 19.04 cM between markers.The composite interval mapping(CIM)method was used to detect QTLs related with melon stigma and ovary traits:stigma longitudinal diameter(STLD),stigma transverse diameter(STTD),stigma weight(STW),ovary longitudinal diameter(OLD),and ovary transverse diameter(OTD).A total of nine QTLs were identified:six for stigma size and three for ovary size.A total of six loci were detected for stigma size,which included two loci for stigma longitudinal diameter,two loci for stigma transverse diameter,and two loci for stigma weight.The major effective locus regulating stigma transverse diameter was qSTTD-9-1.A total of three loci were identified for ovary size traits,including one locus for ovary longitudinal diameter and two loci for ovary transverse diameter.
基金supported by the Young Talent Project of Northeast Agricultural University(20QC03)Disciplinary Team Project of Northeast Agricultural University.
文摘Intercropping of crops that can secrete bacteriostatic active substances can not only inhibit the occurrence of disease but also have an important effect on plant growth.However,the effects of dandelion intercropping on pepper blight control and pepper growth remain unclear.In this study,the control effect of dandelion on pepper blight was studied by inoculating the pepper leaves with Phytophthora infestans,and it also discusses the correlation of the occurrence of pepper epidemic disease with the pepper canopy environment,soil environment,pepper photo-synthesis,and yield index.The results showed that best plant distance for dandelion intercropping was 20 cm(P20),and the control effect reached 43.31%.As compared to the CK,SOD enzyme,POD enzyme,and PAL enzyme were significantly up-regulated during the growth of pepper;chlorophyll content in pepper leaves was significantly increased;photosynthetic characteristics were significantly increased;stem diameter and yield of crop pepper were effectively improved;and the quality of the pepper product was better,but intercropping dandelion resulted in a significant decrease of nutrients in the soil environment of pepper,so a reasonable intercropping distance was needed.The correlation analysis shows that the incidence of pepper blight(A)was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature(Q),intercellular carbon dioxide(L),and canopy air temperature(O).The incidence of capsicum blight(A)was significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content(F),net photo-synthetic rate(K),stomatal conductance(M),ww rate(N),soil sucrase activity(W),vitamin C(AB),and leaf PAL enzyme(J).Finally,it was deduced that intercropping dandelion could effectively control the occurrence of pepper blight while also demonstrating a complex interaction with the pepper growing environment.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFD1000200)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.32102321)+2 种基金the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1156 and cstc2021jscxgksbX0010)the Innovation Research Group Funds for Chongqing Universities(CXQT19005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWU-KT22055).
文摘Wild loquats(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)provide remarkable genetic resources for studying domestication and breeding improved varieties.Herein,we generate the first high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of wild loquat,with 45791 predicted proteincoding genes.Analysis of comparative genomics indicated that loquat shares a common ancestor with apple and pear,and a recent whole-genome duplication event occurred in loquat prior to its divergence.Genome resequencing showed that the loquat germplasms can be distinctly classified into wild and cultivated groups,and the commercial cultivars have experienced allelic admixture.Compared with cultivated loquats,the wild loquat genome showed very few selected genomic regions and had higher levels of genetic diversity.However,whole-genome scans of selective sweeps were mainly related to fruit quality,size,and f lesh color during the domestication process.Large-scale transcriptome and metabolome analyses were further performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)and differentially accumulated metabolites(DAMs)in wild and cultivated loquats at various fruit development stages.Unlike those in wild loquat,the key DEGs and DAMs involved in carbohydrate metabolism,plant hormone signal transduction,f lavonoid biosynthesis,and carotenoid biosynthesis were significantly regulated in cultivated loquats during fruit development.These high-quality reference genome,resequencing,and large-scale transcriptome/metabolome data provide valuable resources for elucidating fruit domestication and molecular breeding in loquat.
基金funded by grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172579)+3 种基金Jiangsu Seed Industry Revitalization Project[JBGS(2021)071]the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System[JATS(2022)463]Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(21)2020)the Project Founded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The growth and development of taproots are inhibited by cold stress in radish(Raphanus sativus L.).Ethylene-responsive element binding factors(ERF)are key participators in the cold stress response and growth regulation of plants.However,the function of ERF genes in cold tolerance and root development in radish remains elusive.Here,we showed that the secondary growth of radish taproots was inhibited by cold stress.Comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the RsERF40 gene is an important regulator of the cold stress response and root growth regulation.The cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing the RsERF40 gene was significantly improved.Overexpressing RsERF40 in the cold-sensitive radish genotype and silencing RsERF40 in the cold-tolerant radish genotype indicated that RsERF40 was beneficial for alleviating oxidative damage under cold stress in radish.Transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings showed an increase in the elongation and radial growth of dark-grown roots.RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression of the cold-related genes(CORs)RsCOR78 and RsCOR413PM1 and the cell wall strengthening-related genes RsCESA6 and RsEXPB3 was upregulated in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings.Yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)and dual-luciferase reporter assays(DLA)revealed that RsERF40 directly regulates RsCOR78,RsCOR413PM1,RsCESA6 and RsEXPB3 expression,illustrating that RsERF40 enhances cold tolerance and taproot growth by modulating osmotic adjustment and cell wall mechanical strength in radish.In this study,the RsERF40-regulon was firstly found to be a new cold response pathway independent of the CBF-COR pathway conferring cold stress tolerance with increasing radish taproot growth.These results provided novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying cold stress response and would facilitate the genetic improvement of cold tolerance in radish and other root vegetable crops.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(LH2021C032)。
文摘EV71-type virus is one of the main pathogens causing the occurrence of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD),and VP1 protein,a factor that directly determines the antigenicity of the virus,has been isolated.The tomato was selected as a bioreactor for the production of an edible EV71 vaccine designed for the VP1 capsid protein.Using molecular biology techniques,the fusion gene EV71-VP1 was cut from vector PGEX-4T-2,a vector containing the p2300-EV71 gene with CaMV35S promoter and TL regulatory elements was constructed,and the hypocotyl and cotyledons of tomato were transformed using Agrobacterium(EHA105)-mediated method,screened,elongated and rooted,and finally 20 resistant tomato plants were obtained.Five transgenic positive seedlings were obtained by digestion and PCR assay,among which three plants were detected by RT-PCR to be capable of transcriptional translation at the RNA level.The experimental results aimed to explore new material support for the preparation of transgenic plant oral vaccines against EV71 infection and provide a theoretical basis for accelerating the development of transgenic plant vaccines in the future.
基金the Open Project of China Grand Canal Research Institute,Yangzhou University(DYH202211)Jiangsu Provincial Social Science Applied Research Excellent Project(22SYB-053).
文摘The historical and cultural districts of a city serve as important cultural heritage and tourism resources.This paper focused on four such districts in Yangzhou and performed semantic analysis on online public comments using ROST CM6 software.According to the high frequency words,attention preference of district site elements,activities and feelings in Yangzhou historical and cultural districts were analyzed.Through the analysis of semantic network and public emotional tendency,the relationship between the protection and utilization of Yangzhou historical and cultural districts and the perception and demand of users were discussed,and some suggestions for the protection,utilization and renewal of historical and cultural districts were put forward.
基金Supported by the Key Project of Research on Foreign Language Teaching in Universities of Xinjiang in 2022(XJGXWYJG2022A04)the First Planning Project of Research on Huang Yanpei s Vocational Education Thought in 2022(ZJS2022YB198).
文摘At present,the lack of Chinese culture in higher vocational English teaching in southern Xinjiang is serious.The existing English curriculum system is not enough to support the goal of cultivating ethnic minority college students cultural confidence,and its curriculum ideological and political construction is still in the initial stage of exploration.The combination of the Chinese national culture and the ethnic culture of Xinjiang and the ideological and political elements organically integrated into cultural confidence have endowed the vocational English education in Xinjiang with the characteristics of the times.In this paper,from the perspective of China s"cultural confidence",ideological and political elements were explored,and the background of ideological and political construction in higher vocational English teaching course in southern Xinjiang was analyzed;it is expounded that the ideological and political construction is an inevitable requirement for the high-quality development of vocational English education in southern Xinjiang,and the content design and implementation path of higher vocational English course was explored to provide new ideas and new ways for the curriculum ideological and political construction of higher vocational English teaching in southern Xinjiang.
文摘The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.
基金Supported by Program of Guangdong Department of Science and Technology:Research on Technology of Restoring Ground Vegetation in Mountain Amenity Forests (2011B020309011)
文摘Based on the investigation of understory landscapes in mountain amenity forest in Guangdong, plant selection and spatial structure of understory landscapes were explored from the perspective of influencing factors such as terrain, stand structure, canopy density. It was proposed that plant selection for the construction of understory landscapes should use more indigenous plants, follow ecological attributes of plants and pay attention for ornamental value of plants. Three modes of constructing understory landscapes were proposed: ornamental, recreational and ecological.
基金This work was supported by Jiangsu Seed Industry Revitalization Project,China[JBGS(2021)071]Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(YDZX2023019)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172579)the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System,China[JATS(2023)421]the Jiangsu Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Plan,China(KYCX21_0610-2021)the Project Founded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(PAPD).
文摘Virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR/Cas)systems are effective technologies for rapid and accurate gene function verification in modern plant biotechnology.However,the investigation of gene silencing and editing in radish remains limited.In this study,a bleaching phenotype was generated through the knockdown of RsPDS using tobacco rattle virus(TRV)-and turnip yellow mosaic virus(TYMV)-mediated gene silencing vectors.The TYMV-mediated gene silencing efficiency was higher than the TRV-based VIGS system in radish.The expression level of RsPDS was significantly inhibited using VIGS in'NAU-067'radish leaves.The rootless seedlings of‘NAU-067'were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes using the 2300GN-Ubi-RsPDS-Cas9 vector with two target sequences.Nine adventitious roots were blue with GUs staining,and four of these adventitious roots were edited at target sequence 1 of the RsPDS gene as indicated by Sanger sequencing.Furthermore,albino lines were generated with A.tumefaciens-mediated transformation of radish cotyledons.Five base substitutions and three base deletions occurred at target sequence 2 in Line 1,and three base insertions and three base substitutions occurred at target sequence 1 in Line 2.This study shows that VIGS and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques can be employed to precisely verify the biological functions of genes in radish,which will facilitate the genetic improvement of vital horticultural traits in radish breeding programs.
