Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces...Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces a bias that inflates performance metrics and prevents accurate assessment of a model’s true ability to generalize to new examples.This paper presents an innovative disjoint sampling approach for training SOTA models for the Hyperspectral Image Classification(HSIC).By separating training,validation,and test data without overlap,the proposed method facilitates a fairer evaluation of how well a model can classify pixels it was not exposed to during training or validation.Experiments demonstrate the approach significantly improves a model’s generalization compared to alternatives that include training and validation data in test data(A trivial approach involves testing the model on the entire Hyperspectral dataset to generate the ground truth maps.This approach produces higher accuracy but ultimately results in low generalization performance).Disjoint sampling eliminates data leakage between sets and provides reliable metrics for benchmarking progress in HSIC.Disjoint sampling is critical for advancing SOTA models and their real-world application to large-scale land mapping with Hyperspectral sensors.Overall,with the disjoint test set,the performance of the deep models achieves 96.36%accuracy on Indian Pines data,99.73%on Pavia University data,98.29%on University of Houston data,99.43%on Botswana data,and 99.88%on Salinas data.展开更多
In recent years, international private law scholars have argued for the radiating effect of fundamental rights on international private law by introducing constitutional theory. However,there remains a lack of systema...In recent years, international private law scholars have argued for the radiating effect of fundamental rights on international private law by introducing constitutional theory. However,there remains a lack of systematic research on how fundamental rights should be integrated into judicial practices concerning foreign-related civil and commercial cases. Throughout the development of international private law, public policy has served as a historical carrier of substantive values for judicial entities and has consistently played a crucial role in value review. In cases of international private law where conflicts arise with the values of fundamental rights, public policy indirectly excludes the legal choice outcomes to safeguard the human rights values inherent in fundamental rights from infringement.However, due to limitations imposed by the degree of connection and relative conditions, traditional paths of public policy have certain constraints and cannot provide comprehensive protection for fundamental rights. Therefore, there is a need for judges to shift their logical paradigms, transcend bilateral choice-of-law models, and introduce a direct intervention path for fundamental rights. This direct intervention path utilizes the logical analysis framework of the protection scope,intervention, and justification of fundamental rights. It can effectively balance conflicting legal interests and maximize the protection of the fundamental rights of the parties involved.展开更多
Background: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) presents with a high global mortality and is known to be a highly infectious disease with devastating and gendered effects on the social fabric, yet most of the science has focuse...Background: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) presents with a high global mortality and is known to be a highly infectious disease with devastating and gendered effects on the social fabric, yet most of the science has focused on the disease’s biology. However, little has been documented with regard to the gender and social aspects of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in two sub counties (Kikyo and Bundibugyo Town Council) in Bundibugyo District in Western Uganda. The study was set to examine the gender differences in the level of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about EVD. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A structured questionnaire was administered to 254 respondents, 50% of whom were women. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants. Questionnaire data were analysed using SPSS at univariate and bivariate levels. Qualitative methods such as key informant interviews (with 6 participants) and Focus Group Discussions (three, one with men alone, another with women alone and the last one with both men and women) were also used to collect additional information from participants. Results: The findings indicated that socio-demographically, the majority (35%) of the respondents were aged between 20 and 29 years, 53% of whom were females. More women (about 56%) compared to men (44%) attained secondary education while more men (about 51% versus 49% of the women) reported that they were married. In terms of religion, the majority of the survey participants were Catholics (59% females and 49% males). With regard to communities’ knowledge about EVD, there was no significant relationship between men and women in terms of prior knowledge about EVD, risk factors and control measures. However, slightly more males (about 51%) than females (49%) had heard about EVD and more males (about 52%) than females (48%) admitted that they were at risk of contracting the disease. On the control measures, slightly more females than males (about 53% vs. 47% respectively) proposed avoiding contact with infected persons. The results further revealed that more males (about 51%) than females (49%) were willing to relate with EVD survivors, and this was due to the latter’s fear of contracting the disease. The major devastating effects of EVD that were reported included loss of lives, disruption of peoples movements, isolation of people, disruption of children’s school activities, stigma and discrimination of survivors. More females (about 52%) than males (about 48%) reported that EVD survivors were discriminated during the EVD outbreak in Bundibugyo District. Conclusions: This study has shown that whereas both men and women demonstrate average knowledge about EVD, there is need for more training and sensitization targeting women who have delusions about the severity of the disease, its risk factors, stigma and the integration of survivors in the affected communities. Communities also need to be sensitized about the gender roles that increase both the burden of EVD and the risk of men and women contracting the disease. This will lead to more culturally sensitive responses to EVD outbreaks in future.展开更多
Since landscape architecture became the first-level discipline in 2011, its connotation and extension have been greatly expanded, and the discipline has been in the reform and transformation period. Cultivation of the...Since landscape architecture became the first-level discipline in 2011, its connotation and extension have been greatly expanded, and the discipline has been in the reform and transformation period. Cultivation of the top-notch compound innovative talents has been the key point of the teaching reform. Northeast Forestry University made a newround talent cultivation scheme in 2014, preliminary courses of landscape architecture design took this as the opportunity to launch the teaching reform, and tried to explore an innovation-oriented cultivation mode of compound talents from the perspectives of cultivation objective, teaching content, teaching method and so on.展开更多
Technology standard alliance, as vectors of research, development and circulation for technology standard, has already become an important transformation form from laboratory standard to fact standard for all countrie...Technology standard alliance, as vectors of research, development and circulation for technology standard, has already become an important transformation form from laboratory standard to fact standard for all countries. However, during the process of forming the technology standard alliance, it is a focus for members in the alliance to take control over others. How to construct a scientific and reasonable decision model of control over technology standard alliance is closely related to each enterprise member＇s interest. Under the condition that the risk is neutral, the paper explored necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge sharing and the most endeavor among enterprise members through constructing a decision model of control over technology standard alliance, and put forward that the joint control model was the best decision model for constructing the technology standard alliance.展开更多
Background: Designing a need-based social protection intervention for children comes as comprehensive tool for addressing the overall quality of life of HIV positive children. Not much has been examined on what consti...Background: Designing a need-based social protection intervention for children comes as comprehensive tool for addressing the overall quality of life of HIV positive children. Not much has been examined on what constitute the desired social protection framework for HIV positive children. Methods: This study was informed by a qualitative descriptive exploratory design approach. The study drew insights from the shared perspectives of 27 participants sampled from positive HIV status disclosed children—10 - 17 years, healthcare workers, Social and Development worker, HIV positive caregivers and parents from 7 ART clinics in rural and urban Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions of Ghana. Data was collected through interviews and two focus group discussions with study participants. Drawing on the emerged themes from the transcripts, thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data using comparative thematic framework approach. Findings: The eclectic perspectives on the type of social protection policy/intervention preferred demonstrated the need for an interrelated and integrated social protection policy. This should not be designed in isolation towards addressing the child vulnerability. The study found that social protection policies aimed at addressing vulnerability levels of children should consider the dual vulnerability situation within which HIV positive children and adolescents are located. A set of unique specific tailored approach and package reflecting minimum combination social protection package to HIV positive children was considered essential for inclusion. The themes that emerged covered social policy/intervention package inclusive of a disease ending/eradication intervention package, cash transfer for children and their caregivers, free comprehensive health insurance integrating all consultancy and laboratory services charges, direct food supplements supply and nutritional support, research, target specified with evidenced-based monitoring. Counseling support and preferential treatment for children visiting ART for treatment were to be included. Conclusion: Combination social protection intervention packages remain the pathway to yielding maximum dividends on any social intervention that seeks to address the vulnerability levels of HIV positive children in Ghana. This should be designed taking into consideration the preference of the main target beneficiaries (HIV positive children) while accounting for the inclusion of the technical expertise of implementing stakeholders in the policy design from conceptualization to evaluation.展开更多
Population aging has developed into a significant area of concern in developed countries, especially in relation to thepreservation of functional independence and the quality of life (QoL). However, information on the...Population aging has developed into a significant area of concern in developed countries, especially in relation to thepreservation of functional independence and the quality of life (QoL). However, information on the contribution ofsex differences in quality of life and cognitive function is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate potentialdifferences in cognitive function and QoL between males and females. For this study, we recruited 382 healthy subjectsaged 19–79 years from communities in Southern Taiwan region,China. Cognitive function and QoL were assessed using the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment, Brief Version (UPSA-B) and World Health Organization Quality ofLife Instruments (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. The effects of sex, age groups, and interaction of sex and ageon the UPSA-B and WHOQOL-BREF scores were examined. We found that the financial and communicationdomains of the UPSA-B showed declining trends with age in both sexes, although these trends were more obviousin females than in males. In the domain of Physical Capacity, QoL showed an age-increased trend in males, whileQoL in the Environment domain showed an age-increased trend in females. Regarding the relationships betweencognitive function and QoL, we found that the financial skill and communication skill of UPSA-B was positivelycorrelated to the psychological well-being domain of WHOQOL-BREF, in males of age <40 years. In conclusion,our findings demonstrate differential relationships between cognitive function and QoL between males and females,which could serve as a basis for further study between cognitive function and quality of life in communities.展开更多
Background: The importance of civil society organisations in health care delivery systems cannot be under-rated in sub-SaharanAfricaand other developing nations worldwide. Civil society organisations play a central ro...Background: The importance of civil society organisations in health care delivery systems cannot be under-rated in sub-SaharanAfricaand other developing nations worldwide. Civil society organisations play a central role in service delivery and development of democracy. However, little is known about the roles and achievements of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in healthcare. The study aimed at exploring the role of civil society organisations in health care delivery system particularly in children immunization. Methods: A questionnaire survey involving 282 households was conducted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics followed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Ninety seven percent (97%) confirmed that CSOs/NGOs healthcare facilities played a major role in healthcare service delivery. 84% travelled long distances to access the healthcare services including child immunisation services. Travelling long distances (>2 km) to access for health care services including immunization compared to short distance (<1 km) (OR = 0.4, P = 0.0001), possessing a food stores (enguli) compared to not having a food store (enguli) (OR = 2.3, P = 0.002), having separate animal houses compared to not having livestock houses (OR = 0.09, P = 0.0001), and owning a bicycle compared to not having a bicycle (OR = 2.2, P = 0.005) are important determinants for the number of clients at CSO health centers. Further, possessing and using a cellphone compared to no cellphone (OR = 3.7, P = 0.001), Possessing and watching a television compared to not having a television (OR = 2.4, P = 0.002), educated compared to not acquiring any formal education (OR = 0.084, P = 0.0001), and female compared to male respondent (OR = 0.49, P = 0.0045) are other most important factors likely to determine the numbers of clients at the CSO healthcare. Conclusion: Geographies of CSO and community socioeconomics strongly determine the operations and the roles played by the CSO healthcare services in Uganda. Further studies to assess the role of CSO health service providers in other healthcare services need to be done.展开更多
This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities i...This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus necessary to fund different but complementary aspects of sanitation in slums.展开更多
To avoid debates on the interpretation problem of market-to-book, the residual income model is employed to calculate the intrinsic value and estimate the extent of mis-pricing by market. Using a sample of Chinese list...To avoid debates on the interpretation problem of market-to-book, the residual income model is employed to calculate the intrinsic value and estimate the extent of mis-pricing by market. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 1998 to 2003, the empirical evidence supports that equity market mis-pricing plays a significant role in decision making on the initial public offering. Our evidence verifies that the market timing theory can be applied to the analysis of financing behavior of Chinese listed companies, but the long-lasting effect is insignificant.展开更多
Objective:This study protocol identifies the basic research route and framework of psychological and behavioral surveys among Chinese residents,aims establishing a database through a multicenter,large-sample cross-sec...Objective:This study protocol identifies the basic research route and framework of psychological and behavioral surveys among Chinese residents,aims establishing a database through a multicenter,large-sample cross-sectional survey in China to provide strong data support for research development in various fields and a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the physical and mental health status of the public.Method:The study was conducted from June 20,2022 to August 31,2022,using stratified sampling and quota sampling methods,a total of 148 cities,202 districts and counties,390 townships/towns/sub-districts,and 780 communities/villages(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)from 23 provinces,5 autonomous regions,and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China were selected.The questionnaire was distributed one-on-one and face-to-face to the public by trained investigators,and the questionnaire included eight aspects:personal basic information,personal health status,family basic information,social environment in which they were located,psychological level scale,behavioral level scale,other scales,and attitude towards social hot issues.Data analysis will be performed after questionnaire return.Results:Data collection is ongoing.These findings will support physical and mental health research and strategy development in China and even globally,guiding policy-makers and health care organizations to reform their programs to ensure the best interests of residents and their families.展开更多
Objective： To explore the relationship between social support and self-efficacy in women psychiatrists. Methods： A survey was conducted in four hospitals in Shandong province using the Social Support Scale and the G...Objective： To explore the relationship between social support and self-efficacy in women psychiatrists. Methods： A survey was conducted in four hospitals in Shandong province using the Social Support Scale and the General Self-efficacy Scale （GSE）. A total of 140 women psychiatrists participated in the study. Results： Women psychiatrists of different ages or with different qualifications experience significant differences in objective support, subjective support, the utilization of support, and total scores on the social support and self-efficacy questionnaires （P〈0.05）. There were also significant differences in self-efficacy between different groups （P〈0.05）. Subjective support, objective support and the utilization of support have a positive correlation with the self-efficacy of women psychiatrists. Women psychiatrists in different education level have significant differences in objective support, utilization of support and total score of social support （P〈0.01）. Conclusions： Ages and educational backgrounds affect social support and self-efficacy, and self-efficacy had a significant positive correlation with the various dimensions of social support.展开更多
Many communities across the globe still practice poor cooking cultures as part of their well-being to prepare food and other heating activities. Such bad cooking practices are not environmentally friendly, are wastefu...Many communities across the globe still practice poor cooking cultures as part of their well-being to prepare food and other heating activities. Such bad cooking practices are not environmentally friendly, are wasteful </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> have adverse health effects. This work presents the results of the survey that was conducted to establish the existing cooking practices commonly used in Uganda, identify the commonly used fuel during cooking, identify perceptions on improved cooking stoves (ICS), perceived preferences during cooking as well as identify whether users are aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking and describe community opinions of ICS for rural communities in Uganda. The interviews were conducted on household levels across all the regions covering Uganda’s major rural regions. It was observed that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">largest</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> population of rural Ugandans still use the 3 stone stove fire for cooking with a percentage of 53.5%, Charcoal stove, 27.3%, Improved cooking stove, 16.9%, Electric cookers,1.2%, LPG 0.7% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> biogas 0.5% for the preparation of their various types of cooked foods while forest firewood is the commonly used biomass fuel for cooking with a percentage of 66.8% compared to Charcoal, Briquettes, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Saw dust</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and others with a percentage of 27.1%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 1.1% respectively. This reveals the great majority of users whose life is at risk as 3 stone stoves are characterized by low efficiency and high smoke production which increases the health risks of the users as well as increase the risk of deforestation rates. Household cooks showed great willingness to pay for a novel stove type in all </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> regions but from the survey data, it was indicated that the preferences varied from one region to another with a great majority preferring minimal smoke production with increased heat retention capacity. It was revealed that 91.4% of the interviewed households were aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking methods which they resolve</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> by using open space during cooking. There was variation in the quantity of food cooked in a day, time spent on cooking </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> how often the cooking is done from one region to another due to the difference in economic activities as well as the different climate factors. While using cooking stoves, users preferred large cooking pot space with minimal smoke production and rapid heating. Such information can act as a basis for the design of an improved cooking stove for the rural Ugandan community as engineered products must be designed to suit the needs of the end-user.展开更多
Hospital emergency management work is of great importance which not only related to the life and health of the people but also related to social stability.It is necessary to construct and improve the patient satisfact...Hospital emergency management work is of great importance which not only related to the life and health of the people but also related to social stability.It is necessary to construct and improve the patient satisfaction assessment system so that doctors and patients can interact in a timely and effective manner,and the hospital can alert or respond promptly.This study constructs a closed-loop emergency management system consisting of patient-end,data center and decision-making-end,and apply the feedback information to hospital emergency management.In the preliminary applications,the system has a significant effect on the hospital emergency management mechanism.The researchers will improve the system in the follow-up study。展开更多
Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going w...Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going with a lot of investigative harvests. However,one-component system or series system is focused by most of the literature.The problem of preventive maintenance（PM） on cold standby repairable system does not attach importance despite the fact that the cold standby repairable system is ubiquitous in engineering systems.In this paper,an optimal replacement model for gamma deteriorating system is studied.This methodology presented uses a gamma distribution to model the material degradation,and the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on system reliability is investigated.After an imperfect maintenance action,the state of a degrading system is assumed as a random variable and the maintenance time follows a geometric process.A maintenance policy（N）is applied by which the system will be repaired whenever it experiences the Nth PM,and an optimal policy（N~＊） could be determined numerically or analytically for minimizing the long-run average cost per unit time.A numerical example about how to confirm the optimal maintenance time by the inspecting information of liquid coupling device is given to demonstrate the use of this policy.This paper presents a condition-based replacement policy for cold standby repairable system under continuous monitoring.Its contribution embody in two aspects,relaxing the restrictions of hypothesis and investigating the condition-based maintenance policy of the cold standby repairable system which is ignored by others.展开更多
Event-related potential studies of cognitive function in addiction behaviors have focused on the P300 event-related potential component. The current study investigated the association between P300 component and Intern...Event-related potential studies of cognitive function in addiction behaviors have focused on the P300 event-related potential component. The current study investigated the association between P300 component and Internet addiction disorder. We found that individuals with Internet addiction disorder exhibited significantly longer P300 latencies than controls （N2： P = 0.035; P3a： P = 0.031 P3b： P = 0.043） and similar P300 amplitudes compared to control participants. After 3 months of cognitive behavioral therapy, P300 latencies decreased significantly in the P3a and P3b （P3a： P = 0.045; P3b： P = 0.062）. These results suggest that deficits in cognitive function may be involved in Internet addiction disorder, and that clinical psychological treatment may be effective.展开更多
After the 18th CPC National Congress,urbanization regained its importance.As villages become heterogeneously urbanized,rural industrialization is reiterated for town urbanization.Yet all the historically famous models...After the 18th CPC National Congress,urbanization regained its importance.As villages become heterogeneously urbanized,rural industrialization is reiterated for town urbanization.Yet all the historically famous models for Zhujiang,Sunan and Wenzhou in the progress of rural industrialization encountered dilemmas.Is the modernization theory sound in dictating that latecomers cannot achieve urbanization through rural industrialization?The author discusses the origination of the industrialization and urbanization of Hebei villages which is considered to represent the vision of British industrial revolution.There are two implications:(1)Town urbanization requires rural industrialization as its base,which must not rely completely on external industries and being urbanized top-down,but rather on the development of internal economic and social forces;(2)Urbanization cannot evolve spontaneously on the basis of rural industrialization.Instead,it is the result of conscious common planning and construction pushed by multiple forces.Therefore,the government should,in accordance with the law of development,provide guidance that mitigates various issues in the process of development.展开更多
Sand encroachment into urban areas represents a high risk factor for transportation infrastructural and urban development in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE is located in one of the world’s largest arid regions wit...Sand encroachment into urban areas represents a high risk factor for transportation infrastructural and urban development in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE is located in one of the world’s largest arid regions with a strong prevalence of sand movement and encroachment into urban areas, particularly in the last few years. The objective of this research is to develop a land surface process platform that models sand movements and further generates an encroachment risk index map of potential encroachment risk areas season-wise in the UAE. To achieve this objective, this research used elevation and land cover maps generated from Lands at 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data which represent the topography of the study area coupled with meteorological information on wind speed, temperature and precipitation. Furthermore, the study considered the vegetation cover as a major contribution factor to reduce sand encroachment. Using developed sand movement model for this research, sand encroachment risk maps were generated to help urban planners in cities making informed decisions of future urban protection structures and transportation networks that mitigate the effects of sand dunes encroachments in the UAE. A major finding of this research results conclude that during the summer season encroachment risk reaches 30% higher compared to the winter season due to the extremely high temperature which leads to reduced vegetation in the country. Urban planning decision maker may consider the finding of this research for future infrastructural adjustments.展开更多
The composition of casting clay core might provide clue to the foundry area of the bronze vessels. REE analysis of the residual clay mould was conducted by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer （ICP...The composition of casting clay core might provide clue to the foundry area of the bronze vessels. REE analysis of the residual clay mould was conducted by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer （ICP-AES）. Results reveal that characteristic of REE of clay mould from different region is dissimilar. It is feasible to restrict the possible foundry area of the bronze vessels on the basis of analysis of REE of clay mould residues on the bronzes. Meanwhile, this paper attempts to determine the foundry area of the bronze vessels unearthed at Jiuliandun tombs of Chu State, dated back to Warring States Period, in Zaoyang City, Hubei Province, and at Zuozhong cemetery, Spring and Autumn Period, in Jingmen City, Hubei Province. REE of clay core provides information on the foundry area of bronze vessels.展开更多
Based on the theory of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, through the study of the content of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, the external space of Wangji Temple, an ancient building in Xi’an...Based on the theory of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, through the study of the content of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, the external space of Wangji Temple, an ancient building in Xi’an, was renewed and designed.The corresponding design methods are used to solve the problems of material structure, visual landscape and social function in the space to improve the quality of space and maintain and enhance the value of cultural heritage of Wangji Temple, and provide a reference case for the improper use of external space of urban ancient buildings caused by insufficient awareness of the integrated conservation of cultural heritage.展开更多
基金the Researchers Supporting Project number(RSPD2024R848),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Disjoint sampling is critical for rigorous and unbiased evaluation of state-of-the-art(SOTA)models e.g.,Attention Graph and Vision Transformer.When training,validation,and test sets overlap or share data,it introduces a bias that inflates performance metrics and prevents accurate assessment of a model’s true ability to generalize to new examples.This paper presents an innovative disjoint sampling approach for training SOTA models for the Hyperspectral Image Classification(HSIC).By separating training,validation,and test data without overlap,the proposed method facilitates a fairer evaluation of how well a model can classify pixels it was not exposed to during training or validation.Experiments demonstrate the approach significantly improves a model’s generalization compared to alternatives that include training and validation data in test data(A trivial approach involves testing the model on the entire Hyperspectral dataset to generate the ground truth maps.This approach produces higher accuracy but ultimately results in low generalization performance).Disjoint sampling eliminates data leakage between sets and provides reliable metrics for benchmarking progress in HSIC.Disjoint sampling is critical for advancing SOTA models and their real-world application to large-scale land mapping with Hyperspectral sensors.Overall,with the disjoint test set,the performance of the deep models achieves 96.36%accuracy on Indian Pines data,99.73%on Pavia University data,98.29%on University of Houston data,99.43%on Botswana data,and 99.88%on Salinas data.
基金a phasedresearch result of the Ministerial-level Project on the Construction of the Rule of Law and Legal Theory Research of the Ministry of Justice (Project Approval Number 22SFB5061)the project of the National Social Science Fund of China in Jiangsu Province (Project Approval Number 22HQB3)。
文摘In recent years, international private law scholars have argued for the radiating effect of fundamental rights on international private law by introducing constitutional theory. However,there remains a lack of systematic research on how fundamental rights should be integrated into judicial practices concerning foreign-related civil and commercial cases. Throughout the development of international private law, public policy has served as a historical carrier of substantive values for judicial entities and has consistently played a crucial role in value review. In cases of international private law where conflicts arise with the values of fundamental rights, public policy indirectly excludes the legal choice outcomes to safeguard the human rights values inherent in fundamental rights from infringement.However, due to limitations imposed by the degree of connection and relative conditions, traditional paths of public policy have certain constraints and cannot provide comprehensive protection for fundamental rights. Therefore, there is a need for judges to shift their logical paradigms, transcend bilateral choice-of-law models, and introduce a direct intervention path for fundamental rights. This direct intervention path utilizes the logical analysis framework of the protection scope,intervention, and justification of fundamental rights. It can effectively balance conflicting legal interests and maximize the protection of the fundamental rights of the parties involved.
文摘Background: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) presents with a high global mortality and is known to be a highly infectious disease with devastating and gendered effects on the social fabric, yet most of the science has focused on the disease’s biology. However, little has been documented with regard to the gender and social aspects of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in two sub counties (Kikyo and Bundibugyo Town Council) in Bundibugyo District in Western Uganda. The study was set to examine the gender differences in the level of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about EVD. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. A structured questionnaire was administered to 254 respondents, 50% of whom were women. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants. Questionnaire data were analysed using SPSS at univariate and bivariate levels. Qualitative methods such as key informant interviews (with 6 participants) and Focus Group Discussions (three, one with men alone, another with women alone and the last one with both men and women) were also used to collect additional information from participants. Results: The findings indicated that socio-demographically, the majority (35%) of the respondents were aged between 20 and 29 years, 53% of whom were females. More women (about 56%) compared to men (44%) attained secondary education while more men (about 51% versus 49% of the women) reported that they were married. In terms of religion, the majority of the survey participants were Catholics (59% females and 49% males). With regard to communities’ knowledge about EVD, there was no significant relationship between men and women in terms of prior knowledge about EVD, risk factors and control measures. However, slightly more males (about 51%) than females (49%) had heard about EVD and more males (about 52%) than females (48%) admitted that they were at risk of contracting the disease. On the control measures, slightly more females than males (about 53% vs. 47% respectively) proposed avoiding contact with infected persons. The results further revealed that more males (about 51%) than females (49%) were willing to relate with EVD survivors, and this was due to the latter’s fear of contracting the disease. The major devastating effects of EVD that were reported included loss of lives, disruption of peoples movements, isolation of people, disruption of children’s school activities, stigma and discrimination of survivors. More females (about 52%) than males (about 48%) reported that EVD survivors were discriminated during the EVD outbreak in Bundibugyo District. Conclusions: This study has shown that whereas both men and women demonstrate average knowledge about EVD, there is need for more training and sensitization targeting women who have delusions about the severity of the disease, its risk factors, stigma and the integration of survivors in the affected communities. Communities also need to be sensitized about the gender roles that increase both the burden of EVD and the risk of men and women contracting the disease. This will lead to more culturally sensitive responses to EVD outbreaks in future.
基金Sponsored by Basic Scientific Research Funds of Central Universities(2572014BC36)
文摘Since landscape architecture became the first-level discipline in 2011, its connotation and extension have been greatly expanded, and the discipline has been in the reform and transformation period. Cultivation of the top-notch compound innovative talents has been the key point of the teaching reform. Northeast Forestry University made a newround talent cultivation scheme in 2014, preliminary courses of landscape architecture design took this as the opportunity to launch the teaching reform, and tried to explore an innovation-oriented cultivation mode of compound talents from the perspectives of cultivation objective, teaching content, teaching method and so on.
文摘Technology standard alliance, as vectors of research, development and circulation for technology standard, has already become an important transformation form from laboratory standard to fact standard for all countries. However, during the process of forming the technology standard alliance, it is a focus for members in the alliance to take control over others. How to construct a scientific and reasonable decision model of control over technology standard alliance is closely related to each enterprise member＇s interest. Under the condition that the risk is neutral, the paper explored necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge sharing and the most endeavor among enterprise members through constructing a decision model of control over technology standard alliance, and put forward that the joint control model was the best decision model for constructing the technology standard alliance.
文摘Background: Designing a need-based social protection intervention for children comes as comprehensive tool for addressing the overall quality of life of HIV positive children. Not much has been examined on what constitute the desired social protection framework for HIV positive children. Methods: This study was informed by a qualitative descriptive exploratory design approach. The study drew insights from the shared perspectives of 27 participants sampled from positive HIV status disclosed children—10 - 17 years, healthcare workers, Social and Development worker, HIV positive caregivers and parents from 7 ART clinics in rural and urban Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions of Ghana. Data was collected through interviews and two focus group discussions with study participants. Drawing on the emerged themes from the transcripts, thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data using comparative thematic framework approach. Findings: The eclectic perspectives on the type of social protection policy/intervention preferred demonstrated the need for an interrelated and integrated social protection policy. This should not be designed in isolation towards addressing the child vulnerability. The study found that social protection policies aimed at addressing vulnerability levels of children should consider the dual vulnerability situation within which HIV positive children and adolescents are located. A set of unique specific tailored approach and package reflecting minimum combination social protection package to HIV positive children was considered essential for inclusion. The themes that emerged covered social policy/intervention package inclusive of a disease ending/eradication intervention package, cash transfer for children and their caregivers, free comprehensive health insurance integrating all consultancy and laboratory services charges, direct food supplements supply and nutritional support, research, target specified with evidenced-based monitoring. Counseling support and preferential treatment for children visiting ART for treatment were to be included. Conclusion: Combination social protection intervention packages remain the pathway to yielding maximum dividends on any social intervention that seeks to address the vulnerability levels of HIV positive children in Ghana. This should be designed taking into consideration the preference of the main target beneficiaries (HIV positive children) while accounting for the inclusion of the technical expertise of implementing stakeholders in the policy design from conceptualization to evaluation.
基金Chang Gung Memorial Hospital,Taiwan(CMRPG8C1051,CMRPG8C1291 and CMRPG8E1351).
文摘Population aging has developed into a significant area of concern in developed countries, especially in relation to thepreservation of functional independence and the quality of life (QoL). However, information on the contribution ofsex differences in quality of life and cognitive function is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate potentialdifferences in cognitive function and QoL between males and females. For this study, we recruited 382 healthy subjectsaged 19–79 years from communities in Southern Taiwan region,China. Cognitive function and QoL were assessed using the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment, Brief Version (UPSA-B) and World Health Organization Quality ofLife Instruments (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. The effects of sex, age groups, and interaction of sex and ageon the UPSA-B and WHOQOL-BREF scores were examined. We found that the financial and communicationdomains of the UPSA-B showed declining trends with age in both sexes, although these trends were more obviousin females than in males. In the domain of Physical Capacity, QoL showed an age-increased trend in males, whileQoL in the Environment domain showed an age-increased trend in females. Regarding the relationships betweencognitive function and QoL, we found that the financial skill and communication skill of UPSA-B was positivelycorrelated to the psychological well-being domain of WHOQOL-BREF, in males of age <40 years. In conclusion,our findings demonstrate differential relationships between cognitive function and QoL between males and females,which could serve as a basis for further study between cognitive function and quality of life in communities.
文摘Background: The importance of civil society organisations in health care delivery systems cannot be under-rated in sub-SaharanAfricaand other developing nations worldwide. Civil society organisations play a central role in service delivery and development of democracy. However, little is known about the roles and achievements of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in healthcare. The study aimed at exploring the role of civil society organisations in health care delivery system particularly in children immunization. Methods: A questionnaire survey involving 282 households was conducted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics followed by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Ninety seven percent (97%) confirmed that CSOs/NGOs healthcare facilities played a major role in healthcare service delivery. 84% travelled long distances to access the healthcare services including child immunisation services. Travelling long distances (>2 km) to access for health care services including immunization compared to short distance (<1 km) (OR = 0.4, P = 0.0001), possessing a food stores (enguli) compared to not having a food store (enguli) (OR = 2.3, P = 0.002), having separate animal houses compared to not having livestock houses (OR = 0.09, P = 0.0001), and owning a bicycle compared to not having a bicycle (OR = 2.2, P = 0.005) are important determinants for the number of clients at CSO health centers. Further, possessing and using a cellphone compared to no cellphone (OR = 3.7, P = 0.001), Possessing and watching a television compared to not having a television (OR = 2.4, P = 0.002), educated compared to not acquiring any formal education (OR = 0.084, P = 0.0001), and female compared to male respondent (OR = 0.49, P = 0.0045) are other most important factors likely to determine the numbers of clients at the CSO healthcare. Conclusion: Geographies of CSO and community socioeconomics strongly determine the operations and the roles played by the CSO healthcare services in Uganda. Further studies to assess the role of CSO health service providers in other healthcare services need to be done.
文摘This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus necessary to fund different but complementary aspects of sanitation in slums.
基金The Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20060613007)
文摘To avoid debates on the interpretation problem of market-to-book, the residual income model is employed to calculate the intrinsic value and estimate the extent of mis-pricing by market. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 1998 to 2003, the empirical evidence supports that equity market mis-pricing plays a significant role in decision making on the initial public offering. Our evidence verifies that the market timing theory can be applied to the analysis of financing behavior of Chinese listed companies, but the long-lasting effect is insignificant.
文摘Objective:This study protocol identifies the basic research route and framework of psychological and behavioral surveys among Chinese residents,aims establishing a database through a multicenter,large-sample cross-sectional survey in China to provide strong data support for research development in various fields and a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the physical and mental health status of the public.Method:The study was conducted from June 20,2022 to August 31,2022,using stratified sampling and quota sampling methods,a total of 148 cities,202 districts and counties,390 townships/towns/sub-districts,and 780 communities/villages(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan)from 23 provinces,5 autonomous regions,and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China were selected.The questionnaire was distributed one-on-one and face-to-face to the public by trained investigators,and the questionnaire included eight aspects:personal basic information,personal health status,family basic information,social environment in which they were located,psychological level scale,behavioral level scale,other scales,and attitude towards social hot issues.Data analysis will be performed after questionnaire return.Results:Data collection is ongoing.These findings will support physical and mental health research and strategy development in China and even globally,guiding policy-makers and health care organizations to reform their programs to ensure the best interests of residents and their families.
文摘Objective： To explore the relationship between social support and self-efficacy in women psychiatrists. Methods： A survey was conducted in four hospitals in Shandong province using the Social Support Scale and the General Self-efficacy Scale （GSE）. A total of 140 women psychiatrists participated in the study. Results： Women psychiatrists of different ages or with different qualifications experience significant differences in objective support, subjective support, the utilization of support, and total scores on the social support and self-efficacy questionnaires （P〈0.05）. There were also significant differences in self-efficacy between different groups （P〈0.05）. Subjective support, objective support and the utilization of support have a positive correlation with the self-efficacy of women psychiatrists. Women psychiatrists in different education level have significant differences in objective support, utilization of support and total score of social support （P〈0.01）. Conclusions： Ages and educational backgrounds affect social support and self-efficacy, and self-efficacy had a significant positive correlation with the various dimensions of social support.
文摘Many communities across the globe still practice poor cooking cultures as part of their well-being to prepare food and other heating activities. Such bad cooking practices are not environmentally friendly, are wasteful </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> have adverse health effects. This work presents the results of the survey that was conducted to establish the existing cooking practices commonly used in Uganda, identify the commonly used fuel during cooking, identify perceptions on improved cooking stoves (ICS), perceived preferences during cooking as well as identify whether users are aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking and describe community opinions of ICS for rural communities in Uganda. The interviews were conducted on household levels across all the regions covering Uganda’s major rural regions. It was observed that </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">largest</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> population of rural Ugandans still use the 3 stone stove fire for cooking with a percentage of 53.5%, Charcoal stove, 27.3%, Improved cooking stove, 16.9%, Electric cookers,1.2%, LPG 0.7% </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> biogas 0.5% for the preparation of their various types of cooked foods while forest firewood is the commonly used biomass fuel for cooking with a percentage of 66.8% compared to Charcoal, Briquettes, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Saw dust</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and others with a percentage of 27.1%, 0.7%, 0.7%, 1.1% respectively. This reveals the great majority of users whose life is at risk as 3 stone stoves are characterized by low efficiency and high smoke production which increases the health risks of the users as well as increase the risk of deforestation rates. Household cooks showed great willingness to pay for a novel stove type in all </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> regions but from the survey data, it was indicated that the preferences varied from one region to another with a great majority preferring minimal smoke production with increased heat retention capacity. It was revealed that 91.4% of the interviewed households were aware of the health challenges due to poor cooking methods which they resolve</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">d</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> by using open space during cooking. There was variation in the quantity of food cooked in a day, time spent on cooking </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> how often the cooking is done from one region to another due to the difference in economic activities as well as the different climate factors. While using cooking stoves, users preferred large cooking pot space with minimal smoke production and rapid heating. Such information can act as a basis for the design of an improved cooking stove for the rural Ugandan community as engineered products must be designed to suit the needs of the end-user.
基金National Social Science fund Major Projects(Grand 18ZDA088)National Social Science Foundation Project(Grand 18BGL242).
文摘Hospital emergency management work is of great importance which not only related to the life and health of the people but also related to social stability.It is necessary to construct and improve the patient satisfaction assessment system so that doctors and patients can interact in a timely and effective manner,and the hospital can alert or respond promptly.This study constructs a closed-loop emergency management system consisting of patient-end,data center and decision-making-end,and apply the feedback information to hospital emergency management.In the preliminary applications,the system has a significant effect on the hospital emergency management mechanism.The researchers will improve the system in the follow-up study。
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60904002)
文摘Investigators are attracted by the complexity and significance of preventive maintenance problem,and there are hundreds of maintenance models and methods to solve the maintenance problems of companies and army,going with a lot of investigative harvests. However,one-component system or series system is focused by most of the literature.The problem of preventive maintenance（PM） on cold standby repairable system does not attach importance despite the fact that the cold standby repairable system is ubiquitous in engineering systems.In this paper,an optimal replacement model for gamma deteriorating system is studied.This methodology presented uses a gamma distribution to model the material degradation,and the impact of imperfect maintenance actions on system reliability is investigated.After an imperfect maintenance action,the state of a degrading system is assumed as a random variable and the maintenance time follows a geometric process.A maintenance policy（N）is applied by which the system will be repaired whenever it experiences the Nth PM,and an optimal policy（N~＊） could be determined numerically or analytically for minimizing the long-run average cost per unit time.A numerical example about how to confirm the optimal maintenance time by the inspecting information of liquid coupling device is given to demonstrate the use of this policy.This paper presents a condition-based replacement policy for cold standby repairable system under continuous monitoring.Its contribution embody in two aspects,relaxing the restrictions of hypothesis and investigating the condition-based maintenance policy of the cold standby repairable system which is ignored by others.
基金the Shanxi Soft Science Research Program, No. 2008041061-03
文摘Event-related potential studies of cognitive function in addiction behaviors have focused on the P300 event-related potential component. The current study investigated the association between P300 component and Internet addiction disorder. We found that individuals with Internet addiction disorder exhibited significantly longer P300 latencies than controls （N2： P = 0.035; P3a： P = 0.031 P3b： P = 0.043） and similar P300 amplitudes compared to control participants. After 3 months of cognitive behavioral therapy, P300 latencies decreased significantly in the P3a and P3b （P3a： P = 0.045; P3b： P = 0.062）. These results suggest that deficits in cognitive function may be involved in Internet addiction disorder, and that clinical psychological treatment may be effective.
基金Sponsored by Youth Program of 2013 Humanities and Social Sciences Research Fund of the Ministry of Education(13YJC840018)
文摘After the 18th CPC National Congress,urbanization regained its importance.As villages become heterogeneously urbanized,rural industrialization is reiterated for town urbanization.Yet all the historically famous models for Zhujiang,Sunan and Wenzhou in the progress of rural industrialization encountered dilemmas.Is the modernization theory sound in dictating that latecomers cannot achieve urbanization through rural industrialization?The author discusses the origination of the industrialization and urbanization of Hebei villages which is considered to represent the vision of British industrial revolution.There are two implications:(1)Town urbanization requires rural industrialization as its base,which must not rely completely on external industries and being urbanized top-down,but rather on the development of internal economic and social forces;(2)Urbanization cannot evolve spontaneously on the basis of rural industrialization.Instead,it is the result of conscious common planning and construction pushed by multiple forces.Therefore,the government should,in accordance with the law of development,provide guidance that mitigates various issues in the process of development.
文摘Sand encroachment into urban areas represents a high risk factor for transportation infrastructural and urban development in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE is located in one of the world’s largest arid regions with a strong prevalence of sand movement and encroachment into urban areas, particularly in the last few years. The objective of this research is to develop a land surface process platform that models sand movements and further generates an encroachment risk index map of potential encroachment risk areas season-wise in the UAE. To achieve this objective, this research used elevation and land cover maps generated from Lands at 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data which represent the topography of the study area coupled with meteorological information on wind speed, temperature and precipitation. Furthermore, the study considered the vegetation cover as a major contribution factor to reduce sand encroachment. Using developed sand movement model for this research, sand encroachment risk maps were generated to help urban planners in cities making informed decisions of future urban protection structures and transportation networks that mitigate the effects of sand dunes encroachments in the UAE. A major finding of this research results conclude that during the summer season encroachment risk reaches 30% higher compared to the winter season due to the extremely high temperature which leads to reduced vegetation in the country. Urban planning decision maker may consider the finding of this research for future infrastructural adjustments.
基金Project supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China (10135050) andthe second stage of 985 Project (985-2-201)
文摘The composition of casting clay core might provide clue to the foundry area of the bronze vessels. REE analysis of the residual clay mould was conducted by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer （ICP-AES）. Results reveal that characteristic of REE of clay mould from different region is dissimilar. It is feasible to restrict the possible foundry area of the bronze vessels on the basis of analysis of REE of clay mould residues on the bronzes. Meanwhile, this paper attempts to determine the foundry area of the bronze vessels unearthed at Jiuliandun tombs of Chu State, dated back to Warring States Period, in Zaoyang City, Hubei Province, and at Zuozhong cemetery, Spring and Autumn Period, in Jingmen City, Hubei Province. REE of clay core provides information on the foundry area of bronze vessels.
基金Sponsored by Youth Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51608437)Xi’an Social Science Fund Project(19L91)
文摘Based on the theory of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, through the study of the content of integrated conservation of cultural heritage, the external space of Wangji Temple, an ancient building in Xi’an, was renewed and designed.The corresponding design methods are used to solve the problems of material structure, visual landscape and social function in the space to improve the quality of space and maintain and enhance the value of cultural heritage of Wangji Temple, and provide a reference case for the improper use of external space of urban ancient buildings caused by insufficient awareness of the integrated conservation of cultural heritage.
