Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific inte...Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions between maize and peanut in field. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interspecific interactions on plant growth and grain yield for a peanut/maize intercropping system under different nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) levels. The method of root separation was employed to differentiate belowground from aboveground interspecific interactions. We observed that the global interspecific interaction effect on the shoot biomass of the intercropping system decreased with the coexistence period, and belowground interaction contributed more than aboveground interaction to advantages of the intercropping in terms of shoot biomass and grain yield. There was a positive effect from aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions on crop plant growth in the intercropping system, except that aboveground interaction had a negative effect on peanut during the late coexistence period. The advantage of intercropping on grain came mainly from increased maize yield(means 95%) due to aboveground interspecific competition for light and belowground interaction(61%–72% vs. 28%–39% in fertilizer treatments). There was a negative effect on grain yield from aboveground interaction for peanut, but belowground interspecific interaction positively affected peanut grain yield.The supply of N, P, or N + P increased grain yield of intercropped maize and the contribution from aboveground interspecific interaction. Our study suggests that the advantages of peanut/maize intercropping for yield mainly comes from aboveground interspecific competition for maize and belowground interspecific facilitation for peanut, and their respective yield can be enhanced by N and P. These findings are important for managing the intercropping system and optimizing the benefits from using this system.展开更多
Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalga...Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalgae. In experiments employing the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger for harvesting, this study investigated the effect on water quality and the quantity and quality of lipids in the biomass produced. Major reductions in the concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed after addition of the fungal spores (day 5) and during fungal growth and entrapment of the algal cells. At harvest (day 8), the decrease in total nitrogen was 47.4% ± 18.4% of the initial value, corresponding to a reduction of 41.9 ± 17.1 mg·nitrogen·L-1. For total phosphorus, the decrease was 94.4% ± 3.2%, corresponding to a reduction of 6.4 ± 0.2 mg·phosphorus·L-1. A significant decrease in concentration of the micropollutant diclofenac was observed at harvest, to 5.1 ± 4.0 μg·L-1 compared with an initial concentration of 9.5 ± 0.6 μg·L-1. A significant decrease in total lipids in the biomass was observed after fungal-assisted algal harvesting, from 58.7 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 5 (algal biomass only) to 34.2 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 8 (fungal-algal biomass). However, because of high biomass production, the amount of lipids produced per litre of wastewater increased from 5.6 ± 0.9 mg on day 5 to 20.6 ± 4.9 mg on day 8.展开更多
This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in hor...This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in horse paddocks during wintertime. Two different combinations of non-woven and woven geotextile together with two gravel fractions of 200 nlm were exposed to precipitation and horse manure/urine for two years under two manure regimes （manure removal and manure accumulation）. In a simulated rainfall （SR） study, the test areas were also exposed to 50 mm precipitation for 30 min and 15 kg of horse manure under the two manure regimes. Runoff, drainage effluent and leachate flow were measured and sampled for both regimes. The geotextile-gravel construction reduced runoff and drained the test area throughout the two-year period, confirming construction stability and a dry walking surface area at a mean drain flow of 3.65 L m2 h1. The concentrations of total N, total phosphorus （TP）, chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total solids （TS） in fluids leaving the test areas in winter were lower than in previous studies, due to lower horse density. The mean drainage concentration of TP, COD and TS was 3.4, 231, 739 mg L1, respectively, due to manure removal in the SR study. The TP （1.9 mg L-1） concentration in drain fluids was reduced by 47% in the test area consisting of a single geotextile compared with previously reported values （3.6 mg Ll）. With the paddock designs tested here, non-point pollution from paddocks could be controlled and reduced.展开更多
The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective w...The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1404315)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council(201608410278)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(182300410014)。
文摘Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions between maize and peanut in field. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interspecific interactions on plant growth and grain yield for a peanut/maize intercropping system under different nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) levels. The method of root separation was employed to differentiate belowground from aboveground interspecific interactions. We observed that the global interspecific interaction effect on the shoot biomass of the intercropping system decreased with the coexistence period, and belowground interaction contributed more than aboveground interaction to advantages of the intercropping in terms of shoot biomass and grain yield. There was a positive effect from aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions on crop plant growth in the intercropping system, except that aboveground interaction had a negative effect on peanut during the late coexistence period. The advantage of intercropping on grain came mainly from increased maize yield(means 95%) due to aboveground interspecific competition for light and belowground interaction(61%–72% vs. 28%–39% in fertilizer treatments). There was a negative effect on grain yield from aboveground interaction for peanut, but belowground interspecific interaction positively affected peanut grain yield.The supply of N, P, or N + P increased grain yield of intercropped maize and the contribution from aboveground interspecific interaction. Our study suggests that the advantages of peanut/maize intercropping for yield mainly comes from aboveground interspecific competition for maize and belowground interspecific facilitation for peanut, and their respective yield can be enhanced by N and P. These findings are important for managing the intercropping system and optimizing the benefits from using this system.
文摘Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalgae. In experiments employing the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger for harvesting, this study investigated the effect on water quality and the quantity and quality of lipids in the biomass produced. Major reductions in the concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed after addition of the fungal spores (day 5) and during fungal growth and entrapment of the algal cells. At harvest (day 8), the decrease in total nitrogen was 47.4% ± 18.4% of the initial value, corresponding to a reduction of 41.9 ± 17.1 mg·nitrogen·L-1. For total phosphorus, the decrease was 94.4% ± 3.2%, corresponding to a reduction of 6.4 ± 0.2 mg·phosphorus·L-1. A significant decrease in concentration of the micropollutant diclofenac was observed at harvest, to 5.1 ± 4.0 μg·L-1 compared with an initial concentration of 9.5 ± 0.6 μg·L-1. A significant decrease in total lipids in the biomass was observed after fungal-assisted algal harvesting, from 58.7 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 5 (algal biomass only) to 34.2 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 8 (fungal-algal biomass). However, because of high biomass production, the amount of lipids produced per litre of wastewater increased from 5.6 ± 0.9 mg on day 5 to 20.6 ± 4.9 mg on day 8.
文摘This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in horse paddocks during wintertime. Two different combinations of non-woven and woven geotextile together with two gravel fractions of 200 nlm were exposed to precipitation and horse manure/urine for two years under two manure regimes （manure removal and manure accumulation）. In a simulated rainfall （SR） study, the test areas were also exposed to 50 mm precipitation for 30 min and 15 kg of horse manure under the two manure regimes. Runoff, drainage effluent and leachate flow were measured and sampled for both regimes. The geotextile-gravel construction reduced runoff and drained the test area throughout the two-year period, confirming construction stability and a dry walking surface area at a mean drain flow of 3.65 L m2 h1. The concentrations of total N, total phosphorus （TP）, chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total solids （TS） in fluids leaving the test areas in winter were lower than in previous studies, due to lower horse density. The mean drainage concentration of TP, COD and TS was 3.4, 231, 739 mg L1, respectively, due to manure removal in the SR study. The TP （1.9 mg L-1） concentration in drain fluids was reduced by 47% in the test area consisting of a single geotextile compared with previously reported values （3.6 mg Ll）. With the paddock designs tested here, non-point pollution from paddocks could be controlled and reduced.
基金The study was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 program grant#727217.
文摘The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.
