Objective There are evidences that heat wave events cause deaths and emergency cases. This article used the contingent valuation method to find the willingness to pay for the protective measures and investigated the f...Objective There are evidences that heat wave events cause deaths and emergency cases. This article used the contingent valuation method to find the willingness to pay for the protective measures and investigated the factors that influence the willingness to pay. Methods A cross-sectional face-to-face household survey was completed by 637 urban long-term residents and 591 rural long-term residents aged 15-79 in Beijing, China. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors that influenced the payment rate or payment amount for the protective measures, including independent variables for district, gender, age, education, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease. Results The payment rate was 41.1% for protective measures provided by the government and 39.5% by measures provided by the market. Most of the respondents were willing to pay 40 CNY per capita annually for measures provided by the government or the market. The factors influencing willingness to pay were district, gender, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease. Conclusion Protective measures for heat waves need to be provided immediately. More attention should be paid to the situation of vulnerable groups, such as people who live in urban areas, those without air conditioning, and those who have experienced a heat wave in the past.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Short-term exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with population excess death.This issue is of critical concern in China given its high level of exposure to PM2.5 compared to tha...What is already known about this topic?Short-term exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with population excess death.This issue is of critical concern in China given its high level of exposure to PM2.5 compared to that of the rest of the world.What is added by this report?Existing studies were conducted from 2013-2015 and have failed to capture the full effects of China’s actions towards cleaner air in recent years,such as the first Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control issued in 2013.This study uses the longest time series data to date from 2013-2018,provides the latest evidence on PM2.5 and cause-specific death nationwide,and identifies regional patterns of PM2.5-related effects as well as PM2.5-related susceptible populations.What are the implications for public health practice?This study suggests that the development of standards and the implementation of actions to clean the air and protect public health should be tailored to PM2.5-related sensitive diseases,susceptible populations,and regional patterns.展开更多
China has been experiencing some of the world's most serious air pollution,especially severe smog events swept China in January of 2013,leading to extensive interna-tional attention.Efforts to understand and mitig...China has been experiencing some of the world's most serious air pollution,especially severe smog events swept China in January of 2013,leading to extensive interna-tional attention.Efforts to understand and mitigate the impacts of ambient air pollution on public health have been taken to tackle this pollution in China.Clean air actions developed nationwide have aggressively lowered fine particulate matter(PM2.5)pollution in recent years.1 National health plans and research projects on air pollution have been motivated and funded by the government.Rapidly growing epidemiological evidence has emerged to preliminarily uncover the effects of elevated levels of ambient air pollution on human health.However,China's pollution levels still exceed that of the World Health Organization(WHO)least-stringent target.Ambient air pollution still poses a serious threat to human health and welfare.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project Number:21277135,91543111)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(Project Number:8132048)
文摘Objective There are evidences that heat wave events cause deaths and emergency cases. This article used the contingent valuation method to find the willingness to pay for the protective measures and investigated the factors that influence the willingness to pay. Methods A cross-sectional face-to-face household survey was completed by 637 urban long-term residents and 591 rural long-term residents aged 15-79 in Beijing, China. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors that influenced the payment rate or payment amount for the protective measures, including independent variables for district, gender, age, education, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease. Results The payment rate was 41.1% for protective measures provided by the government and 39.5% by measures provided by the market. Most of the respondents were willing to pay 40 CNY per capita annually for measures provided by the government or the market. The factors influencing willingness to pay were district, gender, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease. Conclusion Protective measures for heat waves need to be provided immediately. More attention should be paid to the situation of vulnerable groups, such as people who live in urban areas, those without air conditioning, and those who have experienced a heat wave in the past.
基金funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0206500)National research program for key issues in air pollution control(No.DQGG0401).
文摘What is already known about this topic?Short-term exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with population excess death.This issue is of critical concern in China given its high level of exposure to PM2.5 compared to that of the rest of the world.What is added by this report?Existing studies were conducted from 2013-2015 and have failed to capture the full effects of China’s actions towards cleaner air in recent years,such as the first Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control issued in 2013.This study uses the longest time series data to date from 2013-2018,provides the latest evidence on PM2.5 and cause-specific death nationwide,and identifies regional patterns of PM2.5-related effects as well as PM2.5-related susceptible populations.What are the implications for public health practice?This study suggests that the development of standards and the implementation of actions to clean the air and protect public health should be tailored to PM2.5-related sensitive diseases,susceptible populations,and regional patterns.
基金This work is supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0206500)the National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control(No.DQGG0401)。
文摘China has been experiencing some of the world's most serious air pollution,especially severe smog events swept China in January of 2013,leading to extensive interna-tional attention.Efforts to understand and mitigate the impacts of ambient air pollution on public health have been taken to tackle this pollution in China.Clean air actions developed nationwide have aggressively lowered fine particulate matter(PM2.5)pollution in recent years.1 National health plans and research projects on air pollution have been motivated and funded by the government.Rapidly growing epidemiological evidence has emerged to preliminarily uncover the effects of elevated levels of ambient air pollution on human health.However,China's pollution levels still exceed that of the World Health Organization(WHO)least-stringent target.Ambient air pollution still poses a serious threat to human health and welfare.
