In recent years,there has been a rapid growth in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).The focus of research in this area is now on solving the problems associated with large-scale UWSN.One of the major issues in...In recent years,there has been a rapid growth in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).The focus of research in this area is now on solving the problems associated with large-scale UWSN.One of the major issues in such a network is the localization of underwater nodes.Localization is required for tracking objects and detecting the target.It is also considered tagging of data where sensed contents are not found of any use without localization.This is useless for application until the position of sensed content is confirmed.This article’s major goal is to review and analyze underwater node localization to solve the localization issues in UWSN.The present paper describes various existing localization schemes and broadly categorizes these schemes as Centralized and Distributed localization schemes underwater.Also,a detailed subdivision of these localization schemes is given.Further,these localization schemes are compared from different perspectives.The detailed analysis of these schemes in terms of certain performance metrics has been discussed in this paper.At the end,the paper addresses several future directions for potential research in improving localization problems of UWSN.展开更多
The incessant pressure of energy requirements by the growing global populace has led to the exploration of unconventional methods to produce renewable and sustainable fuels.Among these,biodiesel is most suited to the ...The incessant pressure of energy requirements by the growing global populace has led to the exploration of unconventional methods to produce renewable and sustainable fuels.Among these,biodiesel is most suited to the present needs of eco-friendly standards to keep the atmosphere free from residual emissions.Various fuel-modification methods were developed over a couple of decades to make biodiesel suitable for diesel engines.In the present research,Jatropha curcas biodiesel and waste-cooking-oil(WCO)biodiesel were used to craft a unique binary blend to obtain desirable fuel properties and operational suitability for the diesel engine.The blend with 80% WCO biodiesel and 20% J.curcas biodiesel,which had the most suitable fuel properties,was tested on a four-stroke single-cylinder vertical diesel engine.The emissions and operational parameters were analysed and compared with diesel.The results of the study indicated that engine emissions for binary blend,carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions were highly reduced,and carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))emissions increased relative to diesel.At full load,NO_(x) emission was found to be 51.32% higher than that from diesel and 3.8% lower than that from WCO biodiesel.Engine performance showed that for the binary blend,at full load,the brake-specific fuel consumption was 396.82 g/kWh,which was 15.26% higher,and the brake thermal efficiency was 22.7%,which was 2.74% lower than regular diesel fuel.The present study suggests that the binary blend of J.curcas biodiesel and WCO biodiesel can be a promising approach towards advancements in the fuel properties of biodiesels.展开更多
文摘In recent years,there has been a rapid growth in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).The focus of research in this area is now on solving the problems associated with large-scale UWSN.One of the major issues in such a network is the localization of underwater nodes.Localization is required for tracking objects and detecting the target.It is also considered tagging of data where sensed contents are not found of any use without localization.This is useless for application until the position of sensed content is confirmed.This article’s major goal is to review and analyze underwater node localization to solve the localization issues in UWSN.The present paper describes various existing localization schemes and broadly categorizes these schemes as Centralized and Distributed localization schemes underwater.Also,a detailed subdivision of these localization schemes is given.Further,these localization schemes are compared from different perspectives.The detailed analysis of these schemes in terms of certain performance metrics has been discussed in this paper.At the end,the paper addresses several future directions for potential research in improving localization problems of UWSN.
文摘The incessant pressure of energy requirements by the growing global populace has led to the exploration of unconventional methods to produce renewable and sustainable fuels.Among these,biodiesel is most suited to the present needs of eco-friendly standards to keep the atmosphere free from residual emissions.Various fuel-modification methods were developed over a couple of decades to make biodiesel suitable for diesel engines.In the present research,Jatropha curcas biodiesel and waste-cooking-oil(WCO)biodiesel were used to craft a unique binary blend to obtain desirable fuel properties and operational suitability for the diesel engine.The blend with 80% WCO biodiesel and 20% J.curcas biodiesel,which had the most suitable fuel properties,was tested on a four-stroke single-cylinder vertical diesel engine.The emissions and operational parameters were analysed and compared with diesel.The results of the study indicated that engine emissions for binary blend,carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions were highly reduced,and carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))emissions increased relative to diesel.At full load,NO_(x) emission was found to be 51.32% higher than that from diesel and 3.8% lower than that from WCO biodiesel.Engine performance showed that for the binary blend,at full load,the brake-specific fuel consumption was 396.82 g/kWh,which was 15.26% higher,and the brake thermal efficiency was 22.7%,which was 2.74% lower than regular diesel fuel.The present study suggests that the binary blend of J.curcas biodiesel and WCO biodiesel can be a promising approach towards advancements in the fuel properties of biodiesels.
