A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 an...A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 and 13.Approaches for effective adaptation to climate change through national and local efforts fundamentally aim to create environmentally sustainable,socially inclusive,and economically vibrant communities.This paper associates the impacts of climate change to the preservation of threatened minority languages in semi-arid areas in Northern Ghana.This review relies on primary and secondary sources on climate-induced migration,minority languages,and threats of language loss through a keyword search followed by rigorous content analysis.The study confirms that forced displacement due to harsh climatic and other environmental conditions is currently occurring in the upper regions(Upper East and Upper West Regions)of Ghana with minority linguistic groups being forced to migrate to the southern part of the country,where their culture and language are threatened due to large linguistic groups.The literature well establishes the north-south mobility with various debates on its root causes.However,the phenomenon is understudied along with the lack of specific national strategies for addressing it and the associated language loss.Therefore,the need emerges for further studies to enhance the current understanding of the phenomenon to inform policy interventions and protect minority languages threatened by climate-induced migration.The focus on an understudied subject and geographic scope makes the findings extremely relevant for the expansion of knowledge on internal migration in the context of climate change in Northern Ghana.展开更多
Sign language includes the motion of the arms and hands to communicate with people with hearing disabilities.Several models have been available in the literature for sign language detection and classification for enha...Sign language includes the motion of the arms and hands to communicate with people with hearing disabilities.Several models have been available in the literature for sign language detection and classification for enhanced outcomes.But the latest advancements in computer vision enable us to perform signs/gesture recognition using deep neural networks.This paper introduces an Arabic Sign Language Gesture Classification using Deer Hunting Optimization with Machine Learning(ASLGC-DHOML)model.The presented ASLGC-DHOML technique mainly concentrates on recognising and classifying sign language gestures.The presented ASLGC-DHOML model primarily pre-processes the input gesture images and generates feature vectors using the densely connected network(DenseNet169)model.For gesture recognition and classification,a multilayer perceptron(MLP)classifier is exploited to recognize and classify the existence of sign language gestures.Lastly,the DHO algorithm is utilized for parameter optimization of the MLP model.The experimental results of the ASLGC-DHOML model are tested and the outcomes are inspected under distinct aspects.The comparison analysis highlighted that the ASLGC-DHOML method has resulted in enhanced gesture classification results than other techniques with maximum accuracy of 92.88%.展开更多
Handwritten character recognition becomes one of the challenging research matters.More studies were presented for recognizing letters of various languages.The availability of Arabic handwritten characters databases wa...Handwritten character recognition becomes one of the challenging research matters.More studies were presented for recognizing letters of various languages.The availability of Arabic handwritten characters databases was confined.Almost a quarter of a billion people worldwide write and speak Arabic.More historical books and files indicate a vital data set for many Arab nationswritten in Arabic.Recently,Arabic handwritten character recognition(AHCR)has grabbed the attention and has become a difficult topic for pattern recognition and computer vision(CV).Therefore,this study develops fireworks optimizationwith the deep learning-based AHCR(FWODL-AHCR)technique.Themajor intention of the FWODL-AHCR technique is to recognize the distinct handwritten characters in the Arabic language.It initially pre-processes the handwritten images to improve their quality of them.Then,the RetinaNet-based deep convolutional neural network is applied as a feature extractor to produce feature vectors.Next,the deep echo state network(DESN)model is utilized to classify handwritten characters.Finally,the FWO algorithm is exploited as a hyperparameter tuning strategy to boost recognition performance.Various simulations in series were performed to exhibit the enhanced performance of the FWODL-AHCR technique.The comparison study portrayed the supremacy of the FWODL-AHCR technique over other approaches,with 99.91%and 98.94%on Hijja and AHCD datasets,respectively.展开更多
In recent years,the usage of social networking sites has considerably increased in the Arab world.It has empowered individuals to express their opinions,especially in politics.Furthermore,various organizations that op...In recent years,the usage of social networking sites has considerably increased in the Arab world.It has empowered individuals to express their opinions,especially in politics.Furthermore,various organizations that operate in the Arab countries have embraced social media in their day-to-day business activities at different scales.This is attributed to business owners’understanding of social media’s importance for business development.However,the Arabic morphology is too complicated to understand due to the availability of nearly 10,000 roots and more than 900 patterns that act as the basis for verbs and nouns.Hate speech over online social networking sites turns out to be a worldwide issue that reduces the cohesion of civil societies.In this background,the current study develops a Chaotic Elephant Herd Optimization with Machine Learning for Hate Speech Detection(CEHOML-HSD)model in the context of the Arabic language.The presented CEHOML-HSD model majorly concentrates on identifying and categorising the Arabic text into hate speech and normal.To attain this,the CEHOML-HSD model follows different sub-processes as discussed herewith.At the initial stage,the CEHOML-HSD model undergoes data pre-processing with the help of the TF-IDF vectorizer.Secondly,the Support Vector Machine(SVM)model is utilized to detect and classify the hate speech texts made in the Arabic language.Lastly,the CEHO approach is employed for fine-tuning the parameters involved in SVM.This CEHO approach is developed by combining the chaotic functions with the classical EHO algorithm.The design of the CEHO algorithm for parameter tuning shows the novelty of the work.A widespread experimental analysis was executed to validate the enhanced performance of the proposed CEHOML-HSD approach.The comparative study outcomes established the supremacy of the proposed CEHOML-HSD model over other approaches.展开更多
Agency,learners’ability to act on their own learning through actively utilizing the resources and affordances in the learning environment,is of paramount importance to their success in language learning,especially wi...Agency,learners’ability to act on their own learning through actively utilizing the resources and affordances in the learning environment,is of paramount importance to their success in language learning,especially within the online learning environment in a world confronting COVID-19.This paper illustrates the concept of agency from a sociocultural perspective,discusses factors that affect agency development in language learning,and proposes five teaching principles that promote learner agency for teachers designing language lessons online and offline.展开更多
Further development in the field of geothermal energy require reliable reference data on the thermophysical properties of geothermal waters,namely,on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of aqueous salt solutions at...Further development in the field of geothermal energy require reliable reference data on the thermophysical properties of geothermal waters,namely,on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of aqueous salt solutions at temperatures of 293–473 K,pressures Ps=100 MPa,and concentrations of 0–25 wt.%.Given the lack of data and models,especially for the dynamic viscosity of aqueous salt solutions at a pressure of above 40 MPa,generalized formulas are presented here,by which these gaps can be filled.The article presents a generalized formula for obtaining reliable data on the thermal conductivity of water aqueous solutions of salts for Ps=100 MPa,temperatures of 293–473 K and concentrations of 0%–25%(wt.%),as well as generalized formulas for the dynamic viscosity of water up to pressures of 500 MPa and aqueous solutions of salts for Ps=100 MPa,temperatures 333–473 K,and concentration 0%–25%.The obtained values agree with the experimental data within 1.6%.展开更多
As we know, Pragmatics is the way we convey meaning through communication, so the study aims at student’s opinions on the use of English language as a means of communication and to show the significance of language f...As we know, Pragmatics is the way we convey meaning through communication, so the study aims at student’s opinions on the use of English language as a means of communication and to show the significance of language function, context, and authentic situations to develop pragmatic competence in Sudanese English Language university learners. To achieve the objectives, the study used a questionnaire to address the study questions and objectives. 150 employed students participated in the questionnaire. The study found that the students have positive views toward the using of the language as communicative means in various, functions, contexts, and authentic situations inside and outside the classroom to enhance the student’s fluency in using the target language as well as the take care about the language forms to avoid imperfect using of the language.展开更多
Water and its importance cannot be understated.Its greatest value lies in its ability and capacity to provide biological and environmental services.Water quality is an essential parameter to be studied when the overal...Water and its importance cannot be understated.Its greatest value lies in its ability and capacity to provide biological and environmental services.Water quality is an essential parameter to be studied when the overall focus is sustainable development keeping mankind at a focal point.The study assessed the water quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in most areas of Padada Watershed.In this study,nine identified sampling points were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such as turbidity,BOD(Biological Oxygen Demand),TSS(Total Solid Suspended),fecal coliform,pH,temperature,DO(Dissolved Oxygen),and SC(Specific Conductivity).Results found turbidity range from 0.74-19.7 NTU;BOD range from 0.04-2.2 mg/L;TSS range from 1-411 mg/L;fecal coliform range from<1.8-160,000 MPN/100mL.The temperature value ranges from 24.8-31.9°C;pH value ranges from 7.05-7.92;SC ranges from 119.7-551μS/cm while DO range from 4.87-8.14 mg/L.Moreover,the results revealed that most sampling sites exceeded the permissible limits.The highest concentration of fecal coliform indicates contamination which may cause possible human health infection.Thus,the water of Padada River Watershed is not potable for drinking and it is recommended to take beneficial steps to prevent adverse health effects to the community.展开更多
Heart of Darkness was written by Joseph Conrad and published as a whole in 1902.The story begins on a British ship"the Nellie"moored on the coast of the Thames.It mainly talks about what Marlow sees and thin...Heart of Darkness was written by Joseph Conrad and published as a whole in 1902.The story begins on a British ship"the Nellie"moored on the coast of the Thames.It mainly talks about what Marlow sees and thinks when he begins his journey up to the Congo Riveres and reveals a turning process of a white colonizer called Kurts who is at the very beginning,an idealistic white colonizer trying to bring"civilization"and"progress"to the Africa but in the end falls into a greedy,cruel person.The novel,on the one hand,describes the terrible life of African peple and reveals the tyranne,greed of western colonism and stong racism;and on the other hand,it also shows readers a strong orientalism towards the Africa.So my purpose of the paper is to analyse how Orientalism is revealed in the Heart of Darkness.展开更多
Arabic is the world’s first language,categorized by its rich and complicated grammatical formats.Furthermore,the Arabic morphology can be perplexing because nearly 10,000 roots and 900 patterns were the basis for ver...Arabic is the world’s first language,categorized by its rich and complicated grammatical formats.Furthermore,the Arabic morphology can be perplexing because nearly 10,000 roots and 900 patterns were the basis for verbs and nouns.The Arabic language consists of distinct variations utilized in a community and particular situations.Social media sites are a medium for expressing opinions and social phenomena like racism,hatred,offensive language,and all kinds of verbal violence.Such conduct does not impact particular nations,communities,or groups only,extending beyond such areas into people’s everyday lives.This study introduces an Improved Ant Lion Optimizer with Deep Learning Dirven Offensive and Hate Speech Detection(IALODL-OHSD)on Arabic Cross-Corpora.The presented IALODL-OHSD model mainly aims to detect and classify offensive/hate speech expressed on social media.In the IALODL-OHSD model,a threestage process is performed,namely pre-processing,word embedding,and classification.Primarily,data pre-processing is performed to transform the Arabic social media text into a useful format.In addition,the word2vec word embedding process is utilized to produce word embeddings.The attentionbased cascaded long short-term memory(ACLSTM)model is utilized for the classification process.Finally,the IALO algorithm is exploited as a hyperparameter optimizer to boost classifier results.To illustrate a brief result analysis of the IALODL-OHSD model,a detailed set of simulations were performed.The extensive comparison study portrayed the enhanced performance of the IALODL-OHSD model over other approaches.展开更多
Opinion Mining(OM)studies in Arabic are limited though it is one of the most extensively-spoken languages worldwide.Though the interest in OM studies in the Arabic language is growing among researchers,it needs a vast...Opinion Mining(OM)studies in Arabic are limited though it is one of the most extensively-spoken languages worldwide.Though the interest in OM studies in the Arabic language is growing among researchers,it needs a vast number of investigations due to the unique morphological principles of the language.Arabic OM studies experience multiple challenges owing to the poor existence of language sources and Arabic-specific linguistic features.The comparative OM studies in the English language are wide and novel.But,comparative OM studies in the Arabic language are yet to be established and are still in a nascent stage.The unique features of the Arabic language make it essential to expand the studies regarding the Arabic text.It contains unique featuressuchasdiacritics,elongation,inflectionandwordlength.Thecurrent study proposes a Political Optimizer with Probabilistic Neural Network-based Comparative Opinion Mining(POPNN-COM)model for the Arabic text.The proposed POPNN-COM model aims to recognize comparative and non-comparative texts in Arabic in the context of social media.Initially,the POPNN-COM model involves different levels of data pre-processing to transform the input data into a useful format.Then,the pre-processed data is fed into the PNN model for classification and recognition of the data under different class labels.At last,the PO algorithm is employed for fine-tuning the parameters involved in this model to achieve enhanced results.The proposed POPNN-COM model was experimentally validated using two standard datasets,and the outcomes established the promising performance of the proposed POPNN-COM method over other recent approaches.展开更多
Sentiment Analysis(SA),a Machine Learning(ML)technique,is often applied in the literature.The SA technique is specifically applied to the data collected from social media sites.The research studies conducted earlier u...Sentiment Analysis(SA),a Machine Learning(ML)technique,is often applied in the literature.The SA technique is specifically applied to the data collected from social media sites.The research studies conducted earlier upon the SA of the tweets were mostly aimed at automating the feature extraction process.In this background,the current study introduces a novel method called Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization with Deep Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis on Arabic Tweets(QPSODL-SAAT).The presented QPSODL-SAAT model determines and classifies the sentiments of the tweets written in Arabic.Initially,the data pre-processing is performed to convert the raw tweets into a useful format.Then,the word2vec model is applied to generate the feature vectors.The Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)classifier is utilized to identify and classify the sentiments.Finally,the QPSO algorithm is exploited for the optimal finetuning of the hyperparameters involved in the BiGRU model.The proposed QPSODL-SAAT model was experimentally validated using the standard datasets.An extensive comparative analysis was conducted,and the proposed model achieved a maximum accuracy of 98.35%.The outcomes confirmed the supremacy of the proposed QPSODL-SAAT model over the rest of the approaches,such as the Surface Features(SF),Generic Embeddings(GE),Arabic Sentiment Embeddings constructed using the Hybrid(ASEH)model and the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)model.展开更多
The text classification process has been extensively investigated in various languages,especially English.Text classification models are vital in several Natural Language Processing(NLP)applications.The Arabic languag...The text classification process has been extensively investigated in various languages,especially English.Text classification models are vital in several Natural Language Processing(NLP)applications.The Arabic language has a lot of significance.For instance,it is the fourth mostly-used language on the internet and the sixth official language of theUnitedNations.However,there are few studies on the text classification process in Arabic.A few text classification studies have been published earlier in the Arabic language.In general,researchers face two challenges in the Arabic text classification process:low accuracy and high dimensionality of the features.In this study,an Automated Arabic Text Classification using Hyperparameter Tuned Hybrid Deep Learning(AATC-HTHDL)model is proposed.The major goal of the proposed AATC-HTHDL method is to identify different class labels for the Arabic text.The first step in the proposed model is to pre-process the input data to transform it into a useful format.The Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF)model is applied to extract the feature vectors.Next,the Convolutional Neural Network with Recurrent Neural Network(CRNN)model is utilized to classify the Arabic text.In the final stage,the Crow Search Algorithm(CSA)is applied to fine-tune the CRNN model’s hyperparameters,showing the work’s novelty.The proposed AATCHTHDL model was experimentally validated under different parameters and the outcomes established the supremacy of the proposed AATC-HTHDL model over other approaches.展开更多
Arabic is one of the most spoken languages across the globe.However,there are fewer studies concerning Sentiment Analysis(SA)in Arabic.In recent years,the detected sentiments and emotions expressed in tweets have rece...Arabic is one of the most spoken languages across the globe.However,there are fewer studies concerning Sentiment Analysis(SA)in Arabic.In recent years,the detected sentiments and emotions expressed in tweets have received significant interest.The substantial role played by the Arab region in international politics and the global economy has urged the need to examine the sentiments and emotions in the Arabic language.Two common models are available:Machine Learning and lexicon-based approaches to address emotion classification problems.With this motivation,the current research article develops a Teaching and Learning Optimization with Machine Learning Based Emotion Recognition and Classification(TLBOML-ERC)model for Sentiment Analysis on tweets made in the Arabic language.The presented TLBOML-ERC model focuses on recognising emotions and sentiments expressed in Arabic tweets.To attain this,the proposed TLBOMLERC model initially carries out data pre-processing and a Continuous Bag Of Words(CBOW)-based word embedding process.In addition,Denoising Autoencoder(DAE)model is also exploited to categorise different emotions expressed in Arabic tweets.To improve the efficacy of the DAE model,the Teaching and Learning-based Optimization(TLBO)algorithm is utilized to optimize the parameters.The proposed TLBOML-ERC method was experimentally validated with the help of an Arabic tweets dataset.The obtained results show the promising performance of the proposed TLBOML-ERC model on Arabic emotion classification.展开更多
Sentiment analysis(SA)of the Arabic language becomes important despite scarce annotated corpora and confined sources.Arabic affect Analysis has become an active research zone nowadays.But still,the Arabic language lag...Sentiment analysis(SA)of the Arabic language becomes important despite scarce annotated corpora and confined sources.Arabic affect Analysis has become an active research zone nowadays.But still,the Arabic language lags behind adequate language sources for enabling the SA tasks.Thus,Arabic still faces challenges in natural language processing(NLP)tasks because of its structure complexities,history,and distinct cultures.It has gained lesser effort than the other languages.This paper developed a Multi-versus Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled Affect Analysis(MVODRL-AA)on Arabic Corpus.The presented MVODRL-AAmodelmajorly concentrates on identifying and classifying effects or emotions that occurred in the Arabic corpus.Firstly,the MVODRL-AA model follows data pre-processing and word embedding.Next,an n-gram model is utilized to generate word embeddings.A deep Q-learning network(DQLN)model is then exploited to identify and classify the effect on the Arabic corpus.At last,the MVO algorithm is used as a hyperparameter tuning approach to adjust the hyperparameters related to the DQLN model,showing the novelty of the work.A series of simulations were carried out to exhibit the promising performance of the MVODRL-AA model.The simulation outcomes illustrate the betterment of the MVODRL-AA method over the other approaches with an accuracy of 99.27%.展开更多
Online reviews regarding purchasing services or products offered are the main source of users’opinions.To gain fame or profit,generally,spam reviews are written to demote or promote certain targeted products or servi...Online reviews regarding purchasing services or products offered are the main source of users’opinions.To gain fame or profit,generally,spam reviews are written to demote or promote certain targeted products or services.This practice is called review spamming.During the last few years,various techniques have been recommended to solve the problem of spam reviews.Previous spam detection study focuses on English reviews,with a lesser interest in other languages.Spam review detection in Arabic online sources is an innovative topic despite the vast amount of data produced.Thus,this study develops an Automated Spam Review Detection using optimal Stacked Gated Recurrent Unit(SRD-OSGRU)on Arabic Opinion Text.The presented SRD-OSGRU model mainly intends to classify Arabic reviews into two classes:spam and truthful.Initially,the presented SRD-OSGRU model follows different levels of data preprocessing to convert the actual review data into a compatible format.Next,unigram and bigram feature extractors are utilized.The SGRU model is employed in this study to identify and classify Arabic spam reviews.Since the trial-and-error adjustment of hyperparameters is a tedious process,a white shark optimizer(WSO)is utilized,boosting the detection efficiency of the SGRU model.The experimental validation of the SRD-OSGRU model is assessed under two datasets,namely DOSC dataset.An extensive comparison study pointed out the enhanced performance of the SRD-OSGRU model over other recent approaches.展开更多
Text classification or categorization is the procedure of automatically tagging a textual document with most related labels or classes.When the number of labels is limited to one,the task becomes single-label text cat...Text classification or categorization is the procedure of automatically tagging a textual document with most related labels or classes.When the number of labels is limited to one,the task becomes single-label text categorization.The Arabic texts include unstructured information also like English texts,and that is understandable for machine learning(ML)techniques,the text is changed and demonstrated by numerical value.In recent times,the dominant method for natural language processing(NLP)tasks is recurrent neural network(RNN),in general,long short termmemory(LSTM)and convolutional neural network(CNN).Deep learning(DL)models are currently presented for deriving a massive amount of text deep features to an optimum performance from distinct domains such as text detection,medical image analysis,and so on.This paper introduces aModified Dragonfly Optimization with Extreme Learning Machine for Text Representation and Recognition(MDFO-EMTRR)model onArabicCorpus.The presentedMDFO-EMTRR technique mainly concentrates on the recognition and classification of the Arabic text.To achieve this,theMDFO-EMTRRtechnique encompasses data pre-processing to transform the input data into compatible format.Next,the ELM model is utilized for the representation and recognition of the Arabic text.At last,the MDFO algorithm was exploited for optimal tuning of the parameters related to the ELM method and thereby accomplish enhanced classifier results.The experimental result analysis of the MDFO-EMTRR system was performed on benchmark datasets and attained maximum accuracy of 99.74%.展开更多
With a population of 440 million,Arabic language users form the rapidly growing language group on the web in terms of the number of Internet users.11 million monthly Twitter users were active and posted nearly 27.4 mi...With a population of 440 million,Arabic language users form the rapidly growing language group on the web in terms of the number of Internet users.11 million monthly Twitter users were active and posted nearly 27.4 million tweets every day.In order to develop a classification system for the Arabic lan-guage there comes a need of understanding the syntactic framework of the words thereby manipulating and representing the words for making their classification effective.In this view,this article introduces a Dolphin Swarm Optimization with Convolutional Deep Belief Network for Short Text Classification(DSOCDBN-STC)model on Arabic Corpus.The presented DSOCDBN-STC model majorly aims to classify Arabic short text in social media.The presented DSOCDBN-STC model encompasses preprocessing and word2vec word embedding at the preliminary stage.Besides,the DSOCDBN-STC model involves CDBN based classification model for Arabic short text.At last,the DSO technique can be exploited for optimal modification of the hyperparameters related to the CDBN method.To establish the enhanced performance of the DSOCDBN-STC model,a wide range of simulations have been performed.The simulation results con-firmed the supremacy of the DSOCDBN-STC model over existing models with improved accuracy of 99.26%.展开更多
Natural Language Processing(NLP)for the Arabic language has gained much significance in recent years.The most commonly-utilized NLP task is the‘Text Classification’process.Its main intention is to apply the Machine ...Natural Language Processing(NLP)for the Arabic language has gained much significance in recent years.The most commonly-utilized NLP task is the‘Text Classification’process.Its main intention is to apply the Machine Learning(ML)approaches for automatically classifying the textual files into one or more pre-defined categories.In ML approaches,the first and foremost crucial step is identifying an appropriate large dataset to test and train the method.One of the trending ML techniques,i.e.,Deep Learning(DL)technique needs huge volumes of different types of datasets for training to yield the best outcomes.The current study designs a new Dice Optimization with a Deep Hybrid Boltzmann Machinebased Arabic Corpus Classification(DODHBM-ACC)model in this background.The presented DODHBM-ACC model primarily relies upon different stages of pre-processing and the word2vec word embedding process.For Arabic text classification,the DHBM technique is utilized.This technique is a hybrid version of the Deep Boltzmann Machine(DBM)and Deep Belief Network(DBN).It has the advantage of learning the decisive intention of the classification process.To adjust the hyperparameters of the DHBM technique,the Dice Optimization Algorithm(DOA)is exploited in this study.The experimental analysis was conducted to establish the superior performance of the proposed DODHBM-ACC model.The outcomes inferred the better performance of the proposed DODHBM-ACC model over other recent approaches.展开更多
The recognition of the Arabic characters is a crucial task incomputer vision and Natural Language Processing fields. Some major complicationsin recognizing handwritten texts include distortion and patternvariabilities...The recognition of the Arabic characters is a crucial task incomputer vision and Natural Language Processing fields. Some major complicationsin recognizing handwritten texts include distortion and patternvariabilities. So, the feature extraction process is a significant task in NLPmodels. If the features are automatically selected, it might result in theunavailability of adequate data for accurately forecasting the character classes.But, many features usually create difficulties due to high dimensionality issues.Against this background, the current study develops a Sailfish Optimizer withDeep Transfer Learning-Enabled Arabic Handwriting Character Recognition(SFODTL-AHCR) model. The projected SFODTL-AHCR model primarilyfocuses on identifying the handwritten Arabic characters in the inputimage. The proposed SFODTL-AHCR model pre-processes the input imageby following the Histogram Equalization approach to attain this objective.The Inception with ResNet-v2 model examines the pre-processed image toproduce the feature vectors. The Deep Wavelet Neural Network (DWNN)model is utilized to recognize the handwritten Arabic characters. At last,the SFO algorithm is utilized for fine-tuning the parameters involved in theDWNNmodel to attain better performance. The performance of the proposedSFODTL-AHCR model was validated using a series of images. Extensivecomparative analyses were conducted. The proposed method achieved a maximum accuracy of 99.73%. The outcomes inferred the supremacy of theproposed SFODTL-AHCR model over other approaches.展开更多
文摘A well-recognized fact is that addressing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities and minority groups remains a central focus toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals,specifically Goals 11 and 13.Approaches for effective adaptation to climate change through national and local efforts fundamentally aim to create environmentally sustainable,socially inclusive,and economically vibrant communities.This paper associates the impacts of climate change to the preservation of threatened minority languages in semi-arid areas in Northern Ghana.This review relies on primary and secondary sources on climate-induced migration,minority languages,and threats of language loss through a keyword search followed by rigorous content analysis.The study confirms that forced displacement due to harsh climatic and other environmental conditions is currently occurring in the upper regions(Upper East and Upper West Regions)of Ghana with minority linguistic groups being forced to migrate to the southern part of the country,where their culture and language are threatened due to large linguistic groups.The literature well establishes the north-south mobility with various debates on its root causes.However,the phenomenon is understudied along with the lack of specific national strategies for addressing it and the associated language loss.Therefore,the need emerges for further studies to enhance the current understanding of the phenomenon to inform policy interventions and protect minority languages threatened by climate-induced migration.The focus on an understudied subject and geographic scope makes the findings extremely relevant for the expansion of knowledge on internal migration in the context of climate change in Northern Ghana.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2023R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia+1 种基金The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura Universitysupporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4310373DSR54.
文摘Sign language includes the motion of the arms and hands to communicate with people with hearing disabilities.Several models have been available in the literature for sign language detection and classification for enhanced outcomes.But the latest advancements in computer vision enable us to perform signs/gesture recognition using deep neural networks.This paper introduces an Arabic Sign Language Gesture Classification using Deer Hunting Optimization with Machine Learning(ASLGC-DHOML)model.The presented ASLGC-DHOML technique mainly concentrates on recognising and classifying sign language gestures.The presented ASLGC-DHOML model primarily pre-processes the input gesture images and generates feature vectors using the densely connected network(DenseNet169)model.For gesture recognition and classification,a multilayer perceptron(MLP)classifier is exploited to recognize and classify the existence of sign language gestures.Lastly,the DHO algorithm is utilized for parameter optimization of the MLP model.The experimental results of the ASLGC-DHOML model are tested and the outcomes are inspected under distinct aspects.The comparison analysis highlighted that the ASLGC-DHOML method has resulted in enhanced gesture classification results than other techniques with maximum accuracy of 92.88%.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabiathe Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR39.
文摘Handwritten character recognition becomes one of the challenging research matters.More studies were presented for recognizing letters of various languages.The availability of Arabic handwritten characters databases was confined.Almost a quarter of a billion people worldwide write and speak Arabic.More historical books and files indicate a vital data set for many Arab nationswritten in Arabic.Recently,Arabic handwritten character recognition(AHCR)has grabbed the attention and has become a difficult topic for pattern recognition and computer vision(CV).Therefore,this study develops fireworks optimizationwith the deep learning-based AHCR(FWODL-AHCR)technique.Themajor intention of the FWODL-AHCR technique is to recognize the distinct handwritten characters in the Arabic language.It initially pre-processes the handwritten images to improve their quality of them.Then,the RetinaNet-based deep convolutional neural network is applied as a feature extractor to produce feature vectors.Next,the deep echo state network(DESN)model is utilized to classify handwritten characters.Finally,the FWO algorithm is exploited as a hyperparameter tuning strategy to boost recognition performance.Various simulations in series were performed to exhibit the enhanced performance of the FWODL-AHCR technique.The comparison study portrayed the supremacy of the FWODL-AHCR technique over other approaches,with 99.91%and 98.94%on Hijja and AHCD datasets,respectively.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2024R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.This study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Project Number(PSAU/2024/R/1445).
文摘In recent years,the usage of social networking sites has considerably increased in the Arab world.It has empowered individuals to express their opinions,especially in politics.Furthermore,various organizations that operate in the Arab countries have embraced social media in their day-to-day business activities at different scales.This is attributed to business owners’understanding of social media’s importance for business development.However,the Arabic morphology is too complicated to understand due to the availability of nearly 10,000 roots and more than 900 patterns that act as the basis for verbs and nouns.Hate speech over online social networking sites turns out to be a worldwide issue that reduces the cohesion of civil societies.In this background,the current study develops a Chaotic Elephant Herd Optimization with Machine Learning for Hate Speech Detection(CEHOML-HSD)model in the context of the Arabic language.The presented CEHOML-HSD model majorly concentrates on identifying and categorising the Arabic text into hate speech and normal.To attain this,the CEHOML-HSD model follows different sub-processes as discussed herewith.At the initial stage,the CEHOML-HSD model undergoes data pre-processing with the help of the TF-IDF vectorizer.Secondly,the Support Vector Machine(SVM)model is utilized to detect and classify the hate speech texts made in the Arabic language.Lastly,the CEHO approach is employed for fine-tuning the parameters involved in SVM.This CEHO approach is developed by combining the chaotic functions with the classical EHO algorithm.The design of the CEHO algorithm for parameter tuning shows the novelty of the work.A widespread experimental analysis was executed to validate the enhanced performance of the proposed CEHOML-HSD approach.The comparative study outcomes established the supremacy of the proposed CEHOML-HSD model over other approaches.
文摘Agency,learners’ability to act on their own learning through actively utilizing the resources and affordances in the learning environment,is of paramount importance to their success in language learning,especially within the online learning environment in a world confronting COVID-19.This paper illustrates the concept of agency from a sociocultural perspective,discusses factors that affect agency development in language learning,and proposes five teaching principles that promote learner agency for teachers designing language lessons online and offline.
文摘Further development in the field of geothermal energy require reliable reference data on the thermophysical properties of geothermal waters,namely,on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of aqueous salt solutions at temperatures of 293–473 K,pressures Ps=100 MPa,and concentrations of 0–25 wt.%.Given the lack of data and models,especially for the dynamic viscosity of aqueous salt solutions at a pressure of above 40 MPa,generalized formulas are presented here,by which these gaps can be filled.The article presents a generalized formula for obtaining reliable data on the thermal conductivity of water aqueous solutions of salts for Ps=100 MPa,temperatures of 293–473 K and concentrations of 0%–25%(wt.%),as well as generalized formulas for the dynamic viscosity of water up to pressures of 500 MPa and aqueous solutions of salts for Ps=100 MPa,temperatures 333–473 K,and concentration 0%–25%.The obtained values agree with the experimental data within 1.6%.
文摘As we know, Pragmatics is the way we convey meaning through communication, so the study aims at student’s opinions on the use of English language as a means of communication and to show the significance of language function, context, and authentic situations to develop pragmatic competence in Sudanese English Language university learners. To achieve the objectives, the study used a questionnaire to address the study questions and objectives. 150 employed students participated in the questionnaire. The study found that the students have positive views toward the using of the language as communicative means in various, functions, contexts, and authentic situations inside and outside the classroom to enhance the student’s fluency in using the target language as well as the take care about the language forms to avoid imperfect using of the language.
文摘Water and its importance cannot be understated.Its greatest value lies in its ability and capacity to provide biological and environmental services.Water quality is an essential parameter to be studied when the overall focus is sustainable development keeping mankind at a focal point.The study assessed the water quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in most areas of Padada Watershed.In this study,nine identified sampling points were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters such as turbidity,BOD(Biological Oxygen Demand),TSS(Total Solid Suspended),fecal coliform,pH,temperature,DO(Dissolved Oxygen),and SC(Specific Conductivity).Results found turbidity range from 0.74-19.7 NTU;BOD range from 0.04-2.2 mg/L;TSS range from 1-411 mg/L;fecal coliform range from<1.8-160,000 MPN/100mL.The temperature value ranges from 24.8-31.9°C;pH value ranges from 7.05-7.92;SC ranges from 119.7-551μS/cm while DO range from 4.87-8.14 mg/L.Moreover,the results revealed that most sampling sites exceeded the permissible limits.The highest concentration of fecal coliform indicates contamination which may cause possible human health infection.Thus,the water of Padada River Watershed is not potable for drinking and it is recommended to take beneficial steps to prevent adverse health effects to the community.
文摘Heart of Darkness was written by Joseph Conrad and published as a whole in 1902.The story begins on a British ship"the Nellie"moored on the coast of the Thames.It mainly talks about what Marlow sees and thinks when he begins his journey up to the Congo Riveres and reveals a turning process of a white colonizer called Kurts who is at the very beginning,an idealistic white colonizer trying to bring"civilization"and"progress"to the Africa but in the end falls into a greedy,cruel person.The novel,on the one hand,describes the terrible life of African peple and reveals the tyranne,greed of western colonism and stong racism;and on the other hand,it also shows readers a strong orientalism towards the Africa.So my purpose of the paper is to analyse how Orientalism is revealed in the Heart of Darkness.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR43.
文摘Arabic is the world’s first language,categorized by its rich and complicated grammatical formats.Furthermore,the Arabic morphology can be perplexing because nearly 10,000 roots and 900 patterns were the basis for verbs and nouns.The Arabic language consists of distinct variations utilized in a community and particular situations.Social media sites are a medium for expressing opinions and social phenomena like racism,hatred,offensive language,and all kinds of verbal violence.Such conduct does not impact particular nations,communities,or groups only,extending beyond such areas into people’s everyday lives.This study introduces an Improved Ant Lion Optimizer with Deep Learning Dirven Offensive and Hate Speech Detection(IALODL-OHSD)on Arabic Cross-Corpora.The presented IALODL-OHSD model mainly aims to detect and classify offensive/hate speech expressed on social media.In the IALODL-OHSD model,a threestage process is performed,namely pre-processing,word embedding,and classification.Primarily,data pre-processing is performed to transform the Arabic social media text into a useful format.In addition,the word2vec word embedding process is utilized to produce word embeddings.The attentionbased cascaded long short-term memory(ACLSTM)model is utilized for the classification process.Finally,the IALO algorithm is exploited as a hyperparameter optimizer to boost classifier results.To illustrate a brief result analysis of the IALODL-OHSD model,a detailed set of simulations were performed.The extensive comparison study portrayed the enhanced performance of the IALODL-OHSD model over other approaches.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi ArabiaThe authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4310373DSR56.
文摘Opinion Mining(OM)studies in Arabic are limited though it is one of the most extensively-spoken languages worldwide.Though the interest in OM studies in the Arabic language is growing among researchers,it needs a vast number of investigations due to the unique morphological principles of the language.Arabic OM studies experience multiple challenges owing to the poor existence of language sources and Arabic-specific linguistic features.The comparative OM studies in the English language are wide and novel.But,comparative OM studies in the Arabic language are yet to be established and are still in a nascent stage.The unique features of the Arabic language make it essential to expand the studies regarding the Arabic text.It contains unique featuressuchasdiacritics,elongation,inflectionandwordlength.Thecurrent study proposes a Political Optimizer with Probabilistic Neural Network-based Comparative Opinion Mining(POPNN-COM)model for the Arabic text.The proposed POPNN-COM model aims to recognize comparative and non-comparative texts in Arabic in the context of social media.Initially,the POPNN-COM model involves different levels of data pre-processing to transform the input data into a useful format.Then,the pre-processed data is fed into the PNN model for classification and recognition of the data under different class labels.At last,the PO algorithm is employed for fine-tuning the parameters involved in this model to achieve enhanced results.The proposed POPNN-COM model was experimentally validated using two standard datasets,and the outcomes established the promising performance of the proposed POPNN-COM method over other recent approaches.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Small Groups Project under Grant Number(120/43)Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R263)+1 种基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura Universitysupporting this work by Grant Code:(22UQU4310373DSR36).
文摘Sentiment Analysis(SA),a Machine Learning(ML)technique,is often applied in the literature.The SA technique is specifically applied to the data collected from social media sites.The research studies conducted earlier upon the SA of the tweets were mostly aimed at automating the feature extraction process.In this background,the current study introduces a novel method called Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization with Deep Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis on Arabic Tweets(QPSODL-SAAT).The presented QPSODL-SAAT model determines and classifies the sentiments of the tweets written in Arabic.Initially,the data pre-processing is performed to convert the raw tweets into a useful format.Then,the word2vec model is applied to generate the feature vectors.The Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)classifier is utilized to identify and classify the sentiments.Finally,the QPSO algorithm is exploited for the optimal finetuning of the hyperparameters involved in the BiGRU model.The proposed QPSODL-SAAT model was experimentally validated using the standard datasets.An extensive comparative analysis was conducted,and the proposed model achieved a maximum accuracy of 98.35%.The outcomes confirmed the supremacy of the proposed QPSODL-SAAT model over the rest of the approaches,such as the Surface Features(SF),Generic Embeddings(GE),Arabic Sentiment Embeddings constructed using the Hybrid(ASEH)model and the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)model.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi ArabiaThe authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:(22UQU4210118DSR31)。
文摘The text classification process has been extensively investigated in various languages,especially English.Text classification models are vital in several Natural Language Processing(NLP)applications.The Arabic language has a lot of significance.For instance,it is the fourth mostly-used language on the internet and the sixth official language of theUnitedNations.However,there are few studies on the text classification process in Arabic.A few text classification studies have been published earlier in the Arabic language.In general,researchers face two challenges in the Arabic text classification process:low accuracy and high dimensionality of the features.In this study,an Automated Arabic Text Classification using Hyperparameter Tuned Hybrid Deep Learning(AATC-HTHDL)model is proposed.The major goal of the proposed AATC-HTHDL method is to identify different class labels for the Arabic text.The first step in the proposed model is to pre-process the input data to transform it into a useful format.The Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF)model is applied to extract the feature vectors.Next,the Convolutional Neural Network with Recurrent Neural Network(CRNN)model is utilized to classify the Arabic text.In the final stage,the Crow Search Algorithm(CSA)is applied to fine-tune the CRNN model’s hyperparameters,showing the work’s novelty.The proposed AATCHTHDL model was experimentally validated under different parameters and the outcomes established the supremacy of the proposed AATC-HTHDL model over other approaches.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR36The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for funding thiswork under theResearch Groups Funding program grant code(NU/RG/SERC/11/7).
文摘Arabic is one of the most spoken languages across the globe.However,there are fewer studies concerning Sentiment Analysis(SA)in Arabic.In recent years,the detected sentiments and emotions expressed in tweets have received significant interest.The substantial role played by the Arab region in international politics and the global economy has urged the need to examine the sentiments and emotions in the Arabic language.Two common models are available:Machine Learning and lexicon-based approaches to address emotion classification problems.With this motivation,the current research article develops a Teaching and Learning Optimization with Machine Learning Based Emotion Recognition and Classification(TLBOML-ERC)model for Sentiment Analysis on tweets made in the Arabic language.The presented TLBOML-ERC model focuses on recognising emotions and sentiments expressed in Arabic tweets.To attain this,the proposed TLBOMLERC model initially carries out data pre-processing and a Continuous Bag Of Words(CBOW)-based word embedding process.In addition,Denoising Autoencoder(DAE)model is also exploited to categorise different emotions expressed in Arabic tweets.To improve the efficacy of the DAE model,the Teaching and Learning-based Optimization(TLBO)algorithm is utilized to optimize the parameters.The proposed TLBOML-ERC method was experimentally validated with the help of an Arabic tweets dataset.The obtained results show the promising performance of the proposed TLBOML-ERC model on Arabic emotion classification.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number (PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Ara-bia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR38.
文摘Sentiment analysis(SA)of the Arabic language becomes important despite scarce annotated corpora and confined sources.Arabic affect Analysis has become an active research zone nowadays.But still,the Arabic language lags behind adequate language sources for enabling the SA tasks.Thus,Arabic still faces challenges in natural language processing(NLP)tasks because of its structure complexities,history,and distinct cultures.It has gained lesser effort than the other languages.This paper developed a Multi-versus Optimization with Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled Affect Analysis(MVODRL-AA)on Arabic Corpus.The presented MVODRL-AAmodelmajorly concentrates on identifying and classifying effects or emotions that occurred in the Arabic corpus.Firstly,the MVODRL-AA model follows data pre-processing and word embedding.Next,an n-gram model is utilized to generate word embeddings.A deep Q-learning network(DQLN)model is then exploited to identify and classify the effect on the Arabic corpus.At last,the MVO algorithm is used as a hyperparameter tuning approach to adjust the hyperparameters related to the DQLN model,showing the novelty of the work.A series of simulations were carried out to exhibit the promising performance of the MVODRL-AA model.The simulation outcomes illustrate the betterment of the MVODRL-AA method over the other approaches with an accuracy of 99.27%.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263)PrincessNourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4310373DSR58The authors are thankful to the Deanship of ScientificResearch atNajranUniversity for funding thiswork under theResearch Groups Funding program grant code(NU/RG/SERC/11/7).
文摘Online reviews regarding purchasing services or products offered are the main source of users’opinions.To gain fame or profit,generally,spam reviews are written to demote or promote certain targeted products or services.This practice is called review spamming.During the last few years,various techniques have been recommended to solve the problem of spam reviews.Previous spam detection study focuses on English reviews,with a lesser interest in other languages.Spam review detection in Arabic online sources is an innovative topic despite the vast amount of data produced.Thus,this study develops an Automated Spam Review Detection using optimal Stacked Gated Recurrent Unit(SRD-OSGRU)on Arabic Opinion Text.The presented SRD-OSGRU model mainly intends to classify Arabic reviews into two classes:spam and truthful.Initially,the presented SRD-OSGRU model follows different levels of data preprocessing to convert the actual review data into a compatible format.Next,unigram and bigram feature extractors are utilized.The SGRU model is employed in this study to identify and classify Arabic spam reviews.Since the trial-and-error adjustment of hyperparameters is a tedious process,a white shark optimizer(WSO)is utilized,boosting the detection efficiency of the SGRU model.The experimental validation of the SRD-OSGRU model is assessed under two datasets,namely DOSC dataset.An extensive comparison study pointed out the enhanced performance of the SRD-OSGRU model over other recent approaches.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabiathe Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR35.
文摘Text classification or categorization is the procedure of automatically tagging a textual document with most related labels or classes.When the number of labels is limited to one,the task becomes single-label text categorization.The Arabic texts include unstructured information also like English texts,and that is understandable for machine learning(ML)techniques,the text is changed and demonstrated by numerical value.In recent times,the dominant method for natural language processing(NLP)tasks is recurrent neural network(RNN),in general,long short termmemory(LSTM)and convolutional neural network(CNN).Deep learning(DL)models are currently presented for deriving a massive amount of text deep features to an optimum performance from distinct domains such as text detection,medical image analysis,and so on.This paper introduces aModified Dragonfly Optimization with Extreme Learning Machine for Text Representation and Recognition(MDFO-EMTRR)model onArabicCorpus.The presentedMDFO-EMTRR technique mainly concentrates on the recognition and classification of the Arabic text.To achieve this,theMDFO-EMTRRtechnique encompasses data pre-processing to transform the input data into compatible format.Next,the ELM model is utilized for the representation and recognition of the Arabic text.At last,the MDFO algorithm was exploited for optimal tuning of the parameters related to the ELM method and thereby accomplish enhanced classifier results.The experimental result analysis of the MDFO-EMTRR system was performed on benchmark datasets and attained maximum accuracy of 99.74%.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:22UQU4340237DSR40.
文摘With a population of 440 million,Arabic language users form the rapidly growing language group on the web in terms of the number of Internet users.11 million monthly Twitter users were active and posted nearly 27.4 million tweets every day.In order to develop a classification system for the Arabic lan-guage there comes a need of understanding the syntactic framework of the words thereby manipulating and representing the words for making their classification effective.In this view,this article introduces a Dolphin Swarm Optimization with Convolutional Deep Belief Network for Short Text Classification(DSOCDBN-STC)model on Arabic Corpus.The presented DSOCDBN-STC model majorly aims to classify Arabic short text in social media.The presented DSOCDBN-STC model encompasses preprocessing and word2vec word embedding at the preliminary stage.Besides,the DSOCDBN-STC model involves CDBN based classification model for Arabic short text.At last,the DSO technique can be exploited for optimal modification of the hyperparameters related to the CDBN method.To establish the enhanced performance of the DSOCDBN-STC model,a wide range of simulations have been performed.The simulation results con-firmed the supremacy of the DSOCDBN-STC model over existing models with improved accuracy of 99.26%.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:(22UQU4310373DSR53).
文摘Natural Language Processing(NLP)for the Arabic language has gained much significance in recent years.The most commonly-utilized NLP task is the‘Text Classification’process.Its main intention is to apply the Machine Learning(ML)approaches for automatically classifying the textual files into one or more pre-defined categories.In ML approaches,the first and foremost crucial step is identifying an appropriate large dataset to test and train the method.One of the trending ML techniques,i.e.,Deep Learning(DL)technique needs huge volumes of different types of datasets for training to yield the best outcomes.The current study designs a new Dice Optimization with a Deep Hybrid Boltzmann Machinebased Arabic Corpus Classification(DODHBM-ACC)model in this background.The presented DODHBM-ACC model primarily relies upon different stages of pre-processing and the word2vec word embedding process.For Arabic text classification,the DHBM technique is utilized.This technique is a hybrid version of the Deep Boltzmann Machine(DBM)and Deep Belief Network(DBN).It has the advantage of learning the decisive intention of the classification process.To adjust the hyperparameters of the DHBM technique,the Dice Optimization Algorithm(DOA)is exploited in this study.The experimental analysis was conducted to establish the superior performance of the proposed DODHBM-ACC model.The outcomes inferred the better performance of the proposed DODHBM-ACC model over other recent approaches.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Groups Project under grant number(168/43)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R263),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia+1 种基金The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this work by Grant Code:(22UQU4340237DSR32)The author would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Shaqra University for supporting this work。
文摘The recognition of the Arabic characters is a crucial task incomputer vision and Natural Language Processing fields. Some major complicationsin recognizing handwritten texts include distortion and patternvariabilities. So, the feature extraction process is a significant task in NLPmodels. If the features are automatically selected, it might result in theunavailability of adequate data for accurately forecasting the character classes.But, many features usually create difficulties due to high dimensionality issues.Against this background, the current study develops a Sailfish Optimizer withDeep Transfer Learning-Enabled Arabic Handwriting Character Recognition(SFODTL-AHCR) model. The projected SFODTL-AHCR model primarilyfocuses on identifying the handwritten Arabic characters in the inputimage. The proposed SFODTL-AHCR model pre-processes the input imageby following the Histogram Equalization approach to attain this objective.The Inception with ResNet-v2 model examines the pre-processed image toproduce the feature vectors. The Deep Wavelet Neural Network (DWNN)model is utilized to recognize the handwritten Arabic characters. At last,the SFO algorithm is utilized for fine-tuning the parameters involved in theDWNNmodel to attain better performance. The performance of the proposedSFODTL-AHCR model was validated using a series of images. Extensivecomparative analyses were conducted. The proposed method achieved a maximum accuracy of 99.73%. The outcomes inferred the supremacy of theproposed SFODTL-AHCR model over other approaches.
