Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The m...Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The microbial quality of indoor air of nine wards/units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria was conducted. Sedimentation technique using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media was employed and samplings were done twice daily, one in the morning shortly after cleaning and before influx of people/patients into the wards/units and the other in the evening when a lot of activities would have taken place in these wards. Isolates were identified according to standard methods.Results:Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference(氈2= 6.0167) in the bacteria population of the different sampling time whereas it was not so for fungi population(氈2= 0.2857). Male medical ward(MMW) and male surgical general(MSG) recorded the highest bacterial and fungal growth while the operating theatre(OT) was almost free of microbial burden. The bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes andSerratia marscenceswhile the fungi isolates includedAspergillus flavus, Penicilliumsp.,Fusariumsp.,Candida albicansandAlternariasp.Staphylococcus aureuswas the predominantly isolated bacterium whilePenicilliumsp. was the most isolated fungus.Conclusions:Though most of the microbial isolates were potential and or opportunistic pathogens, there was no correlation between the isolates in this study and the surveillance report of nosocomial infection during the period of study, hence the contribution of the indoor air cannot be established. From the reduction noticed in the morning samples, stringent measures such as proper disinfection and regular cleaning, restriction of patient relatives' movement in and out of the wards/units need to be enforced so as to improve the quality of indoor air of our hospital wards/units.展开更多
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is regarded as a re-emerging disease due to its increase in spread and rate of transmission over the past decade due to a proportionate increase in global human movements.This study was therefo...Cutaneous leishmaniasis is regarded as a re-emerging disease due to its increase in spread and rate of transmission over the past decade due to a proportionate increase in global human movements.This study was therefore carried out to review epidemiology,laboratory diagnosis and treatment with in-depth discussion on some of the rare clinical presentations of the disease capable of influencing its control.The study was based on literature review on clinical and laboratory features of cutaneous leishmaniasis from original research articles,review articles, short communications,letters to editor and case reports on the disease for the past 10 years(April 2000 to April 2010).The results were analysed using simple descriptive methods.The rarest presentations of leishmaniasis encountered were peritibial ulcerations,hard painful nipple in a male,swollen upper lip,dermatofibro sarcoma protuberans,sternal proliferative growth,turban tumour,post operative granuloma,chalazion-like 0.00%,and cutaneous sterile pyogranuloma with asymmetrical alopecia 0.00%each.Others include infected sebaceous cysts 0.45%,syphilis 0.19%,yaws 0.13%,thrombotic ulcerations 0.40%,mycetoma 0.90%,sarcoidosis 0.67%,painless nasal solitary nodule 0.00%,tuberculous lymphadenopathy 0.25%and unilateral erythema nodosum 0.28%.Physicians practicing in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic,but most especially in the non-endemic areas should bear in mind that the disease may not be that rare in the context of the present global village phenomenon:and that,the next case could just be that of cutaneous leishmaniasis,the clinical picture of the patient notwithstanding.展开更多
Background: Vaginitis is an important public health problem globally. It is associated with gynaecological and obstetric complications. Vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are ma...Background: Vaginitis is an important public health problem globally. It is associated with gynaecological and obstetric complications. Vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are mainly responsible for vaginitis. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence, clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age attending Primary Health Care centres in Lagos Nigeria. Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited 258 women with genital complaints after obtaining their informed written consent between May 2017 and March 2018. Structured questionnaires were administered and high vaginal swabs were collected for laboratory examination. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics, chi-square and simple logistic regression. Results: Out of the 210 (81.4%) of the women with one or more vaginal infections, 105 (50.0%), 26 (12.4%) had bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis respectively while 78 (37.1%) had both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Only 1 (0.5%) participant had trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. History of abortion and age below 25 years were associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis while pregnancy, history of miscarriage, age at first sexual activity and discharge were associated with bacterial vaginosis. Itching was associated with both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: This study revealed vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis as important cause of genital complaints among reproductive age women in Lagos. Health education, robust diagnosis and early treatment are needed in order to reduce the associated risk factors, disease burden and complications.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial herbal-based mouthrinses against oral microorganisms. Methods: A total of three mouthrinses(OX, Pesona and Watsons) were tested for their a...Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial herbal-based mouthrinses against oral microorganisms. Methods: A total of three mouthrinses(OX, Pesona and Watsons) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six oral organisms, Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus(S. sobrinus), Lactobacillus salivarius(L. salivarius), Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) and Candida albicans(C. albicans) by standard agar-disk diffusion assay. Oradex mouthrinse containing 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and sterile distilled water was served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results: All mouthrinse formulations were effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans. Among the tested mouthrinses, Pesona was the only effective mouthrinse against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, similar to Oradex mouthrinse. Pesona mouthrinse formulation appears to be as effective as Oradex mouthrinse formulation to kill S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the tested formulations regarding their antimicrobial activities(P > 0.05).Conclusions: Pesona was not the only herbal mouthrinse effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans in vitro. All tested formulations were effective against those strains. Our findings may serve as a guide for selecting a kind of herbal mouthrinses as well as providing information to the dental professionals about the efficacy of these products.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pathogens of abnormal vaginal discharges and to improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of pathogens of abnormal va...Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pathogens of abnormal vaginal discharges and to improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of pathogens of abnormal vaginal discharge was carried out from December 2007 to December 2008.Samples of female genital swabs were collected from Obstetrics and Gynecology Units of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Kano,Nigeria,and analyzed by microscopy,culture and sensitivity test in Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital.Results:Microorganisms were detected in 70%(1 400) of a total 2 000 female genital swabs studied.Candida species peaked with 42.0%(840),followed by Gardnerella vaginalis,a pathogen of bacteria vaginosis with 26.0%.The distribution of abnormal vaginal discharge was highest in young adults aged from 21 to 30 years.Conclusions:The commonest Microorganisms of infective vaginal discharge were Candida species,followed by Gardnerella vaginalis,a pathogen of bacterial vaginosis.Vaginal discharge was prevalent among young adults. We recommend prevention,early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected female,especially among the young,sexually active group in order to reduce the menace of HIV transmission.展开更多
The semen quality of 479 men in infertile marriages, who attended the infertility clinic of OOUTH, Sagamu between May 2004 and April 2009 were analyzed. The semen samples were physically examined, microscopically anal...The semen quality of 479 men in infertile marriages, who attended the infertility clinic of OOUTH, Sagamu between May 2004 and April 2009 were analyzed. The semen samples were physically examined, microscopically analyzed and aerobically cultured. The result showed that out of 51.5% oligospermic cases recorded, 39.8% could be classified severe. Cryptozoospermia were diagnosed in 72 (15%) cases. Bacteriospermia and Necrozoospermia were found in 149 and 6 cases respectively. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50.32%) while Neisseria gonorrhoea was isolated in only 2 cases. Highest infection of 62.4% was noticed among the group with 1% - 19% motility. From the studied population, 8.8% were azoospermic. The commonest morphological defects were pin and ragged heads (48%). It is therefore obvious that the assessment of semen quality remains one of the important steps in infertility interventions.展开更多
Background: Human papillomavirus infection is most prevalent in the younger population and causes cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In 2018, cervical cancer was estimated to be 570...Background: Human papillomavirus infection is most prevalent in the younger population and causes cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In 2018, cervical cancer was estimated to be 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths;it ranked as the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Cervical cancer can be prevented through health education and vaccination against HPV. This study aimed at evaluating the level of awareness of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer among female undergraduate students of Babcock University, Ogun state of Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study conducted among 310 female undergraduates of Babcock University in Nigeria from January to April 2019. The selection technique was a multistage random sampling method. The data collection was done using structured and self-administered questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics for windows version 25 and were presented in summary charts and frequency tables. P-values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of 310 female students, 296 (95.5%) were aware of HPV infections. The majority, 215 (69.4%) of the students knew that HPV is sexually transmitted. There was poor knowledge of the risk factors of HPV infection. Only, 65 (21.0%) were aware that HPV infection causes cervical cancer. A few proportions of students 79 (25.4%) were aware of the HPV vaccine. Consequently, only 44 (14.2%) have received HPV vaccination and some complained about the cost as a significant reason for not being vaccinated against HPV infection. Conclusion: The level of awareness of HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccine uptake was very low in this study. There is a need to improve health education and awareness campaigns among students about HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccine uptake.展开更多
<strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) continue to pose tremendous health concerns and require appropriate use of antibiotics for effective case...<strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) continue to pose tremendous health concerns and require appropriate use of antibiotics for effective case management. This study determined the prevalence, etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from sexually active women with BV in Lagos Nigeria. <strong>Method:</strong> A total of 258 sexually active women presenting with gynaecological complaints at the maternal and child unit of twenty Primary Health Care Centres in Lagos Nigeria from May 2017 to March 2018 were consecutively enrolled with consent. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed based on Amsel criteria. Midstream urine samples were collected aseptically, analyzed for bacterial pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility using standard microbiological methods. <strong>Results:</strong> BV was diagnosed in 184 (71.3%) with 69.2% also having UTI. Ninety four (36.4%) had UTI predominantly caused by Gram negative bacteria (96.8%). The organisms isolated were <em>Escherichia coli</em> 79 (84.0%), <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> 5 (5.3%), <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> 4 (4.3%), <em>Proteus mirabilis</em> 3 (3.2%) and <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</em> 3 (3.2%). The pathogens elicited high resistance (66.7% - 100%) to tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, nitrofurantoin and cephalosporins, and moderate resistance (50%) to ofloxacin by <em>P. aeruginosa</em> strains. The isolates were susceptible (100%) to piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed among 97.8% of the bacteria isolated. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings from this study indicate high occurrence of UTI caused by MDR pathogens among sexually active women with BV with emerging evidence of poor clinical utility of nitrofurantoin and other commonly used first-line antibiotics against UTI. Further studies on non-bacterial aetiology of BV, molecular characterization of <em>S. saprophyticus</em> and Gram Negative Bacteria UTI are recommended.展开更多
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Nigeria, there is little information on antioxidant status of TB patients. In this study, effects of oxidative stress ...Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Nigeria, there is little information on antioxidant status of TB patients. In this study, effects of oxidative stress markers and vitamins C and E were investigated in pulmonary TB patients at-tending a health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: Sputum specimens were processed for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) while rifampicin resistance was determined by GeneXpert/Rif assay. Patients were screened for HIV after adequate counselling. Assays for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialde- hyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), myeloperoxidase (MPx), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glu-tathione peroxidase (GPx), α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid were estimated using standard me- thods. Results: Of the 83 recruited subjects, 29 (34.9%) were AFB negative, 30 (36.1%) were AFB positive while 24 (29.0%) were positive for rifampicin resistance. Overall, HIV prevalence was 6.0% while higher rate of 16.7% was found among the rifampicin resistant subjects. Plasma concentrations of H2O2, MDA and PC and also MPx and XO activities were significantly higher among rifampicin resistant subjects compared with AFB positive and AFB negative groups (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of GSH and the activities of SOD, GST and GPX were significantly reduced in rifampicin resistant subjects compared with the 2 other groups (P < 0.05). The plasma activity of CAT was similar between rifampicin resistant and AFB positive subjects but significantly lower when compared with AFB negative group. Rifampicin resistant subjects had significantly lower concentrations of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid compared with 2 other groups (P < 0.05). Con- clusion: This study revealed that resistance of TB patients to rifampicin may be due to induction of oxidative stress. Administration of vitamins C and E may be beneficial by reducing the severity of the disease.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The microbial quality of indoor air of nine wards/units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria was conducted. Sedimentation technique using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media was employed and samplings were done twice daily, one in the morning shortly after cleaning and before influx of people/patients into the wards/units and the other in the evening when a lot of activities would have taken place in these wards. Isolates were identified according to standard methods.Results:Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference(氈2= 6.0167) in the bacteria population of the different sampling time whereas it was not so for fungi population(氈2= 0.2857). Male medical ward(MMW) and male surgical general(MSG) recorded the highest bacterial and fungal growth while the operating theatre(OT) was almost free of microbial burden. The bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes andSerratia marscenceswhile the fungi isolates includedAspergillus flavus, Penicilliumsp.,Fusariumsp.,Candida albicansandAlternariasp.Staphylococcus aureuswas the predominantly isolated bacterium whilePenicilliumsp. was the most isolated fungus.Conclusions:Though most of the microbial isolates were potential and or opportunistic pathogens, there was no correlation between the isolates in this study and the surveillance report of nosocomial infection during the period of study, hence the contribution of the indoor air cannot be established. From the reduction noticed in the morning samples, stringent measures such as proper disinfection and regular cleaning, restriction of patient relatives' movement in and out of the wards/units need to be enforced so as to improve the quality of indoor air of our hospital wards/units.
文摘Cutaneous leishmaniasis is regarded as a re-emerging disease due to its increase in spread and rate of transmission over the past decade due to a proportionate increase in global human movements.This study was therefore carried out to review epidemiology,laboratory diagnosis and treatment with in-depth discussion on some of the rare clinical presentations of the disease capable of influencing its control.The study was based on literature review on clinical and laboratory features of cutaneous leishmaniasis from original research articles,review articles, short communications,letters to editor and case reports on the disease for the past 10 years(April 2000 to April 2010).The results were analysed using simple descriptive methods.The rarest presentations of leishmaniasis encountered were peritibial ulcerations,hard painful nipple in a male,swollen upper lip,dermatofibro sarcoma protuberans,sternal proliferative growth,turban tumour,post operative granuloma,chalazion-like 0.00%,and cutaneous sterile pyogranuloma with asymmetrical alopecia 0.00%each.Others include infected sebaceous cysts 0.45%,syphilis 0.19%,yaws 0.13%,thrombotic ulcerations 0.40%,mycetoma 0.90%,sarcoidosis 0.67%,painless nasal solitary nodule 0.00%,tuberculous lymphadenopathy 0.25%and unilateral erythema nodosum 0.28%.Physicians practicing in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic,but most especially in the non-endemic areas should bear in mind that the disease may not be that rare in the context of the present global village phenomenon:and that,the next case could just be that of cutaneous leishmaniasis,the clinical picture of the patient notwithstanding.
文摘Background: Vaginitis is an important public health problem globally. It is associated with gynaecological and obstetric complications. Vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are mainly responsible for vaginitis. The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence, clinical characteristics and associated risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis among women of reproductive age attending Primary Health Care centres in Lagos Nigeria. Methods:This cross-sectional study recruited 258 women with genital complaints after obtaining their informed written consent between May 2017 and March 2018. Structured questionnaires were administered and high vaginal swabs were collected for laboratory examination. The results were analysed with descriptive statistics, chi-square and simple logistic regression. Results: Out of the 210 (81.4%) of the women with one or more vaginal infections, 105 (50.0%), 26 (12.4%) had bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis respectively while 78 (37.1%) had both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Only 1 (0.5%) participant had trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. History of abortion and age below 25 years were associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis while pregnancy, history of miscarriage, age at first sexual activity and discharge were associated with bacterial vaginosis. Itching was associated with both vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Conclusion: This study revealed vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis as important cause of genital complaints among reproductive age women in Lagos. Health education, robust diagnosis and early treatment are needed in order to reduce the associated risk factors, disease burden and complications.
基金supported by the Incentive Grant Universiti Sains Malaysia,Malaysia
文摘Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial herbal-based mouthrinses against oral microorganisms. Methods: A total of three mouthrinses(OX, Pesona and Watsons) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against six oral organisms, Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus(S. sobrinus), Lactobacillus salivarius(L. salivarius), Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) and Candida albicans(C. albicans) by standard agar-disk diffusion assay. Oradex mouthrinse containing 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and sterile distilled water was served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results: All mouthrinse formulations were effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans. Among the tested mouthrinses, Pesona was the only effective mouthrinse against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, similar to Oradex mouthrinse. Pesona mouthrinse formulation appears to be as effective as Oradex mouthrinse formulation to kill S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the tested formulations regarding their antimicrobial activities(P > 0.05).Conclusions: Pesona was not the only herbal mouthrinse effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, L. salivarius and C. albicans in vitro. All tested formulations were effective against those strains. Our findings may serve as a guide for selecting a kind of herbal mouthrinses as well as providing information to the dental professionals about the efficacy of these products.
文摘Objective:To investigate the prevalence of pathogens of abnormal vaginal discharges and to improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of pathogens of abnormal vaginal discharge was carried out from December 2007 to December 2008.Samples of female genital swabs were collected from Obstetrics and Gynecology Units of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Kano,Nigeria,and analyzed by microscopy,culture and sensitivity test in Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital.Results:Microorganisms were detected in 70%(1 400) of a total 2 000 female genital swabs studied.Candida species peaked with 42.0%(840),followed by Gardnerella vaginalis,a pathogen of bacteria vaginosis with 26.0%.The distribution of abnormal vaginal discharge was highest in young adults aged from 21 to 30 years.Conclusions:The commonest Microorganisms of infective vaginal discharge were Candida species,followed by Gardnerella vaginalis,a pathogen of bacterial vaginosis.Vaginal discharge was prevalent among young adults. We recommend prevention,early diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected female,especially among the young,sexually active group in order to reduce the menace of HIV transmission.
文摘The semen quality of 479 men in infertile marriages, who attended the infertility clinic of OOUTH, Sagamu between May 2004 and April 2009 were analyzed. The semen samples were physically examined, microscopically analyzed and aerobically cultured. The result showed that out of 51.5% oligospermic cases recorded, 39.8% could be classified severe. Cryptozoospermia were diagnosed in 72 (15%) cases. Bacteriospermia and Necrozoospermia were found in 149 and 6 cases respectively. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50.32%) while Neisseria gonorrhoea was isolated in only 2 cases. Highest infection of 62.4% was noticed among the group with 1% - 19% motility. From the studied population, 8.8% were azoospermic. The commonest morphological defects were pin and ragged heads (48%). It is therefore obvious that the assessment of semen quality remains one of the important steps in infertility interventions.
文摘Background: Human papillomavirus infection is most prevalent in the younger population and causes cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In 2018, cervical cancer was estimated to be 570,000 cases and 311,000 deaths;it ranked as the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Cervical cancer can be prevented through health education and vaccination against HPV. This study aimed at evaluating the level of awareness of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer among female undergraduate students of Babcock University, Ogun state of Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study conducted among 310 female undergraduates of Babcock University in Nigeria from January to April 2019. The selection technique was a multistage random sampling method. The data collection was done using structured and self-administered questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics for windows version 25 and were presented in summary charts and frequency tables. P-values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of 310 female students, 296 (95.5%) were aware of HPV infections. The majority, 215 (69.4%) of the students knew that HPV is sexually transmitted. There was poor knowledge of the risk factors of HPV infection. Only, 65 (21.0%) were aware that HPV infection causes cervical cancer. A few proportions of students 79 (25.4%) were aware of the HPV vaccine. Consequently, only 44 (14.2%) have received HPV vaccination and some complained about the cost as a significant reason for not being vaccinated against HPV infection. Conclusion: The level of awareness of HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccine uptake was very low in this study. There is a need to improve health education and awareness campaigns among students about HPV infection, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccine uptake.
文摘<strong>Background: </strong>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) continue to pose tremendous health concerns and require appropriate use of antibiotics for effective case management. This study determined the prevalence, etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of uropathogenic bacteria isolated from sexually active women with BV in Lagos Nigeria. <strong>Method:</strong> A total of 258 sexually active women presenting with gynaecological complaints at the maternal and child unit of twenty Primary Health Care Centres in Lagos Nigeria from May 2017 to March 2018 were consecutively enrolled with consent. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed based on Amsel criteria. Midstream urine samples were collected aseptically, analyzed for bacterial pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility using standard microbiological methods. <strong>Results:</strong> BV was diagnosed in 184 (71.3%) with 69.2% also having UTI. Ninety four (36.4%) had UTI predominantly caused by Gram negative bacteria (96.8%). The organisms isolated were <em>Escherichia coli</em> 79 (84.0%), <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> 5 (5.3%), <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> 4 (4.3%), <em>Proteus mirabilis</em> 3 (3.2%) and <em>Staphylococcus saprophyticus</em> 3 (3.2%). The pathogens elicited high resistance (66.7% - 100%) to tetracycline, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, nitrofurantoin and cephalosporins, and moderate resistance (50%) to ofloxacin by <em>P. aeruginosa</em> strains. The isolates were susceptible (100%) to piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed among 97.8% of the bacteria isolated. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings from this study indicate high occurrence of UTI caused by MDR pathogens among sexually active women with BV with emerging evidence of poor clinical utility of nitrofurantoin and other commonly used first-line antibiotics against UTI. Further studies on non-bacterial aetiology of BV, molecular characterization of <em>S. saprophyticus</em> and Gram Negative Bacteria UTI are recommended.
文摘Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Nigeria, there is little information on antioxidant status of TB patients. In this study, effects of oxidative stress markers and vitamins C and E were investigated in pulmonary TB patients at-tending a health care facility in Nigeria. Methods: Sputum specimens were processed for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) while rifampicin resistance was determined by GeneXpert/Rif assay. Patients were screened for HIV after adequate counselling. Assays for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialde- hyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), myeloperoxidase (MPx), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glu-tathione peroxidase (GPx), α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid were estimated using standard me- thods. Results: Of the 83 recruited subjects, 29 (34.9%) were AFB negative, 30 (36.1%) were AFB positive while 24 (29.0%) were positive for rifampicin resistance. Overall, HIV prevalence was 6.0% while higher rate of 16.7% was found among the rifampicin resistant subjects. Plasma concentrations of H2O2, MDA and PC and also MPx and XO activities were significantly higher among rifampicin resistant subjects compared with AFB positive and AFB negative groups (P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of GSH and the activities of SOD, GST and GPX were significantly reduced in rifampicin resistant subjects compared with the 2 other groups (P < 0.05). The plasma activity of CAT was similar between rifampicin resistant and AFB positive subjects but significantly lower when compared with AFB negative group. Rifampicin resistant subjects had significantly lower concentrations of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid compared with 2 other groups (P < 0.05). Con- clusion: This study revealed that resistance of TB patients to rifampicin may be due to induction of oxidative stress. Administration of vitamins C and E may be beneficial by reducing the severity of the disease.
