The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,e...The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,endodontic surgery,and dental restoration.However,the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings,primarily due to operators’insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment.In October 2019,Professor Jingping Liang,Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology,Chinese Stomatological Association,organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry.The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope.Subsequently,a consensus was reached and officially issued.Over the span of about four years,the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.展开更多
Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple cont...Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple contributing factors.This etiological complexity leads to difficulties in determining patient prognosis,posing great challenges in clinical practice.Furthermore,EPL-affected teeth require multidisciplinary therapy,including periodontal therapy,endodontic therapy and others,but there is still much debate about the appropriate timing of periodontal therapy and root canal therapy.By compiling the most recent findings on the etiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,therapy,and prognosis of EPL-affected teeth,this consensus sought to support clinicians in making the best possible treatment decisions based on both biological and clinical evidence.展开更多
Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical regi...Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.展开更多
Dens evaginatus （DE） is a dental anomaly that occurs as an accessory tubercle on the occlusal or lingual surface of a tooth. The authors provide a literature review and report a rare case in which DE occurs on multi...Dens evaginatus （DE） is a dental anomaly that occurs as an accessory tubercle on the occlusal or lingual surface of a tooth. The authors provide a literature review and report a rare case in which DE occurs on multiple mandibular premolars and maxillary molars. The patient is a 26-year-old Chinese woman, with a chief complaint of gingival bleeding. DE affecting teeth 17, 27, 35,and 45 was found during clinical examination. For treatment of the patient, we reduced the opposing occluding teeth, while undertaking progressive grinding of the tubercles for six months. We followed-up for a year. This suggests the importance of examining for multiple DE during clinical practice.展开更多
D-alanine （D-Ala） is an essential amino acid that has a key role in bacterial unique enzyme that interconverts L-alanine and D-alanine in most bacteria, antimicrobial drug development. Streptococcus mutans is a majo...D-alanine （D-Ala） is an essential amino acid that has a key role in bacterial unique enzyme that interconverts L-alanine and D-alanine in most bacteria, antimicrobial drug development. Streptococcus mutans is a major causative cell wall synthesis. Alanine racemase （Air） is a making this enzyme a potential target for factor of dental caries. The factors involved in the survival, virulence and interspecies interactions of S. mutans could be exploited as potential targets for caries control. The current study aimed to investigate the physiological role of Air in S. mutans. We constructed air mutant strain of S. mutans and evaluated its phenotypic traits and interspecies competitiveness compared with the wild-type strain. We found that air deletion was lethal to S. mutans. A minimal supplement of D-Ala （150 pg.mL- 1） was required for the optimal growth of the air mutant. The depletion of D-alanine in the growth medium resulted in cell wall perforation and cell lysis in the air mutant strain. We also determined the compromised competitiveness of the air mutant strain relative to the wild-type S. mutans against other oral streptococci （S. sanguinis or S. gordonil~, demonstrated using either conditioned medium assays or dual-species fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Given the importance and necessity of air to the growth and competitiveness of S. mutans, Air may represent a promising target to modulate the cariogenicity of oral biofilms and to benefit the management of dental caries.展开更多
BACKGROUND Fused teeth usually involve several complications,such as the development of caries in the groove between fused crowns,tooth impaction,diastemas,aesthetic and periodontal problems,and pulpal pathosis,due to...BACKGROUND Fused teeth usually involve several complications,such as the development of caries in the groove between fused crowns,tooth impaction,diastemas,aesthetic and periodontal problems,and pulpal pathosis,due to the complex anatomical structure of fused teeth.A thorough diagnosis is paramount to forming an accurate treatment plan and obtaining a favourable prognosis.With the advent of cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT),accurate 3-dimensional images of teeth and their surrounding dentoalveolar structures can now be readily obtained,and the technology can accurately provide a minimally invasive approach to acquire detailed diagnostic information.Therefore,we utilize CBCT data herein to generate a digital model for the infected region in a patient,and this model enables us to better plan the management of his case.CASE SUMMARY This report details the diagnosis and endodontic treatment of a rare case involving a fused maxillary second molar and two paramolars with apical periodontitis.The patient experienced pain upon biting and cold sensitivity in the area of the maxillary left molar.No caries or other defects were identified in these teeth,and a normal response to a pulp electric viability test was observed.With the aid of CBCT and digital model technology,we initially suspected that the infection originated from the isthmus between the maxillary second molar and two paramolars.Therefore,we only treated the isthmus by an endodontic approach and did not destroy the original tooth structure;furthermore,the vital pulp was retained,and good treatment outcomes were observed at the 24-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This finding may provide new insights and perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of fused teeth.展开更多
Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent of dental caries.Farnesol,as a potential antimicrobial agent,inhibits the development of S.mutans biofilm.In this study,we hypothesized that farnesol inhibits caries...Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent of dental caries.Farnesol,as a potential antimicrobial agent,inhibits the development of S.mutans biofilm.In this study,we hypothesized that farnesol inhibits caries development in vitro and interferes with biofilm fonnation by regulating virulence-associated gene expression.The inhibitory effects of farnesol to S.mutans biofilms on enamel surfaces were investigated by determining micro-hardness and calcium measurements.Additionally,the morphological changes of S.mutans biofilms were compared using field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy,and the vitality and oxygen sensitivity of S.mutans biofilms were compared using MTT assays.To investigate the molecular mechanisms of farnesol＇s effects,expressions of possible target genes luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction（PCR） and quantitative PCR.Farnesol-treated groups exhibited significantly higher micro-hardness on the enamel surface and lower calcium concentration of the supernatants as compared to the-untreated control.Microscopy revealed that a thinner film with less extracellular matrix formed in the farnesol-treated groups.As compared to the-untreated control,farnesol inhibited biofilm formation by 26.4%with500 μmol/L and by 37.1%with 1,000 μmol/L（P〈 0.05）.Last,decreased transcription levels of luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx genes were expressed in farnesol-treated biofilms.In vitro farnesol inhibits caries development and S.mutans biofilm formation.The regulation of luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx genes may contribute to the inhibitory effects of farnesol.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to compare sealing abilities of Resilon/Epiphany (R/E) with those of guttapercha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (GP/PCS). 50 single rooted teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n ...The aim of the present study was to compare sealing abilities of Resilon/Epiphany (R/E) with those of guttapercha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (GP/PCS). 50 single rooted teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 22) (R/E;GP/PCS), and 2 control groups (n = 3) (Positive, Negative). Fluid flow rate through the filled roots was measured using a fluid filtration device. The same specimens were immersed in a 2% Methylen Blue Solution. Roots were embedded in clear epoxy resin and cross sectionet at 1 mm intervals along the length of the root. Circumferential dye penetration was evaluated at 40× magnification. Fluid filtration of teeth obturated with the R/E system (0.085 [0.057, 0.113] μL·min-1), and dye penetration test showed no statistically significant difference compared to those obturated with GP/PCS (0.113 [0.057, 0.141] μL·min-1). Within the limits of the present study, there is no statistically significant difference between R/E and GP/PCS sealing abilities.展开更多
The overall health condition of patients significantly affects the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of endodontic diseases. Asystemic consideration of the patient’s overall health along with oral conditions holds ...The overall health condition of patients significantly affects the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of endodontic diseases. Asystemic consideration of the patient’s overall health along with oral conditions holds the utmost importance in determining thenecessity and feasibility of endodontic therapy, as well as selecting appropriate therapeutic approaches. This expert consensus is acollaborative effort by specialists from endodontics and clinical physicians across the nation based on the current clinical evidence,aiming to provide general guidance on clinical procedures, improve patient safety and enhance clinical outcomes of endodontictherapy in patients with compromised overall health.展开更多
Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognize...Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.展开更多
Dental restorative materials with antimicrobial properties can inhibit bacterial colonization, which may result in a reduction of caries at tooth-filling interaction zones. This study aimed to develop antibacterial gl...Dental restorative materials with antimicrobial properties can inhibit bacterial colonization, which may result in a reduction of caries at tooth-filling interaction zones. This study aimed to develop antibacterial glass-ionomer cements （GIC） containing a quaternary ammonium monomer （dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate, DMADDM）, and to investigate their effect on material performance and antibacterial properties. Different mass fractions （0, 1.1% and 2.2%） of DMADDM were incorporated into the GIC. The flexure strength, surface charge density, surface roughness and fluoride release were tested. A Streptococcus mutans biofilm model was used. Exopolysaccharides （EPS） staining was used to analyze the inhibitory effect of DMADDM on the biofilm matrix. In addition, biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid metabolism and the expression of glucosyltransferase genes g/fB, gtfC and gtfD were measured. GIC containing 1.1% and 2.2% DMADDM had flexural strengths matching those of the commercial control （P〉0.1）. DMADDM was able to increase the surface charge density but reduced surface roughness （P〈0.05）. The incorporation of 1.1% and 2.2% DMADDM elevated the release of fluoride by the GIC in the first 2 days （P〈0.05）. The novel DMADDM-modified GIC significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity （P〈 0.05） and decreased lactic acid production （P〈 0.05）. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） results showed that the expression of gtfB, g/fC and gtfD decreased when mass fractions of DMADDM increased （P〈0.05）. EPS staining showed that both the bacteria and EPS in biofilm decreased in the DMADDM groups. The incorporation of DMADDM could modify the properties of GIC to influence the development of S. mutans biofilms. In this study, we investigated the interface properties of antibacterial materials for the first time. GIC containing DMADDM can improve material performance and antibacterial properties and may contribute to the better management of secondary caries.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infects more than 170 million people worldwide,and thereby becomes a series global health challenge.Chronic infection with HCV is considered one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease in...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infects more than 170 million people worldwide,and thereby becomes a series global health challenge.Chronic infection with HCV is considered one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Although the multiple functions of the HCV proteins and their impacts on the modulation of the intracellular signaling transduction processes,the drive of carcinogenesis during the infection with HCV,is thought to result from the interactions of viral proteins with host cell proteins.Thus,the induction of mutator phenotype,in liver,by the expression of HCV proteins provides a key mechanism for the development of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide with increasing incidence during the past decades.In many countries,the trend of HCC is attributed to several liver diseases including HCV infection.However,the development of HCC is very complicated and results mainly from the imbalance between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes,as well as from the alteration of cellular factors leading to a genomic instability.Besides the poor prognosis of HCC patients,this type of tumor is quite resistance to the available therapies.Thus,understanding the molecular mechanisms,which are implicated in the development of HCC during the course of HCV infection,may help to design a general therapeutic protocol for the treatment and/or the prevention of this malignancy.This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms,which are involved in the development of HCV-associated HCC and the possible therapeutic strategies.展开更多
The demand for biomaterials that promote the repair,replacement,or restoration of hard and soft tissues continues to grow as the population ages.Traditionally,smart biomaterials have been thought as those that respond...The demand for biomaterials that promote the repair,replacement,or restoration of hard and soft tissues continues to grow as the population ages.Traditionally,smart biomaterials have been thought as those that respond to stimuli.However,the continuous evolution of the field warrants a fresh look at the concept of smartness of biomaterials.This review presents a redefinition of the term“Smart Biomaterial”and discusses recent advances in and applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissue restoration and regeneration.To clarify the use of the term“smart biomaterials”,we propose four degrees of smartness according to the level of interaction of the biomaterials with the bio-environment and the biological/cellular responses they elicit,defining these materials as inert,active,responsive,and autonomous.Then,we present an up-to-date survey of applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissues,based on the materials’responses(external and internal stimuli)and their use as immune-modulatory biomaterials.Finally,we discuss the limitations and obstacles to the translation from basic research(bench)to clinical utilization that is required for the development of clinically relevant applications of these technologies.展开更多
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer.Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic b...Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer.Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic basis for resistance to both chemo- and radiation therapy is rooted in altered genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that, in turn, result in the impairing of cell death machinery and/or excessive activation of cell growth and survival-dependent pathways. Although most current melanoma therapies target mitochondrial dysregulation,there is increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress-associated pathways play a role in the potentiation,initiation and maintenance of cell death machinery and autophagy. This review focuses on the reliability of ER-associated pathways as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.展开更多
Hard tissue repair and regeneration cost hundreds of billions of dollars annually worldwide, and the need has substantially increased as the population has aged. Hard tissues include bone and tooth structures that con...Hard tissue repair and regeneration cost hundreds of billions of dollars annually worldwide, and the need has substantially increased as the population has aged. Hard tissues include bone and tooth structures that contain calcium phosphate minerals.Smart biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine methods have the exciting potential to meet this urgent need. Smart biomaterials and constructs refer to biomaterials and constructs that possess instructive/inductive or triggering/stimulating effects on cells and tissues by engineering the material’s responsiveness to internal or external stimuli or have intelligently tailored properties and functions that can promote tissue repair and regeneration. The smart material-based approaches include smart scaffolds and stem cell constructs for bone tissue engineering; smart drug delivery systems to enhance bone regeneration; smart dental resins that respond to pH to protect tooth structures; smart pH-sensitive dental materials to selectively inhibit acid-producing bacteria; smart polymers to modulate biofilm species away from a pathogenic composition and shift towards a healthy composition; and smart materials to suppress biofilms and avoid drug resistance. These smart biomaterials can not only deliver and guide stem cells to improve tissue regeneration and deliver drugs and bioactive agents with spatially and temporarily controlled releases but can also modulate/suppress biofilms and combat infections in wound sites. The new generation of smart biomaterials provides exciting potential and is a promising opportunity to substantially enhance hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efficacy.展开更多
Tooth decay is prevalent,and secondary caries causes restoration failures,both of which are related to demineralization.There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions.This...Tooth decay is prevalent,and secondary caries causes restoration failures,both of which are related to demineralization.There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions.This article represents the first review on the cutting edge research of poly(amido amine)(PAMAM) in combination with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP).PAMAM was excellent nucleation template,and could absorb calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions via its functional groups to activate remineralization.NACP composite and adhesive showed acid-neutralization and Ca and P ion release capabilities.PAMAM +NACP together showed synergistic effects and produced triple benefits: excellent nucleation templates,superior acidneutralization,and ions release.Therefore,the PAMAM+NACP strategy possessed much greater remineralization capacity than using PAMAM or NACP alone.PAMAM+NACP achieved dentin remineralization even in an acidic solution without any initial Ca and P ions.Besides,the long-term remineralization capability of PAMAM+NACP was established.After prolonged fluid challenge,the immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP still induced effective dentin mineral regeneration.Furthermore,the hardness of predemineralized dentin was increased back to that of healthy dentin,indicating a complete remineralization.Therefore,the novel PAMAM+NACP approach is promising to provide long-term therapeutic effects including tooth remineralization,hardness increase,and caries-inhibition capabilities.展开更多
Aim The aim of this survey was to compare Chinese natives and foreign inhabitants in Chengdu, China, with respect to： （1） attitudes towards dental appearance, （2） subjective orthodontic treatment need, and （3） ...Aim The aim of this survey was to compare Chinese natives and foreign inhabitants in Chengdu, China, with respect to： （1） attitudes towards dental appearance, （2） subjective orthodontic treatment need, and （3） the main factors influencing orthodontic treatment need. Methodology A total of 522 subjects, including 227 foreign inhabitants and 295 Chinese natives in Chengdu participated in the survey. A simple random sampling method was adopted and a face-to-face interview was conducted at some public sites using a questionnaire. Data was entered by two persons synchronously using Epidata 3.0, and SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze these data. Results 89.0% of foreign inhabitants were satisfied with their teeth compared to only 46.8% of Chinese natives. Females were more dissatisfied with their teeth than males. Chinese natives put improving appearance as the top priority （55.9%） for seeking orthodontic treatment; however, in foreign inhabitants, the main reason for seeking treatment was to improve masticatory function（44.1%）, followed by ＂to be pretty＂ （35.2%）. The importance of well-aligned teeth and self-perception of psychosocial impact of malocclusion were the same two main factors influencing subjective orthodontic treatment need （P〈0.05） in foreign inhabitants and Chinese natives. Sub- jective orthodontic treatment need between the two target groups was significantly different （P〈0.05）. Conclusion （1） It was very common that Chinese natives were dissatisfied with their dental appearance, and their subjective orthodontic treatment needs were high. （2） There were some differences in orthodontic treatment motives between the two target groups. （3） There were differences in subjective orthodontic treatment needs between foreign inhabitants and Chinese natives. However, the prominent influential factors were almost the same. There may be benefit to understanding subjective orthodontic needs of different races.展开更多
Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue da...Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue damage and wound healing besides being required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis. Because angiogenesis sets an important point in the control of tumor progression, its inhibition is considered a valuable therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and invasion. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis will help design a therapeutic protocol for the intervention of HCV-mediated angiogenesis and subsequently its outcome. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis and the related signaling pathways that can be target for current and under development therapeutic approaches.展开更多
Dental materials' choice of patients has considerably changed. Whereas cast gold and amalgam have been the predominant biomaterials for decades, today toothcolored materials like resin-based composites and ceramic...Dental materials' choice of patients has considerably changed. Whereas cast gold and amalgam have been the predominant biomaterials for decades, today toothcolored materials like resin-based composites and ceramics are more and more successful. However, are we going to replace a good but biologically questionable material(amalgam) with an equal material(resin composite) being more esthetic but also biologically questionable? For amalgam, long-term clinical studies reported some significant hints that in single cases amalgam may be a health hazard for patients, finally Norway banned amalgam completely. The main advantage of a resin-based composite over amalgam is its tooth-like appearance and more or less absence of extensive preparation rules. For many years it was believed that resin-based composites may cause pulpal injury. However, pulpal injury associated with the use of resin-based composites is not correlated with their cytotoxic properties. Nevertheless, resin-based composites and other dental materials require rigorous safety evaluation and continuous monitoring to prevent adverse events similar like with amalgam. Because of nonbiocompatible pulp responses to resin-based composites and amalgam, they should not be placed in direct contact with the dental pulp. The less dentin remaining in the floor of preparations between resin-based composites or other dental materials is more likely to cause pulpitis. Percentage of patients and dental practitioners who display allergic reactions is between 0.7% and 2%. The release of cytotoxic monomers from resin-based materials is highest after polymerization and much lower after 1 wk. Substances released from resin-based composites have been shown to be toxic in cytotoxicity tests. Nevertheless, in vitro cytotoxicity assays have shown that amalgam has greater toxic effects than resin-based composites, sometime 100-700-fold higher. Altogether, the risk of side-effects is low, but not zero, especially for dental personnel.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a significant health problem facing the world. This virus infects more than 170 million people worldwide and is considered the major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. Persons become ...Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a significant health problem facing the world. This virus infects more than 170 million people worldwide and is considered the major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. Persons become infected mainly through parenteral exposure to infected material by blood transfusions or injections with nonsterile needles. Although the sexual behavior is considered as a high risk factor for HCV infection, the transmission of HCV infection through sexual means, is less frequently. Currently, the available treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection is interferon basedtherapies alone or in combination with ribavirin and protease inhibitors. Although a sustained virological response of patients to the applied therapy, a great portion of patients did not show any response. HCV infection is mostly associated with progressive liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the focus of many patients and clinicians is sometimes limited to that problem, the natural history of HCV infection(HCV) is also associated with the development of several extrahepatic manifestations including dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic, and nephrologic complications, diabetes, arterial hypertension, autoantibodies and cryglobulins. Despite the notion that HCV-mediated extrahepatic manifestations are credible, the mechanism of their modulation is not fully described in detail. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-induced alteration of intracellular signal transduction pathways, during the course of HCV infection, may offer novel therapeutic targets for HCV-associated both hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations. This review will elaborate the etiopathogenesis of HCV-host interactions and summarize the current knowledge of HCV-associated diseases and their possible therapeutic strategies.展开更多
文摘The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry,particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry,resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy,endodontic surgery,and dental restoration.However,the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings,primarily due to operators’insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment.In October 2019,Professor Jingping Liang,Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology,Chinese Stomatological Association,organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry.The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope.Subsequently,a consensus was reached and officially issued.Over the span of about four years,the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.
基金supported by Jiangsu Province Key Research and Development Program(No.BE2022670)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2506300)+1 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline Cultivation Unit(No.JSDW202246)Nanjing Medical Science and Technology development Fund(ZKX22054).
文摘Endo-periodontal lesions (EPLs) involve both the periodontium and pulp tissue and have complicated etiologies and pathogenic mechanisms,including unique anatomical and microbiological characteristics and multiple contributing factors.This etiological complexity leads to difficulties in determining patient prognosis,posing great challenges in clinical practice.Furthermore,EPL-affected teeth require multidisciplinary therapy,including periodontal therapy,endodontic therapy and others,but there is still much debate about the appropriate timing of periodontal therapy and root canal therapy.By compiling the most recent findings on the etiology,pathogenesis,clinical characteristics,diagnosis,therapy,and prognosis of EPL-affected teeth,this consensus sought to support clinicians in making the best possible treatment decisions based on both biological and clinical evidence.
文摘Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment. However, irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear. The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved, impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.
文摘Dens evaginatus （DE） is a dental anomaly that occurs as an accessory tubercle on the occlusal or lingual surface of a tooth. The authors provide a literature review and report a rare case in which DE occurs on multiple mandibular premolars and maxillary molars. The patient is a 26-year-old Chinese woman, with a chief complaint of gingival bleeding. DE affecting teeth 17, 27, 35,and 45 was found during clinical examination. For treatment of the patient, we reduced the opposing occluding teeth, while undertaking progressive grinding of the tubercles for six months. We followed-up for a year. This suggests the importance of examining for multiple DE during clinical practice.
基金financially supported through grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81400501 to Ming-Yun Li, 81371135 to Ji-Yao Li and 81430011 to Xue-Dong Zhou)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Programme of China (2014DFE30180 to Xue-Dong Zhou)+1 种基金the Talented Young Investigator Award of Sichuan University (2082604184224 to Xin Xu)the Special Fund of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University (SKLOD201525 to Ming-Yun Li)
文摘D-alanine （D-Ala） is an essential amino acid that has a key role in bacterial unique enzyme that interconverts L-alanine and D-alanine in most bacteria, antimicrobial drug development. Streptococcus mutans is a major causative cell wall synthesis. Alanine racemase （Air） is a making this enzyme a potential target for factor of dental caries. The factors involved in the survival, virulence and interspecies interactions of S. mutans could be exploited as potential targets for caries control. The current study aimed to investigate the physiological role of Air in S. mutans. We constructed air mutant strain of S. mutans and evaluated its phenotypic traits and interspecies competitiveness compared with the wild-type strain. We found that air deletion was lethal to S. mutans. A minimal supplement of D-Ala （150 pg.mL- 1） was required for the optimal growth of the air mutant. The depletion of D-alanine in the growth medium resulted in cell wall perforation and cell lysis in the air mutant strain. We also determined the compromised competitiveness of the air mutant strain relative to the wild-type S. mutans against other oral streptococci （S. sanguinis or S. gordonil~, demonstrated using either conditioned medium assays or dual-species fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Given the importance and necessity of air to the growth and competitiveness of S. mutans, Air may represent a promising target to modulate the cariogenicity of oral biofilms and to benefit the management of dental caries.
基金Supported by the Innovative Talents Promotion Program-Youth Science and Technology Star Project,No. 2019KJXX-086Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Foundation of China,No. 2019JM-376National Nature Science Foundation of China,No. 81970929
文摘BACKGROUND Fused teeth usually involve several complications,such as the development of caries in the groove between fused crowns,tooth impaction,diastemas,aesthetic and periodontal problems,and pulpal pathosis,due to the complex anatomical structure of fused teeth.A thorough diagnosis is paramount to forming an accurate treatment plan and obtaining a favourable prognosis.With the advent of cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT),accurate 3-dimensional images of teeth and their surrounding dentoalveolar structures can now be readily obtained,and the technology can accurately provide a minimally invasive approach to acquire detailed diagnostic information.Therefore,we utilize CBCT data herein to generate a digital model for the infected region in a patient,and this model enables us to better plan the management of his case.CASE SUMMARY This report details the diagnosis and endodontic treatment of a rare case involving a fused maxillary second molar and two paramolars with apical periodontitis.The patient experienced pain upon biting and cold sensitivity in the area of the maxillary left molar.No caries or other defects were identified in these teeth,and a normal response to a pulp electric viability test was observed.With the aid of CBCT and digital model technology,we initially suspected that the infection originated from the isthmus between the maxillary second molar and two paramolars.Therefore,we only treated the isthmus by an endodontic approach and did not destroy the original tooth structure;furthermore,the vital pulp was retained,and good treatment outcomes were observed at the 24-month follow-up.CONCLUSION This finding may provide new insights and perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of fused teeth.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant No.81271151 and Grant No.81371156)Jiangsu Qinglan Project Foundation(2012)The Foundation of the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD,2014-37)
文摘Streptococcus mutans is a primary etiological agent of dental caries.Farnesol,as a potential antimicrobial agent,inhibits the development of S.mutans biofilm.In this study,we hypothesized that farnesol inhibits caries development in vitro and interferes with biofilm fonnation by regulating virulence-associated gene expression.The inhibitory effects of farnesol to S.mutans biofilms on enamel surfaces were investigated by determining micro-hardness and calcium measurements.Additionally,the morphological changes of S.mutans biofilms were compared using field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy,and the vitality and oxygen sensitivity of S.mutans biofilms were compared using MTT assays.To investigate the molecular mechanisms of farnesol＇s effects,expressions of possible target genes luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction（PCR） and quantitative PCR.Farnesol-treated groups exhibited significantly higher micro-hardness on the enamel surface and lower calcium concentration of the supernatants as compared to the-untreated control.Microscopy revealed that a thinner film with less extracellular matrix formed in the farnesol-treated groups.As compared to the-untreated control,farnesol inhibited biofilm formation by 26.4%with500 μmol/L and by 37.1%with 1,000 μmol/L（P〈 0.05）.Last,decreased transcription levels of luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx genes were expressed in farnesol-treated biofilms.In vitro farnesol inhibits caries development and S.mutans biofilm formation.The regulation of luxS,brpA,ffh,recA,nth,and smx genes may contribute to the inhibitory effects of farnesol.
文摘The aim of the present study was to compare sealing abilities of Resilon/Epiphany (R/E) with those of guttapercha and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT (GP/PCS). 50 single rooted teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 22) (R/E;GP/PCS), and 2 control groups (n = 3) (Positive, Negative). Fluid flow rate through the filled roots was measured using a fluid filtration device. The same specimens were immersed in a 2% Methylen Blue Solution. Roots were embedded in clear epoxy resin and cross sectionet at 1 mm intervals along the length of the root. Circumferential dye penetration was evaluated at 40× magnification. Fluid filtration of teeth obturated with the R/E system (0.085 [0.057, 0.113] μL·min-1), and dye penetration test showed no statistically significant difference compared to those obturated with GP/PCS (0.113 [0.057, 0.141] μL·min-1). Within the limits of the present study, there is no statistically significant difference between R/E and GP/PCS sealing abilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82370947)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2023NSFSC1505)。
文摘The overall health condition of patients significantly affects the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of endodontic diseases. Asystemic consideration of the patient’s overall health along with oral conditions holds the utmost importance in determining thenecessity and feasibility of endodontic therapy, as well as selecting appropriate therapeutic approaches. This expert consensus is acollaborative effort by specialists from endodontics and clinical physicians across the nation based on the current clinical evidence,aiming to provide general guidance on clinical procedures, improve patient safety and enhance clinical outcomes of endodontictherapy in patients with compromised overall health.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81430011 to Xue-Dong Zhou and 81371135 to Ji-Yao Li)Clinical Advanced Technique Award of West China Hospital of Stomatology (LCXJS2015 to Xin Xu)the Brilliant Young Investigator Award,Sichuan University (2015SCU04A16 to Xin Xu)
文摘Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.
基金supported by a National Natural Science Foundation of China grant 81372889 (Lei Cheng), 81430011 (Xue-dong Zhou)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (Lei Cheng)+3 种基金a Youth Grant of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province, China 2014JQ0033 (Lei Cheng)the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China 2014DFE30180 (Xue-dong Zhou)NIH R01 DE17974 (Hockin HK Xu)a Seed Grant (Hockin HK Xu) from the University of Maryland School of Dentistry
文摘Dental restorative materials with antimicrobial properties can inhibit bacterial colonization, which may result in a reduction of caries at tooth-filling interaction zones. This study aimed to develop antibacterial glass-ionomer cements （GIC） containing a quaternary ammonium monomer （dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate, DMADDM）, and to investigate their effect on material performance and antibacterial properties. Different mass fractions （0, 1.1% and 2.2%） of DMADDM were incorporated into the GIC. The flexure strength, surface charge density, surface roughness and fluoride release were tested. A Streptococcus mutans biofilm model was used. Exopolysaccharides （EPS） staining was used to analyze the inhibitory effect of DMADDM on the biofilm matrix. In addition, biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid metabolism and the expression of glucosyltransferase genes g/fB, gtfC and gtfD were measured. GIC containing 1.1% and 2.2% DMADDM had flexural strengths matching those of the commercial control （P〉0.1）. DMADDM was able to increase the surface charge density but reduced surface roughness （P〈0.05）. The incorporation of 1.1% and 2.2% DMADDM elevated the release of fluoride by the GIC in the first 2 days （P〈0.05）. The novel DMADDM-modified GIC significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity （P〈 0.05） and decreased lactic acid production （P〈 0.05）. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） results showed that the expression of gtfB, g/fC and gtfD decreased when mass fractions of DMADDM increased （P〈0.05）. EPS staining showed that both the bacteria and EPS in biofilm decreased in the DMADDM groups. The incorporation of DMADDM could modify the properties of GIC to influence the development of S. mutans biofilms. In this study, we investigated the interface properties of antibacterial materials for the first time. GIC containing DMADDM can improve material performance and antibacterial properties and may contribute to the better management of secondary caries.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) infects more than 170 million people worldwide,and thereby becomes a series global health challenge.Chronic infection with HCV is considered one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Although the multiple functions of the HCV proteins and their impacts on the modulation of the intracellular signaling transduction processes,the drive of carcinogenesis during the infection with HCV,is thought to result from the interactions of viral proteins with host cell proteins.Thus,the induction of mutator phenotype,in liver,by the expression of HCV proteins provides a key mechanism for the development of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).HCC is considered one of the most common malignancies worldwide with increasing incidence during the past decades.In many countries,the trend of HCC is attributed to several liver diseases including HCV infection.However,the development of HCC is very complicated and results mainly from the imbalance between tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes,as well as from the alteration of cellular factors leading to a genomic instability.Besides the poor prognosis of HCC patients,this type of tumor is quite resistance to the available therapies.Thus,understanding the molecular mechanisms,which are implicated in the development of HCC during the course of HCV infection,may help to design a general therapeutic protocol for the treatment and/or the prevention of this malignancy.This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms,which are involved in the development of HCV-associated HCC and the possible therapeutic strategies.
基金support from a bridge grant from the Temple Office of the Vice President for Research(OVPR).
文摘The demand for biomaterials that promote the repair,replacement,or restoration of hard and soft tissues continues to grow as the population ages.Traditionally,smart biomaterials have been thought as those that respond to stimuli.However,the continuous evolution of the field warrants a fresh look at the concept of smartness of biomaterials.This review presents a redefinition of the term“Smart Biomaterial”and discusses recent advances in and applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissue restoration and regeneration.To clarify the use of the term“smart biomaterials”,we propose four degrees of smartness according to the level of interaction of the biomaterials with the bio-environment and the biological/cellular responses they elicit,defining these materials as inert,active,responsive,and autonomous.Then,we present an up-to-date survey of applications of smart biomaterials for hard tissues,based on the materials’responses(external and internal stimuli)and their use as immune-modulatory biomaterials.Finally,we discuss the limitations and obstacles to the translation from basic research(bench)to clinical utilization that is required for the development of clinically relevant applications of these technologies.
文摘Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer.Disrupted intracellular signaling pathways are responsible for melanoma's extraordinary resistance to current chemotherapeutic modalities. The pathophysiologic basis for resistance to both chemo- and radiation therapy is rooted in altered genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that, in turn, result in the impairing of cell death machinery and/or excessive activation of cell growth and survival-dependent pathways. Although most current melanoma therapies target mitochondrial dysregulation,there is increasing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress-associated pathways play a role in the potentiation,initiation and maintenance of cell death machinery and autophagy. This review focuses on the reliability of ER-associated pathways as therapeutic targets for melanoma treatment.
基金supported by NIH R01DE17974 (H.H.K.X.),NIH U01DE023752 (J.S.)International Science and Technology Programme 2017HH0008 (L.C.)+4 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC 81400540 (K.Z.)Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals’ Youth Programme QML20151401 (K.Z.)NSFC 81500879 (N.Z.)Nova Programme xx2014B060 (X.X.)University of Maryland Dental School Bridging Fund (H.H.K.X.)
文摘Hard tissue repair and regeneration cost hundreds of billions of dollars annually worldwide, and the need has substantially increased as the population has aged. Hard tissues include bone and tooth structures that contain calcium phosphate minerals.Smart biomaterial-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine methods have the exciting potential to meet this urgent need. Smart biomaterials and constructs refer to biomaterials and constructs that possess instructive/inductive or triggering/stimulating effects on cells and tissues by engineering the material’s responsiveness to internal or external stimuli or have intelligently tailored properties and functions that can promote tissue repair and regeneration. The smart material-based approaches include smart scaffolds and stem cell constructs for bone tissue engineering; smart drug delivery systems to enhance bone regeneration; smart dental resins that respond to pH to protect tooth structures; smart pH-sensitive dental materials to selectively inhibit acid-producing bacteria; smart polymers to modulate biofilm species away from a pathogenic composition and shift towards a healthy composition; and smart materials to suppress biofilms and avoid drug resistance. These smart biomaterials can not only deliver and guide stem cells to improve tissue regeneration and deliver drugs and bioactive agents with spatially and temporarily controlled releases but can also modulate/suppress biofilms and combat infections in wound sites. The new generation of smart biomaterials provides exciting potential and is a promising opportunity to substantially enhance hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efficacy.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670977, J.L. and 81800965, K.L.)Sichuan Science and Technology program (Grant no. 2017SZ0030)+5 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for Central University 2018SCU12016 (K.L.)China Postdoctoral Science Grant 2018M643507 (K.L.)Research Fund of West China Hospital WCHS-201705 (K.L.)Research Fund for Resins of Chinese Stomatological Association CSA-R2018-06 (K.L.)University of Maryland School of Dentistry bridging fund (H.H.K.X.)University of Maryland Baltimore seed grant (H.H.K.X.)
文摘Tooth decay is prevalent,and secondary caries causes restoration failures,both of which are related to demineralization.There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions.This article represents the first review on the cutting edge research of poly(amido amine)(PAMAM) in combination with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP).PAMAM was excellent nucleation template,and could absorb calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions via its functional groups to activate remineralization.NACP composite and adhesive showed acid-neutralization and Ca and P ion release capabilities.PAMAM +NACP together showed synergistic effects and produced triple benefits: excellent nucleation templates,superior acidneutralization,and ions release.Therefore,the PAMAM+NACP strategy possessed much greater remineralization capacity than using PAMAM or NACP alone.PAMAM+NACP achieved dentin remineralization even in an acidic solution without any initial Ca and P ions.Besides,the long-term remineralization capability of PAMAM+NACP was established.After prolonged fluid challenge,the immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP still induced effective dentin mineral regeneration.Furthermore,the hardness of predemineralized dentin was increased back to that of healthy dentin,indicating a complete remineralization.Therefore,the novel PAMAM+NACP approach is promising to provide long-term therapeutic effects including tooth remineralization,hardness increase,and caries-inhibition capabilities.
基金supported by the Sichuan University Students' Scientific Research Project
文摘Aim The aim of this survey was to compare Chinese natives and foreign inhabitants in Chengdu, China, with respect to： （1） attitudes towards dental appearance, （2） subjective orthodontic treatment need, and （3） the main factors influencing orthodontic treatment need. Methodology A total of 522 subjects, including 227 foreign inhabitants and 295 Chinese natives in Chengdu participated in the survey. A simple random sampling method was adopted and a face-to-face interview was conducted at some public sites using a questionnaire. Data was entered by two persons synchronously using Epidata 3.0, and SPSS 13.0 was used to analyze these data. Results 89.0% of foreign inhabitants were satisfied with their teeth compared to only 46.8% of Chinese natives. Females were more dissatisfied with their teeth than males. Chinese natives put improving appearance as the top priority （55.9%） for seeking orthodontic treatment; however, in foreign inhabitants, the main reason for seeking treatment was to improve masticatory function（44.1%）, followed by ＂to be pretty＂ （35.2%）. The importance of well-aligned teeth and self-perception of psychosocial impact of malocclusion were the same two main factors influencing subjective orthodontic treatment need （P〈0.05） in foreign inhabitants and Chinese natives. Sub- jective orthodontic treatment need between the two target groups was significantly different （P〈0.05）. Conclusion （1） It was very common that Chinese natives were dissatisfied with their dental appearance, and their subjective orthodontic treatment needs were high. （2） There were some differences in orthodontic treatment motives between the two target groups. （3） There were differences in subjective orthodontic treatment needs between foreign inhabitants and Chinese natives. However, the prominent influential factors were almost the same. There may be benefit to understanding subjective orthodontic needs of different races.
基金Supported by Grant from German Research Foundation,No.HA 5081/3-1German cancer foundation,No.10-2202-Ha1L'Alsace contre le Cancer,France(to Hassan M)
文摘Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue damage and wound healing besides being required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis. Because angiogenesis sets an important point in the control of tumor progression, its inhibition is considered a valuable therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and invasion. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis will help design a therapeutic protocol for the intervention of HCV-mediated angiogenesis and subsequently its outcome. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis and the related signaling pathways that can be target for current and under development therapeutic approaches.
文摘Dental materials' choice of patients has considerably changed. Whereas cast gold and amalgam have been the predominant biomaterials for decades, today toothcolored materials like resin-based composites and ceramics are more and more successful. However, are we going to replace a good but biologically questionable material(amalgam) with an equal material(resin composite) being more esthetic but also biologically questionable? For amalgam, long-term clinical studies reported some significant hints that in single cases amalgam may be a health hazard for patients, finally Norway banned amalgam completely. The main advantage of a resin-based composite over amalgam is its tooth-like appearance and more or less absence of extensive preparation rules. For many years it was believed that resin-based composites may cause pulpal injury. However, pulpal injury associated with the use of resin-based composites is not correlated with their cytotoxic properties. Nevertheless, resin-based composites and other dental materials require rigorous safety evaluation and continuous monitoring to prevent adverse events similar like with amalgam. Because of nonbiocompatible pulp responses to resin-based composites and amalgam, they should not be placed in direct contact with the dental pulp. The less dentin remaining in the floor of preparations between resin-based composites or other dental materials is more likely to cause pulpitis. Percentage of patients and dental practitioners who display allergic reactions is between 0.7% and 2%. The release of cytotoxic monomers from resin-based materials is highest after polymerization and much lower after 1 wk. Substances released from resin-based composites have been shown to be toxic in cytotoxicity tests. Nevertheless, in vitro cytotoxicity assays have shown that amalgam has greater toxic effects than resin-based composites, sometime 100-700-fold higher. Altogether, the risk of side-effects is low, but not zero, especially for dental personnel.
文摘Hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a significant health problem facing the world. This virus infects more than 170 million people worldwide and is considered the major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. Persons become infected mainly through parenteral exposure to infected material by blood transfusions or injections with nonsterile needles. Although the sexual behavior is considered as a high risk factor for HCV infection, the transmission of HCV infection through sexual means, is less frequently. Currently, the available treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection is interferon basedtherapies alone or in combination with ribavirin and protease inhibitors. Although a sustained virological response of patients to the applied therapy, a great portion of patients did not show any response. HCV infection is mostly associated with progressive liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the focus of many patients and clinicians is sometimes limited to that problem, the natural history of HCV infection(HCV) is also associated with the development of several extrahepatic manifestations including dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic, and nephrologic complications, diabetes, arterial hypertension, autoantibodies and cryglobulins. Despite the notion that HCV-mediated extrahepatic manifestations are credible, the mechanism of their modulation is not fully described in detail. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-induced alteration of intracellular signal transduction pathways, during the course of HCV infection, may offer novel therapeutic targets for HCV-associated both hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations. This review will elaborate the etiopathogenesis of HCV-host interactions and summarize the current knowledge of HCV-associated diseases and their possible therapeutic strategies.
