Doubled haploid(DH)technology is an important tool in crop breeding because it can significantly accelerate the breeding process.ZmPLA1/MATL/NLD and ZmDMP are two key genes controlling haploid induction(HI)in maize,ex...Doubled haploid(DH)technology is an important tool in crop breeding because it can significantly accelerate the breeding process.ZmPLA1/MATL/NLD and ZmDMP are two key genes controlling haploid induction(HI)in maize,exhibiting a synergistic effect.However,it is unknown whether knock out of ZmDMP orthologs can stimulate HI in rice.In this study,a ZmPLA1 ortholog(OsPLA1)and two ZmDMP orthologs(OsDMP3 and OsDMP6)were identified in rice.All three genes encode plasma membrane-localized proteins and were highly expressed in mature anthers.Knockout of OsPLA1 in both Minghui 63 and Nipponbare resulted in reduced seed setting rate(SSR)and caused HI.The osdmp3,osdmp6 and the double mutant failed to trigger HI independently,nor increased the haploid induction rate(HIR)when combined with ospla1.Repeated pollinations operations of QX654A with the ospla1 mutant significantly improve SSR,while reducing HIR.RNA-seq profiling of mature ospla1 mutant anthers indicated that a large number of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were enriched in redox homeostasis and lipid metabolic GO terms,plant hormone signal transduction,and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings provide important insights towards construction of an efficient DH breeding technology and study of the molecular mechanism of HI in rice.展开更多
Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANIC...Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANICLE 1(OP1),a gain-of-function allele of LIGULELESS 1(LG1),controlling the spread-panicle phenotype.This allele results from a 48-bp deletion in the LG1 upstream region and promotes pulvinus development at the base of the primary branch.Increased OP1 expression and altered panicle phenotype in chimeric transgenic plants and upstream-region knockout mutants indicated that the deletion regulates spread-panicle architecture in the mutant spread panicle 1(sp1).Knocking out BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1(BU1)gene in the background of OP1 complementary plants resulted in compact panicles,suggesting OP1 may regulate inflorescence architecture via the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.We regard that manipulating the upstream regulatory region of OP1 or genes involved in BR signal pathway could be an efficient way to improve rice inflorescence architecture.展开更多
Potassium(K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and influences yield and quality of agricultural crops.Maize(Zea mays) is one of the most widely distributed crops worldwide.In China,althoug...Potassium(K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and influences yield and quality of agricultural crops.Maize(Zea mays) is one of the most widely distributed crops worldwide.In China,although maize consumes a large amount of K fertilizer,the K uptake/utilization efficiency(KUE)of maize cultivars is relatively low.Elucidation of KUE mechanisms and development of maize cultivars with higher KUE are needed.Maize KUE is determined by K+uptake,transport,and remobilization,which depend on a variety of K+channels and transporters.We review basic information about K+channels and transporters in maize,their functions and regulation,and the roles of K+in nitrogen transport,sugar transport,and salt tolerance.We discuss challenges and prospects for maize KUE improvement.展开更多
Maize seedling blight caused by Fusarium verticillioides is a widely occurring maize disease,but the genetics and mechanisms of resistance are not well understood.In this study,GWAS performed by MLM and 3VmrMLM identi...Maize seedling blight caused by Fusarium verticillioides is a widely occurring maize disease,but the genetics and mechanisms of resistance are not well understood.In this study,GWAS performed by MLM and 3VmrMLM identified 40 and 20 QTNs,associated with seedling blight resistance.These methods identified 49 and 36 genes,respectively.Functional verification of candidate gene ZmSBR1 identified by both methods showed that the resistance of a mutant line to seedling blight decreased by 0.37 grade points after inoculation with F.verticillioides,compared with the WT.The length of the stem rot lesion caused by F.verticillioides increased by 86%in mutant seedlings,and the relative length of the adult plant stalk rot increased by 35%in mutant plants compared to the wild type after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum.Transcriptome analysis showed that expression of defense-related genes after inoculation was down-regulated in the mutant compared to the wild type,synthesis of secondary metabolites associated with resistance was reduced,and the immune response triggered by PAMP decreased,resulting in decreased resistance of mutant maize seedlings.Candidate gene association analysis showed that most maize inbred lines carried the susceptible haplotype.A functional PCR marker was developed.The results demonstrated that ZmSBR1 conferred resistance to multiple Fusarium diseases at the seedling and adult growth stages and had important application value in breeding.展开更多
Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a...Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a few （no intron or less than 3 introns） or more than I0 introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SnRK2 genes belong to one cluster and CIPK genes form the other independent cluster. The sorghum SnRK2s are subgrouped into three parts, and CIPK into five parts. More than half SnRK2 and CIPK genes present in homologous pairs, suggesting gene duplication may be due to the amplification of SnRK family genes. The kinase domains of SnRK2 family are highly conserved with 88.40% identity, but those of the CIPK family are less conserved with 63.72% identity. And the identity of sorghum CBLinteracting NAF domains of CIPKs is 61.66%. What＇s more, regarding to the sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK kinases, they are characterized with distinct motifs and their subcellular localization is not necessarily the same, which suggests they may be divergent in functions. Due to less conserved sequences, complex subcellular localization, and more family members, sorghum CIPK genes may play more flexible and multiple biological functions. According to the phylogenetic analysis of SnRK genes and SnRK functional studies in other plants, it is speculated that sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK genes may play important roles in stress response, growth and development.展开更多
Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like ...Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like MITE insertion in the 3′-UTR of a 16.9 k Da small heat shock protein gene(TaH SP16.9-3A) on chromosome 3A of common wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes, s HSP-W(wild type without MITE insertion) and s HSP-M(mutant with MITE insertion), present in wheat germplasm. Both semiquantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed increased transcription levels of TaH SP16.9-3A in s HSP-M compared with those of s HSP-W after heat treatment at 42 °C. It appeared that the MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR enhances the transcription of TaH SP16.9-3A.展开更多
Rice（Oryza sativa L.）, a tropical and subtropical crop, is susceptible to low temperature stress during seedling, booting, and flowering stages, which leads to lower grain quality levels and decreasing rice yields. ...Rice（Oryza sativa L.）, a tropical and subtropical crop, is susceptible to low temperature stress during seedling, booting, and flowering stages, which leads to lower grain quality levels and decreasing rice yields. Cold tolerance is affected by multiple genetic factors in rice, and the complex genetic mechanisms associated with chilling stress tolerance remain unclear. Here, we detected seven quantitative trait loci（QTLs） for cold tolerance at booting stage and identified one cold tolerant line, SIL157, in an introgression line population derived from a cross between the indica variety Guichao 2, as the recipient, and Dongxiang common wild rice, as the donor. When compared with Guichao 2, SIL157 showed a stronger cold tolerance during different growth stages. Through an integrated strategy that combined QTL-mapping with expression profile analysis, six candidate genes, which were up-regulated under chilling stress at the seedling and booting developmental stages, were studied. The results may help in understanding cold tolerance mechanisms and in using beneficial alleles from wild rice to improve the cold tolerance of rice cultivars through molecular marker-assisted selection.展开更多
Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most devastating wheat diseases. Wild emmer wheat（Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides） is a promising source of disease resistance for wheat. ...Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most devastating wheat diseases. Wild emmer wheat（Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides） is a promising source of disease resistance for wheat. A powdery mildew resistance gene conferring resistance to B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate E09, originating from wild emmer wheat, has been transferred into the hexaploid wheat line WE4 through crossing and backcrossing. Genetic analyses indicated that the powdery mildew resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated Ml WE4. By mean of comparative genomics and bulked segregant analysis, a genetic linkage map of Ml WE4 was constructed, and Ml WE4 was mapped on the distal region of chromosome arm 5BL. Comparative genetic linkage maps showed that genes Ml WE4, Pm36 and Ml3D232 were co-segregated with markers XBD37670 and XBD37680, indicating they are likely the same gene or alleles in the same locus. The co-segregated markers provide a starting point for chromosome landing and map-based cloning of Ml WE4, Pm36 and Ml3D232.展开更多
Grain size is one of the most important agronomic traits controlling grain yield. Development of novel germplasm with large grains would be beneficial for crop improvement. We report the genetic identification and fun...Grain size is one of the most important agronomic traits controlling grain yield. Development of novel germplasm with large grains would be beneficial for crop improvement. We report the genetic identification and functional analysis of the LONG GRAIN 6(LOG6) gene, which is identical to MITOGENACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6(OsMAPK6), affecting grain length of rice. Map-based cloning revealed that the long-grain phenotype of log6-D results from a glutamine(E) to lysine(K) mutation in the conserved TEY motif of OsMAPK6. In near-isogenic lines(NILs), the log6-D allele increased grain length and grain yield of Guichao 2(GC2), Teqing(TQ), and 93–11. Sequence analysis revealed 10 OsMAPK6 haplotypes,with xian(indica) and geng(japonica) harboring different haplotypes. Our findings shed light on the function of MAPKs and offer a novel dominant allele for improving the grain yield of rice.展开更多
Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological featu...Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological features, and their chemical composition of young barley seedlings under in vitro condition. Addition of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium was used.Obtained results showed that the effect on the morphological features depended on the nAg concentration. The addition of 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium limited the number of infected barley embryos in vitro, whereas 4 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg resulted in the highest seedlings with the longest roots. nAg in the medium affected the colour of leaves and increased the contents of chlorophyll and β-carotene, in particular in seedlings growing in MS medium supplied with 6 mg dm^–3 nAg.The addition of 8 mg dm^–3 had the greatest effect on the contents of vitamin C and E in young barley seedlings. It was found that the contents of K and Ca in the young barley leaves were lower, as compared to control plants. The presence of 6 mg dm^–3 nAg in the medium resulted in an increased contents of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and P. Hence, a diversified effect of nAg on individual groups of polyphenolic compounds was noticed. The presence of 2 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg caused higher content values of polyphenolic compounds in young barley leaves.展开更多
Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that limits the growth and productivity of many crops.A possible survival strategy for plant under saline conditions is to use compounds that could minimize the harmful effects ...Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that limits the growth and productivity of many crops.A possible survival strategy for plant under saline conditions is to use compounds that could minimize the harmful effects of salt stress on the plant development.The objective of the presented study was to investigate the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid(ASA)with or without gibberellic acid(GA3)on key growth and biochemical parameters in two petunia cultivars‘Prism Rose’and‘Prism White’under saline(150 mM NaCl)and non-saline in vitro condition.Nodal cutting with an axillary buds were used as explants.Application of 1 mM ascorbic acid with or without 0.05 mM gibberellic acid into the MS medium stimulated the length of shoots and the number of new shoots of‘Prism Rose’;whereas,it decreased the root length and the number of roots of both‘Prism Rose’and‘Prism White’under non-saline condition.The addition of ascorbic acid with or without gibberellic acid into the MS medium under saline condition,increased the length of plants and the number of new shoots,but did not affect their root number and length.NaCl treatments increased the proline content and lipid peroxidation which was indicated by the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA).The study revealed a correlation between chlorophylls a and b content and the leaf pigmentation intensity–parameter a*.Addition of 1 mM ascorbic acid with 0.05 mM gibberellic acid into the MS medium plays a protective role in salinity tolerance by improving the shoot growth and the development as well as increasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and other antioxidant substances.展开更多
Ear-related traits are often selection targets for maize improvement. This study used an immortalized F(IF) population to elucidate the genetic basis of ear-related traits. Twelve ear-related traits(namely, row number...Ear-related traits are often selection targets for maize improvement. This study used an immortalized F(IF) population to elucidate the genetic basis of ear-related traits. Twelve ear-related traits(namely, row number(RN), kernel number per row(KNPR), ear length(EL), ear diameter(ED), ten-kernel thickness(TKT), ear weight(EW), cob diameter(CD),kernel length(KL), kernel width(KW), grain weight per ear(GW), 100-kernel weight(HKW), and grain yield per plot(GY)),were collected from the IFpopulation. The ear-related traits were comprised of 265 crosses derived from 516 individuals of the recombinant inbred lines(RILs) under two separated environments in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) analyses identified 165 ear traits related QTLs, which explained phenotypic variation ranging from 0.1 to 12.66%. Among the 165 QTLs, 19 underlying nine ear-related traits(CD, ED, GY, RN, TKT, HKW, KL, GW, and KNPR)were identified across multiple environments and recognized as reliable QTLs. Furthermore, 44.85% of the total QTLs showed an overdominance effect, and 12.72% showed a dominance effect. Additionally, we found 35 genomic regions exhibiting pleiotropic effects across the whole maize genome, and 17 heterotic loci(HLs) for RN, EL, ED and EW were identified. The results provide insights into genetic components of ear-related traits and enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis in maize.展开更多
Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the fav...Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the favourable traits of wheat, durum wheat and rye were successfully combined in the genome of the new cultivar. The first aim was to characterize the genome composition. Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH) was used for the genome compositional analysis. According to the results, the cultivar contains the wheat AB genome (AABB = 28 chromosomes) and the whole rye (R) genome (RR = 14 chromosomes). The presence of D genome, however, could not be detected within the detection limit of the GISH method. Hungaro is the very first triticale in Hungary that has been used for human consumption (milling industry, baking industry, pasta production). In this study, amino acid content of flours was measured. Amino acid investigations on Hungaro durum rye’s flour showed that the quantity of essential amino acids, especially of methionine and cysteine, are higher in Hungaro durum rye than in the also investigated Ryefood rye cultivar and the GK ?thalom wheat cultivar. The genes inherited from the wheat species ensure high yield and great baking and dough making qualities. Therefore, its flour is suitable in itself for pastry and dough production (without mixing it with other flours). Its characteristics inherited from rye guarantee excellent abiotic and biotic resistance.展开更多
The Al tolerance of newly developed wheat/barley disomic addition, substitution and translocation lines carry chromosomes of three different barley cultivars was evaluated by comparing the root growth in solution cont...The Al tolerance of newly developed wheat/barley disomic addition, substitution and translocation lines carry chromosomes of three different barley cultivars was evaluated by comparing the root growth in solution containing 75 μM AlCl3 at pH 4.0 to that of known Al-tolerant and sensitive wheat genotypes. The wheat Asakaze komugi, barley Manas cultivars and their hybrid derivatives were found to have high levels of Al tolerance. The wheat line Mv9kr1, barley cultivar Igri and progenies of the hybrids were sensitive to Al. In most cases, the Al tolerance of the wheat/barley introgression lines derived from Al-sensitive wheat Mv9kr1 and barley Betzes with moderate Al tolerance was similar to that of the wheat parents, but the 2DS.2DL-1HS translocation line of Mv9kr1/Betzes exhibited more intensive root growth, while accumulating less Al than the parental lines. This indicates that either the lack of the distal part of chromosome 2DL or the presence of the distal part of 1HS improved the Al tolerance level.展开更多
Since several Asian pear species are considered to be potential source of fire blight resistance, we crossed “Doyenné du Comice”, the susceptible European cultivar, with four Asian pear species. The aim of the ...Since several Asian pear species are considered to be potential source of fire blight resistance, we crossed “Doyenné du Comice”, the susceptible European cultivar, with four Asian pear species. The aim of the study was to establish the level of resistance of each genotype and the mode of transmission of fire blight resistance to each F1 full-sib progeny. The best sources of resistance were P. ussuriensis 18 and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 ranked to resistant and highly resistant, respectively. Although pear resistance to fire blight is suggested to be polygenic, distribution of phenotypes in “Doyenné du Comice” × P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 hybrid family suggests the possibility of monogenic inheritance with the dominance of resistance derived from P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8. Polygenic inheritance of pear resistance to fire blight was identified in cross combinations of “Doyenné du Comice” with P. pyrifolia 6, and contributed by the major gene, with P. ussuriensis 18 and P. calleryana 12. Transgressive segregation was observed within the progenies of susceptible, moderately susceptible and resistant parents.展开更多
Stability among 50 accessions of West African okra （Abelmoschus caillei） was assessed under three diverse ecological environments at Abeokuta, Ibadan and Mokwa in Nigeria during 2005 and 2006 cropping season. The ac...Stability among 50 accessions of West African okra （Abelmoschus caillei） was assessed under three diverse ecological environments at Abeokuta, Ibadan and Mokwa in Nigeria during 2005 and 2006 cropping season. The accessions were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications; data were collected on 5-10 randomly selected plants from each plot. Only 20 accessions were subjected to stability analysis on the basis of yield across the three environments. The joint regression analysis, deviation means square were computed using Eberhart and Russell method and complemented with Francis and Kannenberg method. The regression coefficients of accessions mean yields on the environmental index resulted in regression coefficients ranging in values from 0.5549 to 1.6667. OAA/96/175-5328, NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060 were among the superior genotypes with high yield performance. The large variation in regression values indicated large differences in genotype response to different environments. It suggests that stability concept of Ebelhart and Russell could be modified to use any yield components that has strong correlation with yield for stability analysis. The two promising accessions ofA. caillei （NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060） needed to be further tested on farmers＇ field to obtain on-farm data, alter which it should be recommended for official registration and released by the National Committee on Naming, Registration and Release of Crop varieties in Nigeria.展开更多
Cereal cyst nematode（Heterodera avenae, CCN） distributes worldwide and has caused severe damage to cereal crops, and a model host will greatly aid in the study of this nematode. In this research, we assessed the sen...Cereal cyst nematode（Heterodera avenae, CCN） distributes worldwide and has caused severe damage to cereal crops, and a model host will greatly aid in the study of this nematode. In this research, we assessed the sensitivity of 25 inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon to H. avenae from Beijing, China. All lines of B. distachyon were infested by secondstage juveniles（J2s） of H. avenae from Daxing District of Beijing population, but only 13 inbred lines reproduced 0.2–3 cysts/plant, showing resistance. The entire root system of the infested B. distachyon appeared smaller and the fibrous roots were shorter and less numerous. We found that a dose of 1 000 J2s of H. avenae was sufficient for nematode infestation. We showed that Koz-1 of B. distachyon could reproduce more cysts than TR2A line. Line Koz-1 also supported the complete life cycles of 5 CCN geographical populations belonging to the Ha1 or Ha3 pathotype group. Our results suggest that B. distachyon is a host for CCN.展开更多
CRISPR-Cas tools for mammalian genome editing typically rely on single Cas9 or Cas12a proteins.While type I CRISPR systems in Class I may offer greater specificity and versatility,they are not well-developed for genom...CRISPR-Cas tools for mammalian genome editing typically rely on single Cas9 or Cas12a proteins.While type I CRISPR systems in Class I may offer greater specificity and versatility,they are not well-developed for genome editing.Here,we present an alternative type I-C CRISPR system from Desulfovibrio vulgaris(Dvu)for efficient and precise genome editing in mammalian cells and animals.We optimized the Dvu type I-C editing complex to generate precise deletions at multiple loci in various cell lines and pig primary fibroblast cells using a paired PAM-in crRNA strategy.These edited pig cells can serve as donors for generating transgenic cloned piglets.The Dvu type I-C editor also enabled precise large fragment replacements with homology-directed repair.Additionally,we adapted the Dvu-Cascade effector for cytosine and adenine base editing,developing Dvu-CBE and Dvu-ABE systems.These systems efficiently induced C-to-T and A-to-G substitutions in human genes without double-strand breaks.Off-target analysis confirmed the high specificity of the Dvu type I-C editor.Our findings demonstrate the Dvu type I-C editor′s potential for diverse mammalian genome editing applications,including deletions,fragment replacement,and base editing,with high efficiency and specificity for biomedicine and agriculture.展开更多
As the global human population continues to grow and is predicted to reach 10 billion by 2050,the demand for food volume and quality raises a tremendous challenge(OECD/FAO,2017).The worldwide arable land area is decre...As the global human population continues to grow and is predicted to reach 10 billion by 2050,the demand for food volume and quality raises a tremendous challenge(OECD/FAO,2017).The worldwide arable land area is decreasing,posing a major threat to crop production.To address these problems,we need to improve the endurance of major crops.展开更多
This research aimed to improve selection of pepper seeds for separating high-quality seeds from low-quality seeds. Past research has shown that seed vigor is significantly related to the seed color and size, thus seve...This research aimed to improve selection of pepper seeds for separating high-quality seeds from low-quality seeds. Past research has shown that seed vigor is significantly related to the seed color and size, thus several physical features were identified as candidate predictors of high seed quality. Image recognition software was used to automate recognition of seed feature quality using 400 kernels of pepper cultivar 101. In addition, binary logistic regression and a neural network were applied to determine models with high predictive value of seed germination. Single-kernel germination tests were conducted to validate the predictive value of the identified features. The best predictors of seed vigor were determined by the highest correlation observed between the physical features and the subsequent fresh weight of seedlings that germinated from the 400 seeds. Correlation analysis showed that fresh weight was significantly positively correlated with eight physical features： three color features （R, a＊, brightness）, width, length, projected area, and single-kernel density, and weight. In contrast, fresh weight significantly negatively correlated with the feature of hue. In analyses of two of the highest correlating single features,＇ germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 71.8% when a＊〉3, and selection rate peaked at 57.8%. Germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 79.4%, and the selection rate reached 76.8%, when single-kernel weight 〉0.0064 g. The most effective model was based on a multilayer perceptron （MLP） neural network, consisting of 15 physical traits as variables, and a stability calculated as 99.4%. Germination percentage in a calibration set of seeds was 79.1% and the selection rate was 90.0%. These results indicated that the model was effective in predicting seed germination based on physical features and could be used as a guide for quality control in seed selection. Automated systems based on machine vision and model classifiers can contribute to reducing the costs and labor required in the selection of pepper seeds.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200800)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-05)+1 种基金Beijing Nova Program(2023067)Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(202305AF150026).
文摘Doubled haploid(DH)technology is an important tool in crop breeding because it can significantly accelerate the breeding process.ZmPLA1/MATL/NLD and ZmDMP are two key genes controlling haploid induction(HI)in maize,exhibiting a synergistic effect.However,it is unknown whether knock out of ZmDMP orthologs can stimulate HI in rice.In this study,a ZmPLA1 ortholog(OsPLA1)and two ZmDMP orthologs(OsDMP3 and OsDMP6)were identified in rice.All three genes encode plasma membrane-localized proteins and were highly expressed in mature anthers.Knockout of OsPLA1 in both Minghui 63 and Nipponbare resulted in reduced seed setting rate(SSR)and caused HI.The osdmp3,osdmp6 and the double mutant failed to trigger HI independently,nor increased the haploid induction rate(HIR)when combined with ospla1.Repeated pollinations operations of QX654A with the ospla1 mutant significantly improve SSR,while reducing HIR.RNA-seq profiling of mature ospla1 mutant anthers indicated that a large number of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were enriched in redox homeostasis and lipid metabolic GO terms,plant hormone signal transduction,and MAPK signaling pathways.These findings provide important insights towards construction of an efficient DH breeding technology and study of the molecular mechanism of HI in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925029,31471457)the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2021YFD120010105)Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding(2020B1212060047)。
文摘Panicle architecture is an agronomic determinant of crop yield and a target for cereal crop improvement.To investigate its molecular mechanisms in rice,we performed map-based cloning and characterization of OPEN PANICLE 1(OP1),a gain-of-function allele of LIGULELESS 1(LG1),controlling the spread-panicle phenotype.This allele results from a 48-bp deletion in the LG1 upstream region and promotes pulvinus development at the base of the primary branch.Increased OP1 expression and altered panicle phenotype in chimeric transgenic plants and upstream-region knockout mutants indicated that the deletion regulates spread-panicle architecture in the mutant spread panicle 1(sp1).Knocking out BRASSINOSTEROID UPREGULATED1(BU1)gene in the background of OP1 complementary plants resulted in compact panicles,suggesting OP1 may regulate inflorescence architecture via the brassinosteroid signaling pathway.We regard that manipulating the upstream regulatory region of OP1 or genes involved in BR signal pathway could be an efficient way to improve rice inflorescence architecture.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFF1000500)National Natural Science Foundation of China (32025004, 32161133014, and31921001)Beijing Outstanding University Discipline Program。
文摘Potassium(K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development and influences yield and quality of agricultural crops.Maize(Zea mays) is one of the most widely distributed crops worldwide.In China,although maize consumes a large amount of K fertilizer,the K uptake/utilization efficiency(KUE)of maize cultivars is relatively low.Elucidation of KUE mechanisms and development of maize cultivars with higher KUE are needed.Maize KUE is determined by K+uptake,transport,and remobilization,which depend on a variety of K+channels and transporters.We review basic information about K+channels and transporters in maize,their functions and regulation,and the roles of K+in nitrogen transport,sugar transport,and salt tolerance.We discuss challenges and prospects for maize KUE improvement.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program Project of China(2022YFD1201803)Research on Resistance Genetics of Maize Root Rot Disease,State Key Laboratory of Agronomy College,Henan Agricultural University,China(39990073/111)。
文摘Maize seedling blight caused by Fusarium verticillioides is a widely occurring maize disease,but the genetics and mechanisms of resistance are not well understood.In this study,GWAS performed by MLM and 3VmrMLM identified 40 and 20 QTNs,associated with seedling blight resistance.These methods identified 49 and 36 genes,respectively.Functional verification of candidate gene ZmSBR1 identified by both methods showed that the resistance of a mutant line to seedling blight decreased by 0.37 grade points after inoculation with F.verticillioides,compared with the WT.The length of the stem rot lesion caused by F.verticillioides increased by 86%in mutant seedlings,and the relative length of the adult plant stalk rot increased by 35%in mutant plants compared to the wild type after inoculation with Fusarium graminearum.Transcriptome analysis showed that expression of defense-related genes after inoculation was down-regulated in the mutant compared to the wild type,synthesis of secondary metabolites associated with resistance was reduced,and the immune response triggered by PAMP decreased,resulting in decreased resistance of mutant maize seedlings.Candidate gene association analysis showed that most maize inbred lines carried the susceptible haplotype.A functional PCR marker was developed.The results demonstrated that ZmSBR1 conferred resistance to multiple Fusarium diseases at the seedling and adult growth stages and had important application value in breeding.
基金supported by the National 973 Program of China (2007CB109000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871577)
文摘Through bioinformatic data mining, 10 SnRK2 and 31 CIPK genes were identified from sorghum genome. They are unevenly distributed in the sorghum chromosomes. Most SnRK2 genes have 8 introns, while the CIPK genes have a few （no intron or less than 3 introns） or more than I0 introns. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SnRK2 genes belong to one cluster and CIPK genes form the other independent cluster. The sorghum SnRK2s are subgrouped into three parts, and CIPK into five parts. More than half SnRK2 and CIPK genes present in homologous pairs, suggesting gene duplication may be due to the amplification of SnRK family genes. The kinase domains of SnRK2 family are highly conserved with 88.40% identity, but those of the CIPK family are less conserved with 63.72% identity. And the identity of sorghum CBLinteracting NAF domains of CIPKs is 61.66%. What＇s more, regarding to the sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK kinases, they are characterized with distinct motifs and their subcellular localization is not necessarily the same, which suggests they may be divergent in functions. Due to less conserved sequences, complex subcellular localization, and more family members, sorghum CIPK genes may play more flexible and multiple biological functions. According to the phylogenetic analysis of SnRK genes and SnRK functional studies in other plants, it is speculated that sorghum SnRK2 and CIPK genes may play important roles in stress response, growth and development.
基金supported by the China Agricultural University Graduate Research and Innovation Project (kycx09019)
文摘Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements(MITEs) are a type of DNA transposon frequently inserted into promoters, untranslated regions(UTR), introns, or coding sequences of genes. We found a 276-bp tourist-like MITE insertion in the 3′-UTR of a 16.9 k Da small heat shock protein gene(TaH SP16.9-3A) on chromosome 3A of common wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes, s HSP-W(wild type without MITE insertion) and s HSP-M(mutant with MITE insertion), present in wheat germplasm. Both semiquantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed increased transcription levels of TaH SP16.9-3A in s HSP-M compared with those of s HSP-W after heat treatment at 42 °C. It appeared that the MITE insertion into the 3′-UTR enhances the transcription of TaH SP16.9-3A.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371585 and 30971755)the Beijing Youth Talent,China(31056102)
文摘Rice（Oryza sativa L.）, a tropical and subtropical crop, is susceptible to low temperature stress during seedling, booting, and flowering stages, which leads to lower grain quality levels and decreasing rice yields. Cold tolerance is affected by multiple genetic factors in rice, and the complex genetic mechanisms associated with chilling stress tolerance remain unclear. Here, we detected seven quantitative trait loci（QTLs） for cold tolerance at booting stage and identified one cold tolerant line, SIL157, in an introgression line population derived from a cross between the indica variety Guichao 2, as the recipient, and Dongxiang common wild rice, as the donor. When compared with Guichao 2, SIL157 showed a stronger cold tolerance during different growth stages. Through an integrated strategy that combined QTL-mapping with expression profile analysis, six candidate genes, which were up-regulated under chilling stress at the seedling and booting developmental stages, were studied. The results may help in understanding cold tolerance mechanisms and in using beneficial alleles from wild rice to improve the cold tolerance of rice cultivars through molecular marker-assisted selection.
基金financially supported by the National HighTech R&D Program of China (2011AA100104)the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127705)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31030056, 31210103902)the Introducing Talents of Disciplines to Universities,Ministry of Education (MOE) of China (111-02-3)
文摘Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most devastating wheat diseases. Wild emmer wheat（Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides） is a promising source of disease resistance for wheat. A powdery mildew resistance gene conferring resistance to B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate E09, originating from wild emmer wheat, has been transferred into the hexaploid wheat line WE4 through crossing and backcrossing. Genetic analyses indicated that the powdery mildew resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated Ml WE4. By mean of comparative genomics and bulked segregant analysis, a genetic linkage map of Ml WE4 was constructed, and Ml WE4 was mapped on the distal region of chromosome arm 5BL. Comparative genetic linkage maps showed that genes Ml WE4, Pm36 and Ml3D232 were co-segregated with markers XBD37670 and XBD37680, indicating they are likely the same gene or alleles in the same locus. The co-segregated markers provide a starting point for chromosome landing and map-based cloning of Ml WE4, Pm36 and Ml3D232.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91935302, 31971870)。
文摘Grain size is one of the most important agronomic traits controlling grain yield. Development of novel germplasm with large grains would be beneficial for crop improvement. We report the genetic identification and functional analysis of the LONG GRAIN 6(LOG6) gene, which is identical to MITOGENACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 6(OsMAPK6), affecting grain length of rice. Map-based cloning revealed that the long-grain phenotype of log6-D results from a glutamine(E) to lysine(K) mutation in the conserved TEY motif of OsMAPK6. In near-isogenic lines(NILs), the log6-D allele increased grain length and grain yield of Guichao 2(GC2), Teqing(TQ), and 93–11. Sequence analysis revealed 10 OsMAPK6 haplotypes,with xian(indica) and geng(japonica) harboring different haplotypes. Our findings shed light on the function of MAPKs and offer a novel dominant allele for improving the grain yield of rice.
基金supported by the grant of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland (518-07-0143171-03/18)
文摘Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological features, and their chemical composition of young barley seedlings under in vitro condition. Addition of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium was used.Obtained results showed that the effect on the morphological features depended on the nAg concentration. The addition of 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium limited the number of infected barley embryos in vitro, whereas 4 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg resulted in the highest seedlings with the longest roots. nAg in the medium affected the colour of leaves and increased the contents of chlorophyll and β-carotene, in particular in seedlings growing in MS medium supplied with 6 mg dm^–3 nAg.The addition of 8 mg dm^–3 had the greatest effect on the contents of vitamin C and E in young barley seedlings. It was found that the contents of K and Ca in the young barley leaves were lower, as compared to control plants. The presence of 6 mg dm^–3 nAg in the medium resulted in an increased contents of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and P. Hence, a diversified effect of nAg on individual groups of polyphenolic compounds was noticed. The presence of 2 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg caused higher content values of polyphenolic compounds in young barley leaves.
文摘Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that limits the growth and productivity of many crops.A possible survival strategy for plant under saline conditions is to use compounds that could minimize the harmful effects of salt stress on the plant development.The objective of the presented study was to investigate the effect of exogenous ascorbic acid(ASA)with or without gibberellic acid(GA3)on key growth and biochemical parameters in two petunia cultivars‘Prism Rose’and‘Prism White’under saline(150 mM NaCl)and non-saline in vitro condition.Nodal cutting with an axillary buds were used as explants.Application of 1 mM ascorbic acid with or without 0.05 mM gibberellic acid into the MS medium stimulated the length of shoots and the number of new shoots of‘Prism Rose’;whereas,it decreased the root length and the number of roots of both‘Prism Rose’and‘Prism White’under non-saline condition.The addition of ascorbic acid with or without gibberellic acid into the MS medium under saline condition,increased the length of plants and the number of new shoots,but did not affect their root number and length.NaCl treatments increased the proline content and lipid peroxidation which was indicated by the accumulation of malondialdehyde(MDA).The study revealed a correlation between chlorophylls a and b content and the leaf pigmentation intensity–parameter a*.Addition of 1 mM ascorbic acid with 0.05 mM gibberellic acid into the MS medium plays a protective role in salinity tolerance by improving the shoot growth and the development as well as increasing the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and other antioxidant substances.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0100802 and 2016YFD0101803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31421005 and 91935303)。
文摘Ear-related traits are often selection targets for maize improvement. This study used an immortalized F(IF) population to elucidate the genetic basis of ear-related traits. Twelve ear-related traits(namely, row number(RN), kernel number per row(KNPR), ear length(EL), ear diameter(ED), ten-kernel thickness(TKT), ear weight(EW), cob diameter(CD),kernel length(KL), kernel width(KW), grain weight per ear(GW), 100-kernel weight(HKW), and grain yield per plot(GY)),were collected from the IFpopulation. The ear-related traits were comprised of 265 crosses derived from 516 individuals of the recombinant inbred lines(RILs) under two separated environments in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) analyses identified 165 ear traits related QTLs, which explained phenotypic variation ranging from 0.1 to 12.66%. Among the 165 QTLs, 19 underlying nine ear-related traits(CD, ED, GY, RN, TKT, HKW, KL, GW, and KNPR)were identified across multiple environments and recognized as reliable QTLs. Furthermore, 44.85% of the total QTLs showed an overdominance effect, and 12.72% showed a dominance effect. Additionally, we found 35 genomic regions exhibiting pleiotropic effects across the whole maize genome, and 17 heterotic loci(HLs) for RN, EL, ED and EW were identified. The results provide insights into genetic components of ear-related traits and enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis in maize.
文摘Hungaro triticale cultivar was bred for human consumption and animal fodder in Kisvárda, Hungary. The breeding method applied for the recombinant secondary hexaploid triticale proved to be effective since the favourable traits of wheat, durum wheat and rye were successfully combined in the genome of the new cultivar. The first aim was to characterize the genome composition. Multicolour genomic in situ hybridization (mcGISH) was used for the genome compositional analysis. According to the results, the cultivar contains the wheat AB genome (AABB = 28 chromosomes) and the whole rye (R) genome (RR = 14 chromosomes). The presence of D genome, however, could not be detected within the detection limit of the GISH method. Hungaro is the very first triticale in Hungary that has been used for human consumption (milling industry, baking industry, pasta production). In this study, amino acid content of flours was measured. Amino acid investigations on Hungaro durum rye’s flour showed that the quantity of essential amino acids, especially of methionine and cysteine, are higher in Hungaro durum rye than in the also investigated Ryefood rye cultivar and the GK ?thalom wheat cultivar. The genes inherited from the wheat species ensure high yield and great baking and dough making qualities. Therefore, its flour is suitable in itself for pastry and dough production (without mixing it with other flours). Its characteristics inherited from rye guarantee excellent abiotic and biotic resistance.
文摘The Al tolerance of newly developed wheat/barley disomic addition, substitution and translocation lines carry chromosomes of three different barley cultivars was evaluated by comparing the root growth in solution containing 75 μM AlCl3 at pH 4.0 to that of known Al-tolerant and sensitive wheat genotypes. The wheat Asakaze komugi, barley Manas cultivars and their hybrid derivatives were found to have high levels of Al tolerance. The wheat line Mv9kr1, barley cultivar Igri and progenies of the hybrids were sensitive to Al. In most cases, the Al tolerance of the wheat/barley introgression lines derived from Al-sensitive wheat Mv9kr1 and barley Betzes with moderate Al tolerance was similar to that of the wheat parents, but the 2DS.2DL-1HS translocation line of Mv9kr1/Betzes exhibited more intensive root growth, while accumulating less Al than the parental lines. This indicates that either the lack of the distal part of chromosome 2DL or the presence of the distal part of 1HS improved the Al tolerance level.
文摘Since several Asian pear species are considered to be potential source of fire blight resistance, we crossed “Doyenné du Comice”, the susceptible European cultivar, with four Asian pear species. The aim of the study was to establish the level of resistance of each genotype and the mode of transmission of fire blight resistance to each F1 full-sib progeny. The best sources of resistance were P. ussuriensis 18 and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 ranked to resistant and highly resistant, respectively. Although pear resistance to fire blight is suggested to be polygenic, distribution of phenotypes in “Doyenné du Comice” × P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 hybrid family suggests the possibility of monogenic inheritance with the dominance of resistance derived from P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8. Polygenic inheritance of pear resistance to fire blight was identified in cross combinations of “Doyenné du Comice” with P. pyrifolia 6, and contributed by the major gene, with P. ussuriensis 18 and P. calleryana 12. Transgressive segregation was observed within the progenies of susceptible, moderately susceptible and resistant parents.
文摘Stability among 50 accessions of West African okra （Abelmoschus caillei） was assessed under three diverse ecological environments at Abeokuta, Ibadan and Mokwa in Nigeria during 2005 and 2006 cropping season. The accessions were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications; data were collected on 5-10 randomly selected plants from each plot. Only 20 accessions were subjected to stability analysis on the basis of yield across the three environments. The joint regression analysis, deviation means square were computed using Eberhart and Russell method and complemented with Francis and Kannenberg method. The regression coefficients of accessions mean yields on the environmental index resulted in regression coefficients ranging in values from 0.5549 to 1.6667. OAA/96/175-5328, NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060 were among the superior genotypes with high yield performance. The large variation in regression values indicated large differences in genotype response to different environments. It suggests that stability concept of Ebelhart and Russell could be modified to use any yield components that has strong correlation with yield for stability analysis. The two promising accessions ofA. caillei （NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060） needed to be further tested on farmers＇ field to obtain on-farm data, alter which it should be recommended for official registration and released by the National Committee on Naming, Registration and Release of Crop varieties in Nigeria.
基金funded by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127501)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest in China (201503114 and 200903040)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (SQ2017ZY060063-01)
文摘Cereal cyst nematode（Heterodera avenae, CCN） distributes worldwide and has caused severe damage to cereal crops, and a model host will greatly aid in the study of this nematode. In this research, we assessed the sensitivity of 25 inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon to H. avenae from Beijing, China. All lines of B. distachyon were infested by secondstage juveniles（J2s） of H. avenae from Daxing District of Beijing population, but only 13 inbred lines reproduced 0.2–3 cysts/plant, showing resistance. The entire root system of the infested B. distachyon appeared smaller and the fibrous roots were shorter and less numerous. We found that a dose of 1 000 J2s of H. avenae was sufficient for nematode infestation. We showed that Koz-1 of B. distachyon could reproduce more cysts than TR2A line. Line Koz-1 also supported the complete life cycles of 5 CCN geographical populations belonging to the Ha1 or Ha3 pathotype group. Our results suggest that B. distachyon is a host for CCN.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0805900,2023YFF1000200,2023YFF1000900,and 2023YFC3402004)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M703521).
文摘CRISPR-Cas tools for mammalian genome editing typically rely on single Cas9 or Cas12a proteins.While type I CRISPR systems in Class I may offer greater specificity and versatility,they are not well-developed for genome editing.Here,we present an alternative type I-C CRISPR system from Desulfovibrio vulgaris(Dvu)for efficient and precise genome editing in mammalian cells and animals.We optimized the Dvu type I-C editing complex to generate precise deletions at multiple loci in various cell lines and pig primary fibroblast cells using a paired PAM-in crRNA strategy.These edited pig cells can serve as donors for generating transgenic cloned piglets.The Dvu type I-C editor also enabled precise large fragment replacements with homology-directed repair.Additionally,we adapted the Dvu-Cascade effector for cytosine and adenine base editing,developing Dvu-CBE and Dvu-ABE systems.These systems efficiently induced C-to-T and A-to-G substitutions in human genes without double-strand breaks.Off-target analysis confirmed the high specificity of the Dvu type I-C editor.Our findings demonstrate the Dvu type I-C editor′s potential for diverse mammalian genome editing applications,including deletions,fragment replacement,and base editing,with high efficiency and specificity for biomedicine and agriculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271541)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1200701)+1 种基金Key Project of Maize Germplasm Improvement(2022010202,B21HJ0509)supported by Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2023A01004)。
文摘As the global human population continues to grow and is predicted to reach 10 billion by 2050,the demand for food volume and quality raises a tremendous challenge(OECD/FAO,2017).The worldwide arable land area is decreasing,posing a major threat to crop production.To address these problems,we need to improve the endurance of major crops.
基金supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project,China (Z151100001015004)
文摘This research aimed to improve selection of pepper seeds for separating high-quality seeds from low-quality seeds. Past research has shown that seed vigor is significantly related to the seed color and size, thus several physical features were identified as candidate predictors of high seed quality. Image recognition software was used to automate recognition of seed feature quality using 400 kernels of pepper cultivar 101. In addition, binary logistic regression and a neural network were applied to determine models with high predictive value of seed germination. Single-kernel germination tests were conducted to validate the predictive value of the identified features. The best predictors of seed vigor were determined by the highest correlation observed between the physical features and the subsequent fresh weight of seedlings that germinated from the 400 seeds. Correlation analysis showed that fresh weight was significantly positively correlated with eight physical features： three color features （R, a＊, brightness）, width, length, projected area, and single-kernel density, and weight. In contrast, fresh weight significantly negatively correlated with the feature of hue. In analyses of two of the highest correlating single features,＇ germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 71.8% when a＊〉3, and selection rate peaked at 57.8%. Germination percentage increased from 59.3 to 79.4%, and the selection rate reached 76.8%, when single-kernel weight 〉0.0064 g. The most effective model was based on a multilayer perceptron （MLP） neural network, consisting of 15 physical traits as variables, and a stability calculated as 99.4%. Germination percentage in a calibration set of seeds was 79.1% and the selection rate was 90.0%. These results indicated that the model was effective in predicting seed germination based on physical features and could be used as a guide for quality control in seed selection. Automated systems based on machine vision and model classifiers can contribute to reducing the costs and labor required in the selection of pepper seeds.
