Phosphorus(P)is a critical nutrient that plays an essential role in improving soil fertility for optimum plant growth and productivity.It is one of the most deficient macro-nutrients in agricultural soils after nitrog...Phosphorus(P)is a critical nutrient that plays an essential role in improving soil fertility for optimum plant growth and productivity.It is one of the most deficient macro-nutrients in agricultural soils after nitrogen and is considered inadequate for plant growth and production.To P availability in soils,the farmers are applying huge amounts of synthetic P fertilizers that adversely affect the wider environment,groundwater,soil fertility and microbial population.Many beneficial microbes are known to release and supply soluble P for improving growth and yield of a variety of plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils.Thus,inoculation of these microbes,including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB)to soil to enhance crop production without harming the environment,is an alternative approach to chemical fertilizers.The combined role of AMF and PSB in P solubilization is not well understood and the application and mode of action of these microbial groups are often naive due to variation in the environment.Therefore,the current review article would develop a better understanding of the interactive role and mechanisms of AMF and PSB in improving P availability from both organic and inorganic sources in a sustainable crop production system.Finally,the current review would loop out further avenues for researchers interested to commercially produce effective AMF and PSB-based biofertilizers for sustainable management of phosphorus over a wide range of agricultural crops worldwide.展开更多
Objective:Medicinal plants Scutellaria multicaulis and Scutellaria bornmuelleri belong to the Scutellaria genus and Lamiaceae family,and are widely used in traditional Iranian medicine.This study aims to characterize ...Objective:Medicinal plants Scutellaria multicaulis and Scutellaria bornmuelleri belong to the Scutellaria genus and Lamiaceae family,and are widely used in traditional Iranian medicine.This study aims to characterize promising bioactive phytochemicals found in the aerial parts of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri.Methods:Accordingly,volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri leaves and stems,and then analyzed by gas chromatographyemass spectrometry(GC/MS).Results:A total of 88 components,representing 92.4%of the oil(oil yield determined to be 0.53%,v/w),were identified in the essential oils of S.multicaulis.The main group was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons(24%),with a-himachalene(7.2%),a-longipinene(6.8%),and a-copaene(3.2%)as the main components.A total of 89 chemicals,representing 83.2%of the essential oil(oil yield determined to be 0.31%,v/w),were detected in the essential oil of S.bornmuelleri.The main components were steroids,such as 14-b-H-pregna(32.9%),hydrocarbons(22.5%),sesquiterpenes(11.4%),and monoterpenes(4.6%),which were considered minor constituents.The contents of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons present in S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri were 24%and 7.1%,respectively.However,the contribution of oxygenated monoterpenes(4%)and sesquiterpenes(4.3%)in both species was less than 5%.Conclusion:As the first report on the chemical composition of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri,this study showed that the major compounds were steroids and sesquiterpenes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the biochemical capacity,and in vitro inhibitory effects of hairy roots from two cultivars of Ficus carica L.(Sabz and Siah)on Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes.Methods:In the hai...Objective:To investigate the biochemical capacity,and in vitro inhibitory effects of hairy roots from two cultivars of Ficus carica L.(Sabz and Siah)on Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes.Methods:In the hairy roots,the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to normal leaves and roots,and the presence of some phenolic compounds in comparison with fruits were investigated.The IC_(50) values of hairy roots in promastigotes was determined by tetrazolium-dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays.By calculating the infectivity index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),the leishmanicidal activity(IC_(50) values)of hairy roots for amastigotes was estimated.The effects of hairy roots(IC_(50) values)treatment on the levels of IFN-γ and iNOS expression,intracellular reactive oxygen species,and iNOS protein expression in infected-PBMCs were determined.Results:Based on antioxidant enzyme assays and high performance liquid chromatography analysis,hairy roots exhibited high antioxidant capacity and contained high levels of phenolic compounds.According to the results of tetrazolium-dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays,the hairy root extracts of both cultivars showed considerable dose-dependent inhibitory effects against Leishmania major promastigotes.Depending on the concentration and exposure time,treatment of infected-PBMCs with hairy root extracts caused the generation of a significant reactive oxygen species,up-regulation of IFN-γ and iNOS genes expression,and high value of iNOS protein compared to controls.Conclusions:The findings of this study suggest that the hairy roots of Ficus carica can be considered as a promising natural source of antileishmanial agents.展开更多
Knowledge of seed quality and preservation of okra seeds is very limited, and the main purpose of this study was to simulate the condition of seed quality loss during storage and the physiological implications, which ...Knowledge of seed quality and preservation of okra seeds is very limited, and the main purpose of this study was to simulate the condition of seed quality loss during storage and the physiological implications, which has led to seed vigor loss. A factorial experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the mechanism of longevity loss of the three endemic okra ecotypes of Iran(Ahwaz, Isfahan, Mashhad) in response to different accelerated aging durations(24, 48, 96, and 192 h). The accelerated aging condition was incubation of seeds to the temperature of 40 °C with 99% humidity. Germination of okra seeds was improved at 24 and 48 h compared to non-aged seeds, while at 192 h of accelerated aging, seed germination(49%) reduced to 50% of its value in 48 h(96.4%). Our results revealed that Iranian okra ecotypes were able to survive accelerated aging conditions up to 48 h. Antioxidant enzyme activity decreased with the increase in aging durations. Among investigated cultivars, seedling vigor of Mashhad ecotypes was the most sensitive to aging treatments. Our results revealed that the seed reservoir use efficiency value was 66%lower when exposed to 192 h of aging compared to the control. The cultivar Isfahan exhibited the minimum reduction of antioxidant activity,and, interestingly, this ecotype was the most aging tolerant.展开更多
文摘Phosphorus(P)is a critical nutrient that plays an essential role in improving soil fertility for optimum plant growth and productivity.It is one of the most deficient macro-nutrients in agricultural soils after nitrogen and is considered inadequate for plant growth and production.To P availability in soils,the farmers are applying huge amounts of synthetic P fertilizers that adversely affect the wider environment,groundwater,soil fertility and microbial population.Many beneficial microbes are known to release and supply soluble P for improving growth and yield of a variety of plants in a sustainable manner in P deficient soils.Thus,inoculation of these microbes,including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB)to soil to enhance crop production without harming the environment,is an alternative approach to chemical fertilizers.The combined role of AMF and PSB in P solubilization is not well understood and the application and mode of action of these microbial groups are often naive due to variation in the environment.Therefore,the current review article would develop a better understanding of the interactive role and mechanisms of AMF and PSB in improving P availability from both organic and inorganic sources in a sustainable crop production system.Finally,the current review would loop out further avenues for researchers interested to commercially produce effective AMF and PSB-based biofertilizers for sustainable management of phosphorus over a wide range of agricultural crops worldwide.
基金This work was supported by the University of Zanjan and the School of Pharmacy,Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.
文摘Objective:Medicinal plants Scutellaria multicaulis and Scutellaria bornmuelleri belong to the Scutellaria genus and Lamiaceae family,and are widely used in traditional Iranian medicine.This study aims to characterize promising bioactive phytochemicals found in the aerial parts of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri.Methods:Accordingly,volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri leaves and stems,and then analyzed by gas chromatographyemass spectrometry(GC/MS).Results:A total of 88 components,representing 92.4%of the oil(oil yield determined to be 0.53%,v/w),were identified in the essential oils of S.multicaulis.The main group was sesquiterpene hydrocarbons(24%),with a-himachalene(7.2%),a-longipinene(6.8%),and a-copaene(3.2%)as the main components.A total of 89 chemicals,representing 83.2%of the essential oil(oil yield determined to be 0.31%,v/w),were detected in the essential oil of S.bornmuelleri.The main components were steroids,such as 14-b-H-pregna(32.9%),hydrocarbons(22.5%),sesquiterpenes(11.4%),and monoterpenes(4.6%),which were considered minor constituents.The contents of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons present in S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri were 24%and 7.1%,respectively.However,the contribution of oxygenated monoterpenes(4%)and sesquiterpenes(4.3%)in both species was less than 5%.Conclusion:As the first report on the chemical composition of S.multicaulis and S.bornmuelleri,this study showed that the major compounds were steroids and sesquiterpenes.
文摘Objective:To investigate the biochemical capacity,and in vitro inhibitory effects of hairy roots from two cultivars of Ficus carica L.(Sabz and Siah)on Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes.Methods:In the hairy roots,the activity of antioxidant enzymes compared to normal leaves and roots,and the presence of some phenolic compounds in comparison with fruits were investigated.The IC_(50) values of hairy roots in promastigotes was determined by tetrazolium-dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays.By calculating the infectivity index of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs),the leishmanicidal activity(IC_(50) values)of hairy roots for amastigotes was estimated.The effects of hairy roots(IC_(50) values)treatment on the levels of IFN-γ and iNOS expression,intracellular reactive oxygen species,and iNOS protein expression in infected-PBMCs were determined.Results:Based on antioxidant enzyme assays and high performance liquid chromatography analysis,hairy roots exhibited high antioxidant capacity and contained high levels of phenolic compounds.According to the results of tetrazolium-dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and trypan blue assays,the hairy root extracts of both cultivars showed considerable dose-dependent inhibitory effects against Leishmania major promastigotes.Depending on the concentration and exposure time,treatment of infected-PBMCs with hairy root extracts caused the generation of a significant reactive oxygen species,up-regulation of IFN-γ and iNOS genes expression,and high value of iNOS protein compared to controls.Conclusions:The findings of this study suggest that the hairy roots of Ficus carica can be considered as a promising natural source of antileishmanial agents.
基金Iranian Ministry of Science,Research and Technology for financial supports(Grant#42/1/226405)
文摘Knowledge of seed quality and preservation of okra seeds is very limited, and the main purpose of this study was to simulate the condition of seed quality loss during storage and the physiological implications, which has led to seed vigor loss. A factorial experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the mechanism of longevity loss of the three endemic okra ecotypes of Iran(Ahwaz, Isfahan, Mashhad) in response to different accelerated aging durations(24, 48, 96, and 192 h). The accelerated aging condition was incubation of seeds to the temperature of 40 °C with 99% humidity. Germination of okra seeds was improved at 24 and 48 h compared to non-aged seeds, while at 192 h of accelerated aging, seed germination(49%) reduced to 50% of its value in 48 h(96.4%). Our results revealed that Iranian okra ecotypes were able to survive accelerated aging conditions up to 48 h. Antioxidant enzyme activity decreased with the increase in aging durations. Among investigated cultivars, seedling vigor of Mashhad ecotypes was the most sensitive to aging treatments. Our results revealed that the seed reservoir use efficiency value was 66%lower when exposed to 192 h of aging compared to the control. The cultivar Isfahan exhibited the minimum reduction of antioxidant activity,and, interestingly, this ecotype was the most aging tolerant.
