Background:Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the activation of the endocannabinoid system(ECS)by decreasing the availability of arachidonic acid,thus lowering endocannabinoids(e CBs)levels.The ...Background:Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the activation of the endocannabinoid system(ECS)by decreasing the availability of arachidonic acid,thus lowering endocannabinoids(e CBs)levels.The ECS is a modulator of energy metabolism,stress response and inflammation in mammals,yet there is little information on the roles of the ECS in transition dairy cows.During the periparturient period,the adipose tissue and liver are the main metabolic organs that participate in the adaptations of dairy cows to onset of lactation;however,exceeded adipose tissue lipolysis and accumulation of lipids in the liver have adverse effects on cows'physiology.Here we aimed to examine whether omega-3 supplementation during the transition period will modulate ECS activation and affect metabolic and inflammatory indices in postpartum dairy cows,by supplementing twenty-eight transition Holstein dairy cows with either saturated fat(CTL)or encapsulated flaxseed oil(FLX).Components of the ECS,metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured in blood,liver,and subcutaneous adipose tissue.Results:FLX supplementation reduced feed intake by 8.1%(P<0.01)and reduced plasma levels of arachidonic acid(by 44.2%;P=0.02)and anandamide(by 49.7%;P=0.03)postpartum compared to CTL.The m RNA transcription levels of the cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1/CB1)tended to be lower(2.5 folds)in white blood cells of FLX than in CTL(P=0.10),and protein abundance of ECS enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase was higher in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of FLX than in CTL(P=0.04).In adipose tissue,palmitoylethanolamide levels were lower in FLX than in CTL(by 61.5%;P=0.02),relative m RNA transcription of lipogenic genes were higher,and the protein abundance of cannabinoid receptor 2(P=0.08)and monoacylglycerol lipase(P=0.10)tended to be higher in FLX compared to CTL.Hepatic 2-arachidonoylglycerol tended to be higher(by 73.1%;P=0.07),and interlukin-6 m RNA transcription level was 1.5 folds lower in liver of FLX than in CTL(P=0.03).Conclusions:Nutritional supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids seems to partly modulate ECS activation,which could be related to lower feed intake.The altered ECS components in blood,adipose tissue and liver are associated with moderate modulations in lipid metabolism in the adipose and inflammation in liver of peripartum dairy cows.展开更多
Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO...Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO),on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism,inflammation,oxidative stress,and the endocannabinoid system(ECS)in the expelled placenta,as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates.Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat(CTL),FLX,or FO.Placental cotyledons(n=5)were collected immediately after expulsion,and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RTPCR and proteomic analysis.Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.Results FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4),interleukin 10(IL-10),catalase(CAT),cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1),and cannabinoid receptor 2(CNR2)compared with CTL placenta.Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase(FAAH)was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL.Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins;of these,51–59 were differentially abundant between treatments(P≤0.05,|fold change|≥1.5).Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs.CTL and in FO vs.CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes.Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins(FABPs)3 and 7.The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1(CNRIP1)was reduced in FO vs.FLX.In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids.The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1,whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs.CTL placenta.Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs,and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.Conclusion Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta;both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress,however,FO increased some transcriptional ECS components,possibly related to the increased FABPs.Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta.Taken together,different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes,which may affect the neonatal immune system.展开更多
To sustain the nutrient demands of rapid fetal growth,parturition,and milk synthesis,periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue fatty acid stores through lipolysis.This process induces an inflammatory response ...To sustain the nutrient demands of rapid fetal growth,parturition,and milk synthesis,periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue fatty acid stores through lipolysis.This process induces an inflammatory response within AT that is resolved as lactation progresses;however,excessive and protracted lipolysis compounds the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases.The suppression of lipolytic action and inflammation,along with amplification of adipogenesis and lipogenesis,serve as prospective therapeutic targets for improving the health of periparturient dairy cows.Generally,the activation of cannabinoid receptors by endocannabinoids enhances adipogenesis and lipogenesis,suppresses lipolysis,and increases appetite in mammals.These biological effects of activating the endocannabinoid system open the possibility of harnessing the endocannabinoid system through nutritional intervention in dairy herds as a potential tool to improve dairy cows’health,although much is still to be revealed in this context.This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the components of the endocannabinoid system,elaborates on the metabolic effects of its activation,and explores the potential to modulate its activity in periparturient dairy cows.展开更多
The study investigated whether dietary CPE （concentrated pomegranate peel extract） may mitigate the negative effects associated with group mixing prior to marketing and enhance beef meat quality. Twenty-two bull cal...The study investigated whether dietary CPE （concentrated pomegranate peel extract） may mitigate the negative effects associated with group mixing prior to marketing and enhance beef meat quality. Twenty-two bull calves were reared in triplets and divided to control （n = 9） and CPE-treated （n = 13） groups. CPE was supplemented during eight months of rearing, and calves were mixed 34 d prior to marketing to control and treatment groups. Calves were monitored for weight gain, rumination, activity, metabolic and oxidative stress responses, Finally, meat quality traits were examined. The results find that pre-mixing activity （P 〈 0.0001）, non-esterifies fatty acids （P = 0.02） and plasma testosterone （P = 0.005） levels were higher in the treatment group. Following mixing, activity （P 〈 0.0001 ） and plasma anti-oxidative capacity （P = 0.05） increased in the treatment compared to the control group. In spite of the above, dietary supplementation of CPE didn＇t reveal improvement of meat quality parameters by means of meat pH and shelf life It indicated that improved serum anti-oxidant capacity in the CPE calves was not sufficient to prevent the mixing effects on meat quality. A combined CPE concentration and mixing management should be examined in order to reduce mixing related effects on meat quality.展开更多
Wastewater from dairy farms has become a major environmental and economical concern.Sodium residue in treated and untreated wastewater from dairy farms used for irrigation can lead to soil and groundwater salinization...Wastewater from dairy farms has become a major environmental and economical concern.Sodium residue in treated and untreated wastewater from dairy farms used for irrigation can lead to soil and groundwater salinization,with the risk of soil degradation.We examined the effect of reducing sodium fed to mid to late lactating cows from 0.61%(high sodium[HS])to 0.45%(low sodium[LS])of dry matter on dry matter intake(DMI),milk and milk-component yields,eating behavior,apparent total track digestibility,feed efficiency,and sodium excretion into the environment.We randomly assigned 28 multiparous high-yielding(>35 kg milk/d)cows to 1 of 2 treatment groups(LS or HS)in a crossover design,with 7 d of adaptation and 28 d of data collection.Reducing sodium in the diet reduced sodium intake from 171 to 123 g/d while lowering sodium excreted in the manure by 22%.Energy corrected milk(ECM)yield(37.4 kg/d)and sodium excretion in the milk(33.7 g/d)were similar for both groups.The DMI of LS cows was lower than that of HS cows(27.3 vs.28 kg/d)and consequently,feed efficiency of the LS cows was higher(1.40 vs.1.35 ECM/DMI).Eating rate,meal and visit frequency,and eating time were similar for both treatments;meal and visit duration were longer for the HS cows,and meal and visit sizes tended to be larger.Digestibility of DM and amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber remained similar.Based on the results of this study,and discussed considerations,we recommend lowering the dietary sodium content for mid to late lactating cows in commercial herds to 0.52%of DM,in order to reduce sodium excretion to the environment via urine.展开更多
基金Research Grant No.IS-5167–19 from BARDThe United States—Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(Rishon Lezion,Israel)to J.T,G.A.C and M.ZJ.R.D received a postdoc scholarship from the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs。
文摘Background:Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the activation of the endocannabinoid system(ECS)by decreasing the availability of arachidonic acid,thus lowering endocannabinoids(e CBs)levels.The ECS is a modulator of energy metabolism,stress response and inflammation in mammals,yet there is little information on the roles of the ECS in transition dairy cows.During the periparturient period,the adipose tissue and liver are the main metabolic organs that participate in the adaptations of dairy cows to onset of lactation;however,exceeded adipose tissue lipolysis and accumulation of lipids in the liver have adverse effects on cows'physiology.Here we aimed to examine whether omega-3 supplementation during the transition period will modulate ECS activation and affect metabolic and inflammatory indices in postpartum dairy cows,by supplementing twenty-eight transition Holstein dairy cows with either saturated fat(CTL)or encapsulated flaxseed oil(FLX).Components of the ECS,metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured in blood,liver,and subcutaneous adipose tissue.Results:FLX supplementation reduced feed intake by 8.1%(P<0.01)and reduced plasma levels of arachidonic acid(by 44.2%;P=0.02)and anandamide(by 49.7%;P=0.03)postpartum compared to CTL.The m RNA transcription levels of the cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1/CB1)tended to be lower(2.5 folds)in white blood cells of FLX than in CTL(P=0.10),and protein abundance of ECS enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase was higher in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of FLX than in CTL(P=0.04).In adipose tissue,palmitoylethanolamide levels were lower in FLX than in CTL(by 61.5%;P=0.02),relative m RNA transcription of lipogenic genes were higher,and the protein abundance of cannabinoid receptor 2(P=0.08)and monoacylglycerol lipase(P=0.10)tended to be higher in FLX compared to CTL.Hepatic 2-arachidonoylglycerol tended to be higher(by 73.1%;P=0.07),and interlukin-6 m RNA transcription level was 1.5 folds lower in liver of FLX than in CTL(P=0.03).Conclusions:Nutritional supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids seems to partly modulate ECS activation,which could be related to lower feed intake.The altered ECS components in blood,adipose tissue and liver are associated with moderate modulations in lipid metabolism in the adipose and inflammation in liver of peripartum dairy cows.
基金financially supported by the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Agriculture,grant number 20-04-0015,Rishon Lezion,Israel。
文摘Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO),on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism,inflammation,oxidative stress,and the endocannabinoid system(ECS)in the expelled placenta,as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates.Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat(CTL),FLX,or FO.Placental cotyledons(n=5)were collected immediately after expulsion,and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RTPCR and proteomic analysis.Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.Results FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4),interleukin 10(IL-10),catalase(CAT),cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1),and cannabinoid receptor 2(CNR2)compared with CTL placenta.Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase(FAAH)was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL.Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins;of these,51–59 were differentially abundant between treatments(P≤0.05,|fold change|≥1.5).Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs.CTL and in FO vs.CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes.Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins(FABPs)3 and 7.The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1(CNRIP1)was reduced in FO vs.FLX.In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids.The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1,whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs.CTL placenta.Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs,and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.Conclusion Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta;both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress,however,FO increased some transcriptional ECS components,possibly related to the increased FABPs.Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta.Taken together,different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes,which may affect the neonatal immune system.
基金This project was funded by the US-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(Grant IS-5167-19)MNS was supported in part by the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture(Washington,DC,USA)competitive project 2019-67015-29443.
文摘To sustain the nutrient demands of rapid fetal growth,parturition,and milk synthesis,periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue fatty acid stores through lipolysis.This process induces an inflammatory response within AT that is resolved as lactation progresses;however,excessive and protracted lipolysis compounds the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases.The suppression of lipolytic action and inflammation,along with amplification of adipogenesis and lipogenesis,serve as prospective therapeutic targets for improving the health of periparturient dairy cows.Generally,the activation of cannabinoid receptors by endocannabinoids enhances adipogenesis and lipogenesis,suppresses lipolysis,and increases appetite in mammals.These biological effects of activating the endocannabinoid system open the possibility of harnessing the endocannabinoid system through nutritional intervention in dairy herds as a potential tool to improve dairy cows’health,although much is still to be revealed in this context.This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the components of the endocannabinoid system,elaborates on the metabolic effects of its activation,and explores the potential to modulate its activity in periparturient dairy cows.
文摘The study investigated whether dietary CPE （concentrated pomegranate peel extract） may mitigate the negative effects associated with group mixing prior to marketing and enhance beef meat quality. Twenty-two bull calves were reared in triplets and divided to control （n = 9） and CPE-treated （n = 13） groups. CPE was supplemented during eight months of rearing, and calves were mixed 34 d prior to marketing to control and treatment groups. Calves were monitored for weight gain, rumination, activity, metabolic and oxidative stress responses, Finally, meat quality traits were examined. The results find that pre-mixing activity （P 〈 0.0001）, non-esterifies fatty acids （P = 0.02） and plasma testosterone （P = 0.005） levels were higher in the treatment group. Following mixing, activity （P 〈 0.0001 ） and plasma anti-oxidative capacity （P = 0.05） increased in the treatment compared to the control group. In spite of the above, dietary supplementation of CPE didn＇t reveal improvement of meat quality parameters by means of meat pH and shelf life It indicated that improved serum anti-oxidant capacity in the CPE calves was not sufficient to prevent the mixing effects on meat quality. A combined CPE concentration and mixing management should be examined in order to reduce mixing related effects on meat quality.
基金This study was supported by grant no.870-1620 from the Israeli Dairy Board Foundation.
文摘Wastewater from dairy farms has become a major environmental and economical concern.Sodium residue in treated and untreated wastewater from dairy farms used for irrigation can lead to soil and groundwater salinization,with the risk of soil degradation.We examined the effect of reducing sodium fed to mid to late lactating cows from 0.61%(high sodium[HS])to 0.45%(low sodium[LS])of dry matter on dry matter intake(DMI),milk and milk-component yields,eating behavior,apparent total track digestibility,feed efficiency,and sodium excretion into the environment.We randomly assigned 28 multiparous high-yielding(>35 kg milk/d)cows to 1 of 2 treatment groups(LS or HS)in a crossover design,with 7 d of adaptation and 28 d of data collection.Reducing sodium in the diet reduced sodium intake from 171 to 123 g/d while lowering sodium excreted in the manure by 22%.Energy corrected milk(ECM)yield(37.4 kg/d)and sodium excretion in the milk(33.7 g/d)were similar for both groups.The DMI of LS cows was lower than that of HS cows(27.3 vs.28 kg/d)and consequently,feed efficiency of the LS cows was higher(1.40 vs.1.35 ECM/DMI).Eating rate,meal and visit frequency,and eating time were similar for both treatments;meal and visit duration were longer for the HS cows,and meal and visit sizes tended to be larger.Digestibility of DM and amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber remained similar.Based on the results of this study,and discussed considerations,we recommend lowering the dietary sodium content for mid to late lactating cows in commercial herds to 0.52%of DM,in order to reduce sodium excretion to the environment via urine.
