The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus(LAC), exogenous enzymes of ZAD(exogenous enzyme preparation) or their combination on feed conversion, and dressing of rabbits fed differe...The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus(LAC), exogenous enzymes of ZAD(exogenous enzyme preparation) or their combination on feed conversion, and dressing of rabbits fed different treatments of sugarcane bagasse(SCB). Five rations were allotted randomly to five groups of New-Zealand White(NZW) rabbits(n=10) with initial live body weight of(838±42.4) g and 5 weeks of age. Rabbits were fed on diets with different sources of fiber as follows,(i) a control diet composed of 100% berseem hay and 0% SCB,(ii) 50% berseem hay and 50% untreated SCB(USCB),(iii) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with L. acidophilus(LAC),(iv) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with ZAD(ZAD), and(v) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with a combination of LAC+ZAD(LZ). Treatments of SCB with L. acidophilus, ZAD and LAC+ZAD had the highest feed conversion ratio than both USCB and control. The dressing percentage of rabbits that fed the LAC and LZ diets was higher(P<0.05) compared with that in the other groups. Performance index(PI) for LAC group was improved(P<0.05) compared to that for the other groups; however, PI for USCB group was the lowest(P<0.05). It could be concluded that treating SCB with L. acidophilus, exogenous enzymes of ZAD or their combination improved feed conversion and performance with more positive effects with L. acidophilus than the other treatments.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing two doses of quebracho tannins (QT;100 or 200 g/cow/d;QT<sub>100</sub> or QT<sub>200</sub>) pre and post parturition to thirty H...This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing two doses of quebracho tannins (QT;100 or 200 g/cow/d;QT<sub>100</sub> or QT<sub>200</sub>) pre and post parturition to thirty Holstein dairy cows on Dry Matter Intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive performance for 12 weeks. There were no significant changes in DMI due to QT at transition period of dairy cows. QT supplementation at either level decreased (P 0.05) the total number of ovarian follicles, number of large follicles, diameter of largest follicle, number of small follicles, number and diameter of corpus luteum, and progesterone concentration. The inclusion of QT increased days open and number of services per conception, which consequently decreased conception rate, compared to the control cows. QT100 decreased (P展开更多
In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, 3 levels of L-arginine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW per day) were tested at two stages of pregnancy (Early 60 days vs. Late 60 days) on the maternal blood metabolites and postnatal mi...In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, 3 levels of L-arginine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW per day) were tested at two stages of pregnancy (Early 60 days vs. Late 60 days) on the maternal blood metabolites and postnatal milk composition relative to the newborn traits of Najdi ewes. Thirty adult pregnant Najdi ewes were randomly assigned into 6 treatments (n = 5). Control early (CE) ewes were orally administered 50 mL normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily during the first 60 days of pregnancy;control late (CL) ewes were similar to CE except saline was given at the last 60 days of pregnancy;low dose of L-arginine at early pregnancy (LE);low dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (LL);high dose of L-arginine at early (HE) and high dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (HL). Blood and milk samples were collected on a weekly basis. Data of lambing and newborn traits were considered. There were non-significant differences in litter size due to L-arginine;however lamb birth and weaning weights increased by 35% in LE-ewes. Arginine did not change blood protein and albumin. Low arginine decreased lipid fractions, creatinine, urea, and milk fat;however, it increased AST, ALT, milk lactose and milk ash. Administration of L-arginine at 75 mg/Kg BW per day for 60 days at an early gestation in ewes improved the maternal body health and milk composition for the welfare of the neonates.展开更多
As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase it...As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase its utilization in ruminant's nutrition. The biological treatments are the most common with more safe-treated products. In most cases, the biological treatments are paralleled with decreased crude fiber and fiber fractions content with increased crude protein content. Direct-fed microbial and exogenous enzymes to animal are other ways of biological methods for improving nutritive value of feeds. Here in this review, we will try to cover the biological treatments of by-products from different sides view with different types of animals and different animal end-products.展开更多
The effect of chitosan incorporated into feed formulation on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and histological response of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was investigated. Final fish weight, feed conver...The effect of chitosan incorporated into feed formulation on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and histological response of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was investigated. Final fish weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), and energy utilization (EU) of sea bass feed chitosan supplemented diet and the control diet were determined at the end of experiment. Data presents mean ± SD from triplicate determination (n = 3) for 75 days feeding trial. Different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 & 4.0) and control without chitosan incorporated with total fish feed in the form of dry diets were fed for 75 days. Average final weight (FW) was significantly higher at diet 3 (1 g?kg?1 chitosan) and the lowest in control fish group, specific growth rate (SGR) was significant at diet 3. Also, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), and energy utilization (EU) showed the same trend. The chemical body composition, crude protein, dry matter, crude fat and ash were significant (P ≤ 0.01) different compared to control groups. The present investigation suggested that the chitosan incorporated into diets of sea bass fish certainly enhanced the non specific responses and reduced mortality and also improved the growth performance of fish.展开更多
In one trial 360 gilthead bream fingerlings received two different feed mixtures containing two different levels of protein (diet A 400 and B 360 g?kg<sup>?1</sup>). The average initial live weight was abo...In one trial 360 gilthead bream fingerlings received two different feed mixtures containing two different levels of protein (diet A 400 and B 360 g?kg<sup>?1</sup>). The average initial live weight was about 2.2 ± 0.1 g fish<sup>?1</sup> in each replicate of all treatments. Sixty fish per tank were stocked randomly in 6 fiberglass tanks (1 m<sup>3</sup> each). Fish were fed with experimental diets at rate 8% of the body weight daily. The Amino Acids (AA) content was analyzed in the diets, whole fish and muscle at the end of the growth period (60 days). The results indicated that at the end of experiment gilthead bream fingerlings had reached an average live weight 18.5 and 16.2 g fish<sup>?1</sup> for fish fed diet A and B respectively. Also the increase of protein levels in the feed to 40% caused a significant increase in the content of Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) and dispensable amino acid (as %v of whole fish and muscle of wet weight). Two methods were subsequently used to estimate the quantitative IAA requirements of gilthead bream fry based on the hypothesis that (a) the dietary requirement pattern of IAA reflected the tissue pattern and (b) the rate of daily deposition in the fish could be equated with the dietary requirement as percentage of 100 g<sup>?1</sup> diet. The quantitative IAA requirement (%) of gilthead bream (Sparus aurata) diets was as follow: Lysine 2.27, Methionine 1.09, Therionine 0.61, Leucine 2.4, Isoleucine 0.47, Histidine1.6, Arginine 1.39, Phenylalanine 1.43, Valine 1.22 and Tryptophane 0.42.展开更多
A 3-month randomized factorial design 4 × 2 (four levels 0, 15, 30, and 45%) of wet Date (WD), two levels (0 and 0.03%) of Digestarom? (D) and three replicates. The trial was conducted in twenty four glass aquari...A 3-month randomized factorial design 4 × 2 (four levels 0, 15, 30, and 45%) of wet Date (WD), two levels (0 and 0.03%) of Digestarom? (D) and three replicates. The trial was conducted in twenty four glass aquaria. Ten fingerlings of Nile tilapia were placed in each aquarium with an average weight 15.40±0.3 g fish. Fish were fed twice daily (six days a week) at a rate of 3% of body weight. The results revealed that, mean final weight (g/fish), SGR (%/day), feed conversion ratio, PPV and PER, were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by the levels of WD and level of D. And the best diet achieved which containing 30% WD supplemented with 0.03% D. From the above results and the economic information of these studies it can be concluded that, diet containing 30% of WD with 0.03% D exhibited the highest net profit and would seem to be the most desirable level of WD and D in the system studied.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10 weeks supplementation of Quebracho tannins(QT; 0 [control], 100 [QT100] or 200 g/[cow$d] [QT_(200)]) to 30 multiparous postpartum buffalo cows(10 cows per grou...This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10 weeks supplementation of Quebracho tannins(QT; 0 [control], 100 [QT100] or 200 g/[cow$d] [QT_(200)]) to 30 multiparous postpartum buffalo cows(10 cows per group) on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive performance.Supplementation of QT100 had no significant effect on milk yield, whereas QT_(200) decreased(P < 0.05) this trait. Compared with the control group, both QT levels decreased(P < 0.05) fat-corrected milk(FCM)yield, but no significant effects were found on percentages of milk fat and protein. Contrariwise, yields of milk fat, lactose and milk protein were decreased(P < 0.05) when QT_(200) was supplemented. The solids nonfat(SNF) percentage and yield were decreased(P < 0.05) with QT100 supplementation. Moreover, QT tended to numerically reduce total number of ovarian follicles, number of small follicles, peripheral progesterone concentration and conception rate. Supplementation of QT_(200) numerically increased number of large follicles, mean diameter of large follicle, number and diameters of corpora lutea. The inclusion of QT_(200) shortened days open(DO) and decreased number of services per conception.Contrariwise, QT did not show significant effects on serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose,cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Supplementation of QT100 caused an increase(P < 0.05) of serum urea compared with that in control and QT_(200) groups. Generally, QT decreased(P < 0.05) serum creatinine concentration. Therefore, the supplementation of a commercial QT to early lactating Egyptian buffalo cows displayed negative consequences on their productive and reproductive performances.展开更多
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus(LAC), exogenous enzymes of ZAD(exogenous enzyme preparation) or their combination on feed conversion, and dressing of rabbits fed different treatments of sugarcane bagasse(SCB). Five rations were allotted randomly to five groups of New-Zealand White(NZW) rabbits(n=10) with initial live body weight of(838±42.4) g and 5 weeks of age. Rabbits were fed on diets with different sources of fiber as follows,(i) a control diet composed of 100% berseem hay and 0% SCB,(ii) 50% berseem hay and 50% untreated SCB(USCB),(iii) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with L. acidophilus(LAC),(iv) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with ZAD(ZAD), and(v) 50% berseem hay and 50% SCB treated with a combination of LAC+ZAD(LZ). Treatments of SCB with L. acidophilus, ZAD and LAC+ZAD had the highest feed conversion ratio than both USCB and control. The dressing percentage of rabbits that fed the LAC and LZ diets was higher(P<0.05) compared with that in the other groups. Performance index(PI) for LAC group was improved(P<0.05) compared to that for the other groups; however, PI for USCB group was the lowest(P<0.05). It could be concluded that treating SCB with L. acidophilus, exogenous enzymes of ZAD or their combination improved feed conversion and performance with more positive effects with L. acidophilus than the other treatments.
文摘This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing two doses of quebracho tannins (QT;100 or 200 g/cow/d;QT<sub>100</sub> or QT<sub>200</sub>) pre and post parturition to thirty Holstein dairy cows on Dry Matter Intake (DMI), milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive performance for 12 weeks. There were no significant changes in DMI due to QT at transition period of dairy cows. QT supplementation at either level decreased (P 0.05) the total number of ovarian follicles, number of large follicles, diameter of largest follicle, number of small follicles, number and diameter of corpus luteum, and progesterone concentration. The inclusion of QT increased days open and number of services per conception, which consequently decreased conception rate, compared to the control cows. QT100 decreased (P
文摘In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, 3 levels of L-arginine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg BW per day) were tested at two stages of pregnancy (Early 60 days vs. Late 60 days) on the maternal blood metabolites and postnatal milk composition relative to the newborn traits of Najdi ewes. Thirty adult pregnant Najdi ewes were randomly assigned into 6 treatments (n = 5). Control early (CE) ewes were orally administered 50 mL normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily during the first 60 days of pregnancy;control late (CL) ewes were similar to CE except saline was given at the last 60 days of pregnancy;low dose of L-arginine at early pregnancy (LE);low dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (LL);high dose of L-arginine at early (HE) and high dose of L-arginine at late pregnancy (HL). Blood and milk samples were collected on a weekly basis. Data of lambing and newborn traits were considered. There were non-significant differences in litter size due to L-arginine;however lamb birth and weaning weights increased by 35% in LE-ewes. Arginine did not change blood protein and albumin. Low arginine decreased lipid fractions, creatinine, urea, and milk fat;however, it increased AST, ALT, milk lactose and milk ash. Administration of L-arginine at 75 mg/Kg BW per day for 60 days at an early gestation in ewes improved the maternal body health and milk composition for the welfare of the neonates.
文摘As a result of agriculture practices, million tons of agriculture are produced as a secondary or by-products; however, with low nutritive values. Many methods are applied to improve the nutritive value and increase its utilization in ruminant's nutrition. The biological treatments are the most common with more safe-treated products. In most cases, the biological treatments are paralleled with decreased crude fiber and fiber fractions content with increased crude protein content. Direct-fed microbial and exogenous enzymes to animal are other ways of biological methods for improving nutritive value of feeds. Here in this review, we will try to cover the biological treatments of by-products from different sides view with different types of animals and different animal end-products.
文摘The effect of chitosan incorporated into feed formulation on the growth, feed utilization, body composition and histological response of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was investigated. Final fish weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), and energy utilization (EU) of sea bass feed chitosan supplemented diet and the control diet were determined at the end of experiment. Data presents mean ± SD from triplicate determination (n = 3) for 75 days feeding trial. Different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 & 4.0) and control without chitosan incorporated with total fish feed in the form of dry diets were fed for 75 days. Average final weight (FW) was significantly higher at diet 3 (1 g?kg?1 chitosan) and the lowest in control fish group, specific growth rate (SGR) was significant at diet 3. Also, protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein productive value (PPV), and energy utilization (EU) showed the same trend. The chemical body composition, crude protein, dry matter, crude fat and ash were significant (P ≤ 0.01) different compared to control groups. The present investigation suggested that the chitosan incorporated into diets of sea bass fish certainly enhanced the non specific responses and reduced mortality and also improved the growth performance of fish.
文摘In one trial 360 gilthead bream fingerlings received two different feed mixtures containing two different levels of protein (diet A 400 and B 360 g?kg<sup>?1</sup>). The average initial live weight was about 2.2 ± 0.1 g fish<sup>?1</sup> in each replicate of all treatments. Sixty fish per tank were stocked randomly in 6 fiberglass tanks (1 m<sup>3</sup> each). Fish were fed with experimental diets at rate 8% of the body weight daily. The Amino Acids (AA) content was analyzed in the diets, whole fish and muscle at the end of the growth period (60 days). The results indicated that at the end of experiment gilthead bream fingerlings had reached an average live weight 18.5 and 16.2 g fish<sup>?1</sup> for fish fed diet A and B respectively. Also the increase of protein levels in the feed to 40% caused a significant increase in the content of Indispensable Amino Acid (IAA) and dispensable amino acid (as %v of whole fish and muscle of wet weight). Two methods were subsequently used to estimate the quantitative IAA requirements of gilthead bream fry based on the hypothesis that (a) the dietary requirement pattern of IAA reflected the tissue pattern and (b) the rate of daily deposition in the fish could be equated with the dietary requirement as percentage of 100 g<sup>?1</sup> diet. The quantitative IAA requirement (%) of gilthead bream (Sparus aurata) diets was as follow: Lysine 2.27, Methionine 1.09, Therionine 0.61, Leucine 2.4, Isoleucine 0.47, Histidine1.6, Arginine 1.39, Phenylalanine 1.43, Valine 1.22 and Tryptophane 0.42.
文摘A 3-month randomized factorial design 4 × 2 (four levels 0, 15, 30, and 45%) of wet Date (WD), two levels (0 and 0.03%) of Digestarom? (D) and three replicates. The trial was conducted in twenty four glass aquaria. Ten fingerlings of Nile tilapia were placed in each aquarium with an average weight 15.40±0.3 g fish. Fish were fed twice daily (six days a week) at a rate of 3% of body weight. The results revealed that, mean final weight (g/fish), SGR (%/day), feed conversion ratio, PPV and PER, were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by the levels of WD and level of D. And the best diet achieved which containing 30% WD supplemented with 0.03% D. From the above results and the economic information of these studies it can be concluded that, diet containing 30% of WD with 0.03% D exhibited the highest net profit and would seem to be the most desirable level of WD and D in the system studied.
基金the financial support provided by the Alex.Rep.project,Alexandria University,Code No.AGRV-09
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the effects of 10 weeks supplementation of Quebracho tannins(QT; 0 [control], 100 [QT100] or 200 g/[cow$d] [QT_(200)]) to 30 multiparous postpartum buffalo cows(10 cows per group) on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites and reproductive performance.Supplementation of QT100 had no significant effect on milk yield, whereas QT_(200) decreased(P < 0.05) this trait. Compared with the control group, both QT levels decreased(P < 0.05) fat-corrected milk(FCM)yield, but no significant effects were found on percentages of milk fat and protein. Contrariwise, yields of milk fat, lactose and milk protein were decreased(P < 0.05) when QT_(200) was supplemented. The solids nonfat(SNF) percentage and yield were decreased(P < 0.05) with QT100 supplementation. Moreover, QT tended to numerically reduce total number of ovarian follicles, number of small follicles, peripheral progesterone concentration and conception rate. Supplementation of QT_(200) numerically increased number of large follicles, mean diameter of large follicle, number and diameters of corpora lutea. The inclusion of QT_(200) shortened days open(DO) and decreased number of services per conception.Contrariwise, QT did not show significant effects on serum total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose,cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Supplementation of QT100 caused an increase(P < 0.05) of serum urea compared with that in control and QT_(200) groups. Generally, QT decreased(P < 0.05) serum creatinine concentration. Therefore, the supplementation of a commercial QT to early lactating Egyptian buffalo cows displayed negative consequences on their productive and reproductive performances.
