Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was u...Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.展开更多
The Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)was developed to address consistent assignment of physical activity(PA)intensity values used in PA epidemiology research of the association between PA and health outcom...The Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)was developed to address consistent assignment of physical activity(PA)intensity values used in PA epidemiology research of the association between PA and health outcomes.1The known protective effects of PA on incident health outcomes traces to the mid-1900s,with over 50 studies examining coronary heart disease(CHD)as the outcome of interest.展开更多
It is often said that the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance(AMR)in pathogens is the major cause of mortality.In the present study,clinical microbiology data on infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae strai...It is often said that the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance(AMR)in pathogens is the major cause of mortality.In the present study,clinical microbiology data on infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and their antimicrobial drug resistance specifically to carbapenems retrieved from Clinical Epidemiology database of the Institute were analysed to determine the impact of carbapenem resistance in Klebsiellae isolated from the clinical samples of veterinary cases and outcome of the infection because in a few recent reports it is claimed that the presence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiellae is associated with higher mortality in humans due to Klebsiella infections.The retrospective analysis of Klebsiella infections in animals and birds revealed that 21.8%of K.pneumoniae causing pneumonic or septicemic infections were carbapenem-resistant but the carbapenem resistance was not associated with increased numbers of deaths or recovery.It may be probably due to the fact that carbapenem drugs were not used for the treatment of infected animals and carbapenem resistance may not be associated with the lethality potential of Klebsiellae.展开更多
BACKGROUND The benefits of healthy lifestyles are well recognized. However, the extent to which improving unhealthy lifestyles reduces cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk needs to be discussed. We evaluated the impact of...BACKGROUND The benefits of healthy lifestyles are well recognized. However, the extent to which improving unhealthy lifestyles reduces cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk needs to be discussed. We evaluated the impact of lifestyle improvement on CVD incidence using data from the China-PAR project(Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China).METHODS A total of 12,588 participants free of CVD were followed up for three visits after the baseline examination. Changes in four lifestyle factors(LFs)(smoking, diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption) were assessed through questionnaires from the baseline to the first follow-up visit. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs). The risk advancement periods(RAPs: the age difference between exposed and unexposed participants reaching the same incident CVD risk) and population-attributable risk percentage(PAR%) were also calculated.RESULTS A total of 909 incident CVD cases occurred over a median follow-up of 11.14 years. Compared with maintaining 0-1healthy LFs, maintaining 3–4 healthy LFs was associated with a 40% risk reduction of incident CVD(HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.79)and delayed CVD risk by 6.31 years(RAP:-6.31 [-9.92,-2.70] years). The PAR% of maintaining 3–4 unhealthy LFs was 22.0%compared to maintaining 0-1 unhealthy LFs. Besides, compared with maintaining two healthy LFs, improving healthy LFs from 2to 3–4 was associated with a 23% lower risk of CVD(HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–0.98).CONCLUSIONS Long-term sustenance of healthy lifestyles or improving unhealthy lifestyles can reduce and delay CVD risk.展开更多
With the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)it becomes pertinent to search for an antimicrobial alternative to cater for the imminent need to control total drug-resistant(TDR)and multiple-drug-resist...With the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)it becomes pertinent to search for an antimicrobial alternative to cater for the imminent need to control total drug-resistant(TDR)and multiple-drug-resistant(MDR)infections.Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)have shown some promise and this study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of Moricin(a naturally produced AMP by silkworm,Bombyx mori larvae)against 276 microbial strains of 83 species.Only two(Erwinia amylovora 1,Hafnia alvei 1)strains were classified as susceptible to Moricin at a concentration≤8μg/mL.If susceptibility criteria were set at MIC equivalent to≤128μg/mL then Moricin inhibited 17 strains.All of the Bacillus species strains and majority of the strains of Acinetobacter,Aeromonas,Enterococcus,Erwinia,Raoultella,and Serratia species were significantly(p<0.05)more often resistant(MIC>512μg/mL)to Moricin than strains belonging to Alacligenes,Bacillus,Escherichia,Klebsiella,Pantoea,Pasteurella,Salmonella,Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.Susceptibility of different bacteria not only varied significantly to Moricin but also to most of the commonly used antibiotics.The susceptibility of microbes not only affected by their type but also by their source of origin.The study concluded that Moricin has a wide spectrum but limited potential to inhibit clinically important microbial strains belonging to different species and genera.展开更多
giving results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing(AST)even if the infection is detected due to a single type of bacteria.However,what should be the minimum number of colonies?The clinical laboratory manuals are s...giving results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing(AST)even if the infection is detected due to a single type of bacteria.However,what should be the minimum number of colonies?The clinical laboratory manuals are silent and give different numbers.Thus,the present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of picking up more than one colony for antimicrobial susceptibility.Method:The study was conducted on those clinical samples yielding Escherichia coli either as pure culture or as a prominent cause of infection.The impact of testing multiple colonies of Escherichia coli isolates was assessed on AST results through the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)producing and Metallo-β-lactamase(MBL)producing Escherichia coli carriage in clinical samples.Results:A total of 1031 samples having E.coli as the most prominent or single pathogen were analyzed.It included testing either one,two,three,four,five,or more than five(6-10)representative E.coli colonies from 526,247,115,76,31,and 36 samples,respectively.The study revealed that testing of less than three representative colonies significantly(p<0.05)impacts the outcome.However,the best outcome was when≥6 representative colonies were tested for AST.Conclusion:The study suggested that≥6 representative colonies should be emulsified for antimicrobial susceptibility tests not to miss possible infection with ESBL or MBL-producing mutants,even in mono-culture infections.展开更多
Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consume...Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consumed raw thus it is pertinent to detect the bacteria on Tulsi leaves.This study was conducted to understand the diversity of the aerobically growing microbiome of edible holy basil leaves.A total of 112 samples of leaves were collected from households of six localities in and around Bareilly,India for detecting culturable bacteria growing aerobically.A sum of 579 bacterial isolates belonging to 106 different species was identified.Pantoea agglomerans isolates were detected in 43 samples followed by isolates Virgibacillus pantothenticus(21),Bacillus coagulans(18),Bacillus cereus(17),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(16),Klebsiella pneumoniae(13),Citrobacter freundii(12),Lysinibacillus sphaericus(12),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(11),Escherichia coli(11),and Xenorhabdus bovienii(11).Isolates of 95 species of bacteria were detected on<10 samples of HBLs.Of 579 isolates,161 isolates detected in 68(60.71%)samples were of putatively good bacteria belonging to eight genera(Bacillus,Brevibacillus,Lysinibacillus,Paenibacillus,Photobacter,Siccibacter,Virgibacillus,Xenoirhabdus)and 23 species.However,418 bacterial isolates detected in 108(96.43%)of the HBL samples were classified as potentially pathogenic for humans and animals belonging to 34 genera and 73 species.There were only four samples(three from Mahanagar and one from Bhojipura)that had no potential pathogenic bacteria detected in this study.The analysis indicated that HBL leaves from the ICAR-IVRI campus had a lower probability(P<0.04)of harbouring good bacteria than samples from Bhojpura,Mahanagar,North City and Rajendra Nagar.Cinnamaldehyde inhibiting 96.72%of the isolates and carvacrol inhibiting 96.37%of the isolates were the best herbal antimicrobials and among antibiotics,meropenem inhibited 98.96%of bacterial isolates.Antimicrobial resistance in non-pathogenic or good bacteria was significantly more common(P<0.01)for ajowan oil but they were more often(P<0.05)susceptible to holy basil oil,lemongrass oil,citral,P.embalica leaf extract,P.longifolia seed oil,nitrofurantoin,ciprofloxacin,chloramphenicol,colistin and minocycline than isolates of potentially pathogenic bacteria.The study concludes that HBLs may harbour both good and bacteria,and should be consumed raw only after proper decontamination.展开更多
Background: Abdominoplasty has consistently been one of the top cosmetic procedures performed each year with a high patient satisfaction rate. Excision of the excess abdominal skin has been shown to reduce low back pa...Background: Abdominoplasty has consistently been one of the top cosmetic procedures performed each year with a high patient satisfaction rate. Excision of the excess abdominal skin has been shown to reduce low back pain and improve posture. The effects of the excess skin removal would, theoretically, be demonstrated through changes in gait. This study aimed to measure kinematic differences during gait to obtain objective measures for abdominoplasty. Methods: Subjects were recruited from a large, academic plastic surgery clinic. Patients were included if they were 18 years of age, able to walk without an assistive device or any hindrance by any existing medical condition, and were scheduled for abdominoplasty. Kinematic measurements were taken before and after surgery using a plug-in-gait marker set, cameras, and a treadmill. Pre- and postoperative measurements were compared and a post-hoc power analysis was created. Results: Nine total patients were included in the study. Joint angles before and after surgery demonstrated moderate differences. However, analysis revealed few significant differences for spatiotemporal or kinematic variables. The power analysis demonstrated an inadequate number of patients to detect significance. Conclusions: Despite the literature describing subjective and objective improvements following abdominoplasty, we were unable to validate this. Overall, there were noticeable differences in joint angles pre- and postoperatively, though the study is too underpowered to reach statistical significance. This preliminary data shows that if the study was powered through a larger cohort, then more generalizable conclusions could be drawn.展开更多
AIM:To systematically review pathological changes of gastric mucosa in gastric atrophy(GA)and intestinal metaplasia(IM)after Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication.METHODS:A systematic search was made of PubMed,Web ...AIM:To systematically review pathological changes of gastric mucosa in gastric atrophy(GA)and intestinal metaplasia(IM)after Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication.METHODS:A systematic search was made of PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,ClinicalTrials.gov,OVID and the Cochran Library databases for articles published before March 2013 pertaining to H.pylori and gastric premalignant lesions.Relevant outcomes from articles included in the meta-analysis were combined using Review Manager 5.2 software.A Begg’s test was applied to test for publication bias using STATA 11software.χ2 and I2 analyses were used to assess heterogeneity.Analysis of data with no heterogeneity(P>0.1,I2<25%)was carried out with a fixed effects model,otherwise the causes of heterogeneity were first analyzed and then a random effects model was applied.RESULTS:The results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled weighted mean difference(WMD)with 95%CI was 0.23(0.18-0.29)between eradication and non-eradication of H.pylori infection in antral IM with a significant overall effect(Z=8.19;P<0.00001)and no significant heterogeneity(χ2=27.54,I2=16%).The pooled WMD with 95%CI was-0.01(-0.04-0.02)for IM in the corpus with no overall effect(Z=0.66)or heterogeneity(χ2=14.87,I2=0%)(fixed effects model).In antral GA,the pooled WMD with 95%CI was 0.25(0.15-0.35)with a significant overall effect(Z=4.78;P<0.00001)and significant heterogeneity(χ2=86.12,I2=71%;P<0.00001).The pooled WMD with 95%CI for GA of the corpus was 0.14(0.04-0.24)with a significant overall effect(Z=2.67;P=0.008)and significant heterogeneity(χ2=44.79,I2=62%;P=0.0003)(random effects model).CONCLUSION:H.pylori eradication strongly correlates with improvement in IM in the antrum and GA in the corpus and antrum of the stomach.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2(ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2) polymorphisms on esophageal cancer susceptibility in Southeast Chinese males.METHODS:Two hundred and twenty-one esophagea...AIM:To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2(ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2) polymorphisms on esophageal cancer susceptibility in Southeast Chinese males.METHODS:Two hundred and twenty-one esophageal cancer patients and 191 healthy controls from Taixing city in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study.ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios(OR) and 95% confi dence interval(CI) .RESULTS:The ADH G allele carriers were more susceptible to esophageal cancer,but no association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of esophageal cancer when disregarding alcohol drinking status.Regardless of ADH2 genotype,ALDH2G/A or A/A carriers had significantly increased risk of developing esophageal cancer,with homozygous individuals showing higher esophageal cancer risk than those who were heterozygous.A signif icant interaction between ALDH2 and drinking was detected regarding esophageal cancer risk;the OR was 3.05(95% CI:1.49-6.25) .Compared with non-drinkers carrying both ALDH2 G/G and ADH2 A/A,drinkers carrying both ALDH2 A allele and ADH2 G allele showed a signif icantly higher risk of developing esophageal cancer(OR = 8.36,95% CI:2.98-23.46) .CONCLUSION:Both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele significantly increase the risk of esophageal cancer development in Southeast Chinese males.ALDH2 A allele significantly increases the risk of esophageal cancer development especially in alcohol drinkers.Alcohol drinkers carrying both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.展开更多
Objective To estimate the prevalence of elevated blood pressure(EBP) in Chinese children and identify individual and family factors associated with EBP. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010...Objective To estimate the prevalence of elevated blood pressure(EBP) in Chinese children and identify individual and family factors associated with EBP. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 using stratified cluster sampling. Participants' blood pressure was measured, and their parents completed a questionnaire on personal and family characteristics. Prevalence and correlates of EBP were assessed. Results Among a total of 24,333 participants, 20.2% of boys and 16.3% of girls had EBP. The prevalence of EBP increased with the ascending trend of waist circumference, Waist-to-height ratio, and body mass index. The adjusted prevalence ratios(aP Rs) for obese boys and girls were 2.50 and 2.97, respectively. Fewer urban boys(16.2%) had EBP than rural boys(21.7%). Boys with a family history of hypertension were 12% more likely to have EBP. Children whose mothers received a college education tended to have lower likelihood of EBP; with an aP R was 0.85 among boys and 0.78 among girls. Conclusion EBP is common among obese students and those who have a family history of hypertension. A negative association between mothers' education levels and EBP risk in children was found.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the population attributable risks(PARs) between cigarette smoking and deaths of all causes, all cancers, lung cancer and other chronic diseases in urban Shanghai.Methods: In total, 61,480 men ag...Objective: To evaluate the population attributable risks(PARs) between cigarette smoking and deaths of all causes, all cancers, lung cancer and other chronic diseases in urban Shanghai.Methods: In total, 61,480 men aged 40-74 years from 2002 to 2006 and 74,941 women aged 40-70 years from 1997 to 2000 were recruited to undergo baseline surveys in urban Shanghai, with response rates of 74.0% and 92.3%, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate relative risks(RRs) and 95% confidence intervals(95% CIs) of deaths associated with cigarette smoking. PARs and 95% CIs for deaths were estimated from smoking exposure rates and the estimated RRs.Results: Cigarette smoking was responsible for 23.9%(95% CI: 19.4-28.3%) and 2.4%(95% CI: 1.6-3.2%) of all deaths in men and women, respectively, in our study population. Respiratory disease had the highest PAR in men [37.5%(95% CI: 21.5-51.6%)], followed by cancer [31.3%(95% CI: 24.6-37.7%)] and cardiovascular disease(CVD) [24.1%(95% CI: 16.7-31.2%)]. While the top three PARs were 12.7%(95% CI: 6.1-19.3%), 4.0%(95% CI: 2.4-5.6%), and 1.1%(95% CI: 0.0-2.3%), for respiratory disease, CVD, and cancer, respectively in women. For deaths of lung cancer, the PAR of smoking was 68.4%(95% CI: 58.2-76.5%) in men.Conclusions: In urban Shanghai, 23.9% and 2.4% of all deaths in men and women could have been prevented if no people had smoked in the area. Effective control programs against cigarette smoking should be strongly advocated to reduce the increasing smoking-related death burden.展开更多
AIM: To investigate associations between the RsaⅠ polymorphism of CYP2E1 and risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 315 colorectal cancer cases (105 colon, 210 rectal) and 439 pop...AIM: To investigate associations between the RsaⅠ polymorphism of CYP2E1 and risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 315 colorectal cancer cases (105 colon, 210 rectal) and 439 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. Genomic DNA samples were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms in CYP2E1 by PCR amplification followed by digestion with Rsa Ⅰ. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking was collected using a questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with an unconditional logistic model. RESULTS: The proportional distribution of the CYP2E1 RsaⅠc1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2 genotypes were 61.4%, 35.6% and 3.0% in controls, 60.6%, 33.7% and 5.8% in colon cancer cases, and 58.4%, 34.0% and 7.7% in rectal cancer cases, respectively. A significant difference was noted between controls and rectal cancer cases (P = 0.029), the c2/c2 genotype being associated with elevated OR (adjusted age, sex and status of the smoking and alcohol drinking) for rectal cancer (1.64, 95% CI, 1.12-2.41, vs c1 allele carriers), but not for colon cancer. In interaction analysis between the CYP2E1 RsaⅠgenotype and smoking and drinking habits, we found a significant cooperative action between the c2/c2 genotype and alcohol drinking in the sex-, age-adjusted ORs for both colon (4.74, 95% CI, 1.10-20.40) and rectal (5.75, 95% CI, 1.65-20.05) cancers. Among nonsmokers, the CYP2E1 RsaⅠc2/c2 genotype was also associated with elevated ORs in the two sites (1.95, 95% CI, 0.99-3.86 and 2.30, 95% CI, 1.32-3.99). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the CYP2E1 c2/c2 genotype increases susceptibility to rectal cancer and the gene-environmental interactions between the CYP2E1 polymorphism and smoking or alcohol drinking exist for colorectal neoplasia in general.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic,debilitating disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has not been elucidated,but is thought to be multifactorial with both environmenta...Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic,debilitating disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has not been elucidated,but is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences.A large body of research has been conducted to elucidate the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease.This article reviews this literature,emphasizing the studies of breastfeeding and the studies of genetic factors,particularly NOD2 polymorphisms.展开更多
Background In China,lack of evidence remains a significant challenge for the national initiative to promote physical activity(PA).We aimed to quantify the beneficial effects of meeting or maintaining the recommended P...Background In China,lack of evidence remains a significant challenge for the national initiative to promote physical activity(PA).We aimed to quantify the beneficial effects of meeting or maintaining the recommended PA level[150 minutes per week(min/wk)of moderate PA or 75 min/wk of vigorous PA or an equivalent combination]on incident cardiovascular disease(CVD)among Chinese population.Methods We included 100,560 participants without history of CVD from three cohorts in the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China(China-PAR)project.Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for CVD events and its subtypes,including stroke,coronary heart disease,heart failure,and CVD death.Results During a median follow-up of 7.3 years(range:6–15 years),777,163 person-years and 4693 incident CVD events were observed.Compared with participants who were inactive at baseline,the multivariable adjusted HR(95%CI)of developing CVD was 0.74(0.69–0.79)for those who met recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA)level at baseline.Furthermore,the risk of CVD incidence was reduced with increment of MVPA(Ptrend<0.001),and the HR(95%CI)of highly-active versus inactive category was 0.62(0.56–0.68).Compared with individuals who were inactive both at the baseline and follow-up,those keeping active over the period of follow-up had a substantial lower risk of incident CVD with the HR(95%CI)of 0.57(0.43–0.77).Conclusions The findings demonstrated that meeting and maintaining the recommended MVPA level could reduce the cardiovascular risk.Wider adoption of the PA recommendations would have considerable health impacts to the Chinese population.展开更多
Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for no...Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed.展开更多
A recent genome-wide association study identified a new susceptibility locus for breast cancer, rs2046210, which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located upstream of the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene on ch...A recent genome-wide association study identified a new susceptibility locus for breast cancer, rs2046210, which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located upstream of the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene on chromosome 6q25.1. Given that endometrial cancer shares many risk factors with breast cancer and both are related to estrogen exposure and that rs2046210 is in close proximity to the ESR1 gene, we evaluated the association of SNP rs2046210 with endometrial cancer risk among 953 cases and 947 controls in a population-based, case-control study conducted in Shanghai, China. Logistic regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after adjusting for potential confounders. We found that the A allele of rs2046210, linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, was associated with increased but not statistically significant risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.96-1.41 for the GA and AA genotypes compared with the GG genotype); the association was stronger among post-menopausal women (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00-1.65). The association tended to be stronger among women with higher or longer estrogen exposure than among women with relatively lower or shorter exposure to estrogen. Our study suggests that rs2046210 may play a role in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the relationship between drinking and polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) for risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Chinese males. METHODS: A case-cont...AIM: To evaluate the relationship between drinking and polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) for risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Chinese males. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 190 cases and 223 population-based controls. ADH2 Arg47His (G-A) and ALDH2 Glu487Lys (G-A)genotypes were identified by PCR and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Information on smoking and drinking was collected and odds ratio (OR) was estimated. RESULTS: The ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes showed moderately increased CRC risk. The age- and smoking-adjusted OR for ADH2 A/A relative to G/A and G/G was 1.60 (95% CI=1.08-2.36), and the adjusted OR for ALDH2 G/G relative to G/A and A/A was 1.79 (95% CI=1.19-2.69). Signif icant interactions between ADH2, ALDH2 and drinking were observed. As compared to the subjects with ADH2 G and ALDH2 A alleles, those with ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes had a signif icantly increased OR (3.05, 95% CI= 1.67-5.57). The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ADH2 A/A genotype was increased to 3.44 (95% CI= 1.84-6.42) compared with non-drinkers with the ADH2 G allele. The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ALDH2 G/G genotype was also increased to 2.70 (95% CI= 1.57-4.66) compared with non-drinkers with the ALDH2 A allele. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of the ADH2 and ALDH2 genes are significantly associated with CRC risk. There are also signifi cant gene-gene and gene- environment interactions between drinking and ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms regarding CRC risk in Chinese males.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the association between adherence to health recommendations and detection of advanced colorectal neoplasia(ACN) in colorectal cancer(CRC) screening.METHODS: A total of 14832 women and men were invi...AIM: To investigate the association between adherence to health recommendations and detection of advanced colorectal neoplasia(ACN) in colorectal cancer(CRC) screening.METHODS: A total of 14832 women and men were invited to CRC screening, 6959 in the fecal immunochemical test arm and 7873 in the flexible sigmoidoscopy arm. These were also sent a self-reported lifestyle questionnaire to be completed prior to their first CRC screening. A lifestyle score was created to reflect current adherence to healthy behaviors in regard to smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption and food consumption, and ranged from zero(poorest) to six(best). Odds ratios(ORs) and 95%CIs were calculated using multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between the single lifestyle variables and the lifestyle score and the probability of detecting ACN.RESULTS: In all 6315 women and men completed the lifestyle questionnaire, 3323(53%) in the FIT arm and 2992(47%) in the FS arm. This was 89% of those who participated in screening. ACN was diagnosed in 311(5%) participants of which 25(8%) were diagnosed with CRC. For individuals with a lifestyle score of two, three, four, and five-six, the ORs(95%CI) for the probability of ACN detection were 0.82(0.45-1.16), 0.43(0.28-0.73), 0.41(0.23-0.64), and 0.41(0.22-0.73), respectively compared to individuals with a lifestyle score of zero-one. Of the single lifestyle factors, adherence to non-smoking and moderate alcohol intake were associated with a decreased probability of ACN detection compared to being a smoker or having a high alcohol intake 0.53(0.42-0.68) and 0.63(0.43-0.93) respectively.CONCLUSION: Adopted healthy behaviors were inversely associated with the probability of ACN detection. Lifestyle assessment might be useful for risk stratification in CRC screening.展开更多
文摘Background:The Compendium of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to improve the comparability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across studies.The original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health guidelines.Methods:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by removing data from those≥60 years.Using a systematic review and supplementary searches,we identified new activities and their associated measured metabolic equivalent(MET)values(using indirect calorimetry)published since 2011.We replaced estimated METs with measured values when possible.Results:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from 701 papers.We added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing MET values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and removal of METs for older adults.We added a Major Heading(Video Games).The 2024 Adult Compendium includes 1114 PAs(912 with measured and 202 with estimated values)across 22 Major Headings.Conclusion:This comprehensive update and refinement led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Compendium,which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare domains,as well as in the development of consumer health technologies.The new website with the complete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://pacompendium.com.
文摘The Compendium of Physical Activities(Compendium)was developed to address consistent assignment of physical activity(PA)intensity values used in PA epidemiology research of the association between PA and health outcomes.1The known protective effects of PA on incident health outcomes traces to the mid-1900s,with over 50 studies examining coronary heart disease(CHD)as the outcome of interest.
文摘It is often said that the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance(AMR)in pathogens is the major cause of mortality.In the present study,clinical microbiology data on infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and their antimicrobial drug resistance specifically to carbapenems retrieved from Clinical Epidemiology database of the Institute were analysed to determine the impact of carbapenem resistance in Klebsiellae isolated from the clinical samples of veterinary cases and outcome of the infection because in a few recent reports it is claimed that the presence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiellae is associated with higher mortality in humans due to Klebsiella infections.The retrospective analysis of Klebsiella infections in animals and birds revealed that 21.8%of K.pneumoniae causing pneumonic or septicemic infections were carbapenem-resistant but the carbapenem resistance was not associated with increased numbers of deaths or recovery.It may be probably due to the fact that carbapenem drugs were not used for the treatment of infected animals and carbapenem resistance may not be associated with the lethality potential of Klebsiellae.
基金The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Numbers:2021-I2M-1-010,2017-I2M-1-004,and 2019-I2M-2-003the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:82030102,12126602the Research Unit of Prospective Cohort of Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Numbers:2019RU038.
文摘BACKGROUND The benefits of healthy lifestyles are well recognized. However, the extent to which improving unhealthy lifestyles reduces cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk needs to be discussed. We evaluated the impact of lifestyle improvement on CVD incidence using data from the China-PAR project(Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China).METHODS A total of 12,588 participants free of CVD were followed up for three visits after the baseline examination. Changes in four lifestyle factors(LFs)(smoking, diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption) were assessed through questionnaires from the baseline to the first follow-up visit. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals(CIs). The risk advancement periods(RAPs: the age difference between exposed and unexposed participants reaching the same incident CVD risk) and population-attributable risk percentage(PAR%) were also calculated.RESULTS A total of 909 incident CVD cases occurred over a median follow-up of 11.14 years. Compared with maintaining 0-1healthy LFs, maintaining 3–4 healthy LFs was associated with a 40% risk reduction of incident CVD(HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.79)and delayed CVD risk by 6.31 years(RAP:-6.31 [-9.92,-2.70] years). The PAR% of maintaining 3–4 unhealthy LFs was 22.0%compared to maintaining 0-1 unhealthy LFs. Besides, compared with maintaining two healthy LFs, improving healthy LFs from 2to 3–4 was associated with a 23% lower risk of CVD(HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–0.98).CONCLUSIONS Long-term sustenance of healthy lifestyles or improving unhealthy lifestyles can reduce and delay CVD risk.
基金The research work was supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(No.NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘With the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance(AMR)it becomes pertinent to search for an antimicrobial alternative to cater for the imminent need to control total drug-resistant(TDR)and multiple-drug-resistant(MDR)infections.Antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)have shown some promise and this study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of Moricin(a naturally produced AMP by silkworm,Bombyx mori larvae)against 276 microbial strains of 83 species.Only two(Erwinia amylovora 1,Hafnia alvei 1)strains were classified as susceptible to Moricin at a concentration≤8μg/mL.If susceptibility criteria were set at MIC equivalent to≤128μg/mL then Moricin inhibited 17 strains.All of the Bacillus species strains and majority of the strains of Acinetobacter,Aeromonas,Enterococcus,Erwinia,Raoultella,and Serratia species were significantly(p<0.05)more often resistant(MIC>512μg/mL)to Moricin than strains belonging to Alacligenes,Bacillus,Escherichia,Klebsiella,Pantoea,Pasteurella,Salmonella,Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.Susceptibility of different bacteria not only varied significantly to Moricin but also to most of the commonly used antibiotics.The susceptibility of microbes not only affected by their type but also by their source of origin.The study concluded that Moricin has a wide spectrum but limited potential to inhibit clinically important microbial strains belonging to different species and genera.
基金supported by ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute,Izatnagar-243122,India,under an ongoing service project(IVRI-Epid/2014-25).
文摘giving results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing(AST)even if the infection is detected due to a single type of bacteria.However,what should be the minimum number of colonies?The clinical laboratory manuals are silent and give different numbers.Thus,the present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of picking up more than one colony for antimicrobial susceptibility.Method:The study was conducted on those clinical samples yielding Escherichia coli either as pure culture or as a prominent cause of infection.The impact of testing multiple colonies of Escherichia coli isolates was assessed on AST results through the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)producing and Metallo-β-lactamase(MBL)producing Escherichia coli carriage in clinical samples.Results:A total of 1031 samples having E.coli as the most prominent or single pathogen were analyzed.It included testing either one,two,three,four,five,or more than five(6-10)representative E.coli colonies from 526,247,115,76,31,and 36 samples,respectively.The study revealed that testing of less than three representative colonies significantly(p<0.05)impacts the outcome.However,the best outcome was when≥6 representative colonies were tested for AST.Conclusion:The study suggested that≥6 representative colonies should be emulsified for antimicrobial susceptibility tests not to miss possible infection with ESBL or MBL-producing mutants,even in mono-culture infections.
基金The research work was supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(No.NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)of ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Holy basil(Tulsi,Ocimum sanctum)is considered to be a pious plant.It is used not only in many of the rituals of Hindus but is also known for its innumerable medicinal qualities.Holy basil leaves(HBLs)are often consumed raw thus it is pertinent to detect the bacteria on Tulsi leaves.This study was conducted to understand the diversity of the aerobically growing microbiome of edible holy basil leaves.A total of 112 samples of leaves were collected from households of six localities in and around Bareilly,India for detecting culturable bacteria growing aerobically.A sum of 579 bacterial isolates belonging to 106 different species was identified.Pantoea agglomerans isolates were detected in 43 samples followed by isolates Virgibacillus pantothenticus(21),Bacillus coagulans(18),Bacillus cereus(17),Geobacillus stearothermophilus(16),Klebsiella pneumoniae(13),Citrobacter freundii(12),Lysinibacillus sphaericus(12),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(11),Escherichia coli(11),and Xenorhabdus bovienii(11).Isolates of 95 species of bacteria were detected on<10 samples of HBLs.Of 579 isolates,161 isolates detected in 68(60.71%)samples were of putatively good bacteria belonging to eight genera(Bacillus,Brevibacillus,Lysinibacillus,Paenibacillus,Photobacter,Siccibacter,Virgibacillus,Xenoirhabdus)and 23 species.However,418 bacterial isolates detected in 108(96.43%)of the HBL samples were classified as potentially pathogenic for humans and animals belonging to 34 genera and 73 species.There were only four samples(three from Mahanagar and one from Bhojipura)that had no potential pathogenic bacteria detected in this study.The analysis indicated that HBL leaves from the ICAR-IVRI campus had a lower probability(P<0.04)of harbouring good bacteria than samples from Bhojpura,Mahanagar,North City and Rajendra Nagar.Cinnamaldehyde inhibiting 96.72%of the isolates and carvacrol inhibiting 96.37%of the isolates were the best herbal antimicrobials and among antibiotics,meropenem inhibited 98.96%of bacterial isolates.Antimicrobial resistance in non-pathogenic or good bacteria was significantly more common(P<0.01)for ajowan oil but they were more often(P<0.05)susceptible to holy basil oil,lemongrass oil,citral,P.embalica leaf extract,P.longifolia seed oil,nitrofurantoin,ciprofloxacin,chloramphenicol,colistin and minocycline than isolates of potentially pathogenic bacteria.The study concludes that HBLs may harbour both good and bacteria,and should be consumed raw only after proper decontamination.
文摘Background: Abdominoplasty has consistently been one of the top cosmetic procedures performed each year with a high patient satisfaction rate. Excision of the excess abdominal skin has been shown to reduce low back pain and improve posture. The effects of the excess skin removal would, theoretically, be demonstrated through changes in gait. This study aimed to measure kinematic differences during gait to obtain objective measures for abdominoplasty. Methods: Subjects were recruited from a large, academic plastic surgery clinic. Patients were included if they were 18 years of age, able to walk without an assistive device or any hindrance by any existing medical condition, and were scheduled for abdominoplasty. Kinematic measurements were taken before and after surgery using a plug-in-gait marker set, cameras, and a treadmill. Pre- and postoperative measurements were compared and a post-hoc power analysis was created. Results: Nine total patients were included in the study. Joint angles before and after surgery demonstrated moderate differences. However, analysis revealed few significant differences for spatiotemporal or kinematic variables. The power analysis demonstrated an inadequate number of patients to detect significance. Conclusions: Despite the literature describing subjective and objective improvements following abdominoplasty, we were unable to validate this. Overall, there were noticeable differences in joint angles pre- and postoperatively, though the study is too underpowered to reach statistical significance. This preliminary data shows that if the study was powered through a larger cohort, then more generalizable conclusions could be drawn.
文摘AIM:To systematically review pathological changes of gastric mucosa in gastric atrophy(GA)and intestinal metaplasia(IM)after Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)eradication.METHODS:A systematic search was made of PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,ClinicalTrials.gov,OVID and the Cochran Library databases for articles published before March 2013 pertaining to H.pylori and gastric premalignant lesions.Relevant outcomes from articles included in the meta-analysis were combined using Review Manager 5.2 software.A Begg’s test was applied to test for publication bias using STATA 11software.χ2 and I2 analyses were used to assess heterogeneity.Analysis of data with no heterogeneity(P>0.1,I2<25%)was carried out with a fixed effects model,otherwise the causes of heterogeneity were first analyzed and then a random effects model was applied.RESULTS:The results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled weighted mean difference(WMD)with 95%CI was 0.23(0.18-0.29)between eradication and non-eradication of H.pylori infection in antral IM with a significant overall effect(Z=8.19;P<0.00001)and no significant heterogeneity(χ2=27.54,I2=16%).The pooled WMD with 95%CI was-0.01(-0.04-0.02)for IM in the corpus with no overall effect(Z=0.66)or heterogeneity(χ2=14.87,I2=0%)(fixed effects model).In antral GA,the pooled WMD with 95%CI was 0.25(0.15-0.35)with a significant overall effect(Z=4.78;P<0.00001)and significant heterogeneity(χ2=86.12,I2=71%;P<0.00001).The pooled WMD with 95%CI for GA of the corpus was 0.14(0.04-0.24)with a significant overall effect(Z=2.67;P=0.008)and significant heterogeneity(χ2=44.79,I2=62%;P=0.0003)(random effects model).CONCLUSION:H.pylori eradication strongly correlates with improvement in IM in the antrum and GA in the corpus and antrum of the stomach.
基金Supported by Grant from Department of Health,No.H200526,Jiangsu Province,China
文摘AIM:To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2(ADH2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2(ALDH2) polymorphisms on esophageal cancer susceptibility in Southeast Chinese males.METHODS:Two hundred and twenty-one esophageal cancer patients and 191 healthy controls from Taixing city in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study.ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios(OR) and 95% confi dence interval(CI) .RESULTS:The ADH G allele carriers were more susceptible to esophageal cancer,but no association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of esophageal cancer when disregarding alcohol drinking status.Regardless of ADH2 genotype,ALDH2G/A or A/A carriers had significantly increased risk of developing esophageal cancer,with homozygous individuals showing higher esophageal cancer risk than those who were heterozygous.A signif icant interaction between ALDH2 and drinking was detected regarding esophageal cancer risk;the OR was 3.05(95% CI:1.49-6.25) .Compared with non-drinkers carrying both ALDH2 G/G and ADH2 A/A,drinkers carrying both ALDH2 A allele and ADH2 G allele showed a signif icantly higher risk of developing esophageal cancer(OR = 8.36,95% CI:2.98-23.46) .CONCLUSION:Both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele significantly increase the risk of esophageal cancer development in Southeast Chinese males.ALDH2 A allele significantly increases the risk of esophageal cancer development especially in alcohol drinkers.Alcohol drinkers carrying both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.
基金supported by the Young Scholar Scientific Research Foundation of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(grant#China CDC 2010A205)
文摘Objective To estimate the prevalence of elevated blood pressure(EBP) in Chinese children and identify individual and family factors associated with EBP. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 using stratified cluster sampling. Participants' blood pressure was measured, and their parents completed a questionnaire on personal and family characteristics. Prevalence and correlates of EBP were assessed. Results Among a total of 24,333 participants, 20.2% of boys and 16.3% of girls had EBP. The prevalence of EBP increased with the ascending trend of waist circumference, Waist-to-height ratio, and body mass index. The adjusted prevalence ratios(aP Rs) for obese boys and girls were 2.50 and 2.97, respectively. Fewer urban boys(16.2%) had EBP than rural boys(21.7%). Boys with a family history of hypertension were 12% more likely to have EBP. Children whose mothers received a college education tended to have lower likelihood of EBP; with an aP R was 0.85 among boys and 0.78 among girls. Conclusion EBP is common among obese students and those who have a family history of hypertension. A negative association between mothers' education levels and EBP risk in children was found.
基金supported by the funds of Key Discipline and Specialty Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planningthe National Key Basic Research Program "973 project" (2015CB554000)grants from US National Institutes of Health (R37 CA070867, R01 CA82729, UM1CA173640, and UM1 CA182910)
文摘Objective: To evaluate the population attributable risks(PARs) between cigarette smoking and deaths of all causes, all cancers, lung cancer and other chronic diseases in urban Shanghai.Methods: In total, 61,480 men aged 40-74 years from 2002 to 2006 and 74,941 women aged 40-70 years from 1997 to 2000 were recruited to undergo baseline surveys in urban Shanghai, with response rates of 74.0% and 92.3%, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate relative risks(RRs) and 95% confidence intervals(95% CIs) of deaths associated with cigarette smoking. PARs and 95% CIs for deaths were estimated from smoking exposure rates and the estimated RRs.Results: Cigarette smoking was responsible for 23.9%(95% CI: 19.4-28.3%) and 2.4%(95% CI: 1.6-3.2%) of all deaths in men and women, respectively, in our study population. Respiratory disease had the highest PAR in men [37.5%(95% CI: 21.5-51.6%)], followed by cancer [31.3%(95% CI: 24.6-37.7%)] and cardiovascular disease(CVD) [24.1%(95% CI: 16.7-31.2%)]. While the top three PARs were 12.7%(95% CI: 6.1-19.3%), 4.0%(95% CI: 2.4-5.6%), and 1.1%(95% CI: 0.0-2.3%), for respiratory disease, CVD, and cancer, respectively in women. For deaths of lung cancer, the PAR of smoking was 68.4%(95% CI: 58.2-76.5%) in men.Conclusions: In urban Shanghai, 23.9% and 2.4% of all deaths in men and women could have been prevented if no people had smoked in the area. Effective control programs against cigarette smoking should be strongly advocated to reduce the increasing smoking-related death burden.
基金a Grant-in Aid for International Scientific Research, Special Cancer Research, No.11137311, from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, and by a Major International (Regional) Joint Research Projects, No. 30320140461 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘AIM: To investigate associations between the RsaⅠ polymorphism of CYP2E1 and risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 315 colorectal cancer cases (105 colon, 210 rectal) and 439 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China. Genomic DNA samples were assayed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms in CYP2E1 by PCR amplification followed by digestion with Rsa Ⅰ. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking was collected using a questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with an unconditional logistic model. RESULTS: The proportional distribution of the CYP2E1 RsaⅠc1/c1, c1/c2 and c2/c2 genotypes were 61.4%, 35.6% and 3.0% in controls, 60.6%, 33.7% and 5.8% in colon cancer cases, and 58.4%, 34.0% and 7.7% in rectal cancer cases, respectively. A significant difference was noted between controls and rectal cancer cases (P = 0.029), the c2/c2 genotype being associated with elevated OR (adjusted age, sex and status of the smoking and alcohol drinking) for rectal cancer (1.64, 95% CI, 1.12-2.41, vs c1 allele carriers), but not for colon cancer. In interaction analysis between the CYP2E1 RsaⅠgenotype and smoking and drinking habits, we found a significant cooperative action between the c2/c2 genotype and alcohol drinking in the sex-, age-adjusted ORs for both colon (4.74, 95% CI, 1.10-20.40) and rectal (5.75, 95% CI, 1.65-20.05) cancers. Among nonsmokers, the CYP2E1 RsaⅠc2/c2 genotype was also associated with elevated ORs in the two sites (1.95, 95% CI, 0.99-3.86 and 2.30, 95% CI, 1.32-3.99). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the CYP2E1 c2/c2 genotype increases susceptibility to rectal cancer and the gene-environmental interactions between the CYP2E1 polymorphism and smoking or alcohol drinking exist for colorectal neoplasia in general.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic,debilitating disorder of the gastrointestinal tract.The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease has not been elucidated,but is thought to be multifactorial with both environmental and genetic influences.A large body of research has been conducted to elucidate the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease.This article reviews this literature,emphasizing the studies of breastfeeding and the studies of genetic factors,particularly NOD2 polymorphisms.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2017-I2M-1-004 & 2019-I2M-2-003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017 YFC0211703 & 2018YFE0115300 & 2018YFC1311703 & 2017YFC0908401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91643208)
文摘Background In China,lack of evidence remains a significant challenge for the national initiative to promote physical activity(PA).We aimed to quantify the beneficial effects of meeting or maintaining the recommended PA level[150 minutes per week(min/wk)of moderate PA or 75 min/wk of vigorous PA or an equivalent combination]on incident cardiovascular disease(CVD)among Chinese population.Methods We included 100,560 participants without history of CVD from three cohorts in the Prediction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in China(China-PAR)project.Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for CVD events and its subtypes,including stroke,coronary heart disease,heart failure,and CVD death.Results During a median follow-up of 7.3 years(range:6–15 years),777,163 person-years and 4693 incident CVD events were observed.Compared with participants who were inactive at baseline,the multivariable adjusted HR(95%CI)of developing CVD was 0.74(0.69–0.79)for those who met recommended moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA)level at baseline.Furthermore,the risk of CVD incidence was reduced with increment of MVPA(Ptrend<0.001),and the HR(95%CI)of highly-active versus inactive category was 0.62(0.56–0.68).Compared with individuals who were inactive both at the baseline and follow-up,those keeping active over the period of follow-up had a substantial lower risk of incident CVD with the HR(95%CI)of 0.57(0.43–0.77).Conclusions The findings demonstrated that meeting and maintaining the recommended MVPA level could reduce the cardiovascular risk.Wider adoption of the PA recommendations would have considerable health impacts to the Chinese population.
文摘Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed.
基金supported in part by the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (P30 CA68485)supported by a National Cancer Institute grant (R01 CA92585, PI: Xiao-Ou Shu)
文摘A recent genome-wide association study identified a new susceptibility locus for breast cancer, rs2046210, which is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located upstream of the estrogen receptor α (ESR1) gene on chromosome 6q25.1. Given that endometrial cancer shares many risk factors with breast cancer and both are related to estrogen exposure and that rs2046210 is in close proximity to the ESR1 gene, we evaluated the association of SNP rs2046210 with endometrial cancer risk among 953 cases and 947 controls in a population-based, case-control study conducted in Shanghai, China. Logistic regression models were used to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after adjusting for potential confounders. We found that the A allele of rs2046210, linked to an increased risk of breast cancer, was associated with increased but not statistically significant risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.96-1.41 for the GA and AA genotypes compared with the GG genotype); the association was stronger among post-menopausal women (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.00-1.65). The association tended to be stronger among women with higher or longer estrogen exposure than among women with relatively lower or shorter exposure to estrogen. Our study suggests that rs2046210 may play a role in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings.
基金(in part) A Grant-in Aid for International Scientifi c ResearchSpecial Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan, No. 11137311Major International (Regional) Joint Research Projects from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), No. 30320140461
文摘AIM: To evaluate the relationship between drinking and polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) for risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Chinese males. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in 190 cases and 223 population-based controls. ADH2 Arg47His (G-A) and ALDH2 Glu487Lys (G-A)genotypes were identified by PCR and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Information on smoking and drinking was collected and odds ratio (OR) was estimated. RESULTS: The ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes showed moderately increased CRC risk. The age- and smoking-adjusted OR for ADH2 A/A relative to G/A and G/G was 1.60 (95% CI=1.08-2.36), and the adjusted OR for ALDH2 G/G relative to G/A and A/A was 1.79 (95% CI=1.19-2.69). Signif icant interactions between ADH2, ALDH2 and drinking were observed. As compared to the subjects with ADH2 G and ALDH2 A alleles, those with ADH2 A/A and ALDH2 G/G genotypes had a signif icantly increased OR (3.05, 95% CI= 1.67-5.57). The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ADH2 A/A genotype was increased to 3.44 (95% CI= 1.84-6.42) compared with non-drinkers with the ADH2 G allele. The OR for CRC among drinkers with the ALDH2 G/G genotype was also increased to 2.70 (95% CI= 1.57-4.66) compared with non-drinkers with the ALDH2 A allele. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of the ADH2 and ALDH2 genes are significantly associated with CRC risk. There are also signifi cant gene-gene and gene- environment interactions between drinking and ADH2 and ALDH2 polymorphisms regarding CRC risk in Chinese males.
文摘AIM: To investigate the association between adherence to health recommendations and detection of advanced colorectal neoplasia(ACN) in colorectal cancer(CRC) screening.METHODS: A total of 14832 women and men were invited to CRC screening, 6959 in the fecal immunochemical test arm and 7873 in the flexible sigmoidoscopy arm. These were also sent a self-reported lifestyle questionnaire to be completed prior to their first CRC screening. A lifestyle score was created to reflect current adherence to healthy behaviors in regard to smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption and food consumption, and ranged from zero(poorest) to six(best). Odds ratios(ORs) and 95%CIs were calculated using multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between the single lifestyle variables and the lifestyle score and the probability of detecting ACN.RESULTS: In all 6315 women and men completed the lifestyle questionnaire, 3323(53%) in the FIT arm and 2992(47%) in the FS arm. This was 89% of those who participated in screening. ACN was diagnosed in 311(5%) participants of which 25(8%) were diagnosed with CRC. For individuals with a lifestyle score of two, three, four, and five-six, the ORs(95%CI) for the probability of ACN detection were 0.82(0.45-1.16), 0.43(0.28-0.73), 0.41(0.23-0.64), and 0.41(0.22-0.73), respectively compared to individuals with a lifestyle score of zero-one. Of the single lifestyle factors, adherence to non-smoking and moderate alcohol intake were associated with a decreased probability of ACN detection compared to being a smoker or having a high alcohol intake 0.53(0.42-0.68) and 0.63(0.43-0.93) respectively.CONCLUSION: Adopted healthy behaviors were inversely associated with the probability of ACN detection. Lifestyle assessment might be useful for risk stratification in CRC screening.
基金We appreciate all the participants and their relatives in the study. And we will thank to the members of the survey teams from the Jidong community. The authors thank the staff of the Recovery Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd for their important efforts. This study was supported by grants from National Key Research and Development program of China （2016YFC1300300）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos.81270186, 81400229）, Scientific Technology Program of Beijing City （Z1411070025 14103）.
