Background:Solid organ transplant(SOT)activities,such as liver transplant,have been greatly influenced by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona...Background:Solid organ transplant(SOT)activities,such as liver transplant,have been greatly influenced by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Immunosuppressed individuals of liver transplant recipients(LTRs)tend to have a high risk of COVID-19 infection and related complications.Therefore,COVID-19 vaccination has been recommended to be administered as early as possible in LTRs.Data sources:The keywords“liver transplant”,“SARS-CoV-2”,and“vaccine”were used to retrieve articles published in PubMed.Results:The antibody response following the 1st and 2nd doses of vaccination was disappointingly low,and the immune responses among LTRs remarkably improved after the 3rd or 4th dose of vaccination.Although the 3rd or 4th dose of COVID-19 vaccine increased the antibody titer,a proportion of patients remained unresponsive.Furthermore,recent studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could trigger adverse events in LTRs,including allograft rejection and liver injury.Conclusions:This review provides the recently reported data on the antibody response of LTRs following various doses of vaccine,risk factors for poor serological response and adverse events after vaccination.展开更多
Gastric polyps(GPs)are increasingly common.On upper endoscopy,they should be examined with white light and occasionally chromoendoscopy,and their morphology classified according to the Paris classification.Most GPs ha...Gastric polyps(GPs)are increasingly common.On upper endoscopy,they should be examined with white light and occasionally chromoendoscopy,and their morphology classified according to the Paris classification.Most GPs have a typical endoscopic appearance and can be associated with diseases like Helicobacter pylori infection.Histological examination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.While most polyps are non-neoplastic and do not require treatment,some carry a risk of malignancy or are already malignant.Therefore,understanding the diagnosis,classification,and management of GPs is crucial for patient prognostication.Our new classification categorizes GPs into"good","bad",and"ugly"based on their likelihood of becoming malignant.We aim to provide descriptions of the endoscopic appearance,pathology,treatment,and follow-up for different GPs,as well as clinical management flowcharts.展开更多
BACKGROUND Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta(SMA-Ao).Although the left lateral recumbent position is considered effe...BACKGROUND Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta(SMA-Ao).Although the left lateral recumbent position is considered effective in the treatment of SMA syndrome,individual variations in the optimal patient position have been noted.In this report,we present two elderly cases of SMA syndrome that exhibited rapid recovery due to ultrasonographic dynamic evaluation of the optimal position for each patient.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 90-year-old man with nausea and vomiting.Following diagnosis of SMA syndrome by computed tomography(CT),ultrasonography(US)revealed the SMA-Ao distance in the supine position(4 mm),which slightly improved in the lateral position(5.7–7.0 mm)without the passage of duodenal contents.However,in the sitting position,the SMA-Ao distance was increased to 15 mm accompanied by improved content passage.Additionally,US indicated enhanced passage upon abdominal massage on the right side.By day 2,the patient could eat comfortably with the optimal position and massage.Case 2:An 87-year-old woman with vomiting.After the diagnosis of SMA syndrome and aspiration pneumonia by CT,dynamic US confirmed the optimal position(SMA-Ao distance was improved to 7 mm in forward-bent position,whereas it remained at 5 mm in the supine position).By day 7 when her pneumonia recovered,she could eat with the optimal position.CONCLUSION The optimal position for SMA syndrome varies among individuals.Dynamic US appears to be a valuable tool in improving patient outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has posed a major public health concern worldwide.Patients with comorbid conditions are at risk of adverse outcomes following COVID-19.Solid organ transplant r...BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has posed a major public health concern worldwide.Patients with comorbid conditions are at risk of adverse outcomes following COVID-19.Solid organ transplant recipients with concurrent immunosuppression and comorbidities are more susceptible to a severe COVID-19 infection.It could lead to higher rates of inpatient complications and mortality in this patient population.However,studies on COVID-19 outcomes in liver transplant(LT)recipients have yielded inconsistent findings.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-related outcomes among LT recipients in the United States.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the 2019–2020 National Inpatient Sample database.Patients with primary LT hospitalizations and a secondary COVID-19 diagnosis were identified using the International Classi-fication of Diseases,Tenth Revision coding system.The primary outcomes included trends in LT hospitalizations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Secondary outcomes included comparative trends in inpatient mortality and transplant rejection in LT recipients.RESULTS A total of 15720 hospitalized LT recipients were included.Approximately 0.8% of patients had a secondary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.In both cohorts,the median admission age was 57 years.The linear trends for LT hospitalizations did not differ significantly before and during the pandemic(P=0.84).The frequency of in-hospital mortality for LT recipients increased from 1.7% to 4.4% between January 2019 and December 2020.Compared to the pre-pandemic period,a higher association was noted between LT recipients and in-hospital mortality during the pandemic,with an odds ratio(OR)of 1.69[95% confidence interval(CI):1.55-1.84),P<0.001].The frequency of transplant rejections among hospitalized LT recipients increased from 0.2%to 3.6% between January 2019 and December 2020.LT hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher association with transplant rejection than before the pandemic[OR:1.53(95%CI:1.26-1.85),P<0.001].CONCLUSION The hospitalization rates for LT recipients were comparable before and during the pandemic.Inpatient mortality and transplant rejection rates for hospitalized LT recipients were increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in combination with sofosbuvir may serve as a safe and effective option for treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus post-liver transplant in patients who previously failed direct-acting antiv...Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in combination with sofosbuvir may serve as a safe and effective option for treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus post-liver transplant in patients who previously failed direct-acting antivirals.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary liver malignancy and causes one third of cancer related deaths world-wide.Approximately one third of patients with HCC are eligible for curative treatments that ...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary liver malignancy and causes one third of cancer related deaths world-wide.Approximately one third of patients with HCC are eligible for curative treatments that include hepatic resection,liver transplantation or imaging guided tumor ablation.Recurrence rates after primary therapy depends on tumor biology and pre-treatment tumor burden with early recurrence rates ranging from 30%-80%following surgical resection and ablation.HCC recurs in over ten percent following liver transplantation for HCC.Treatment modalities for tumor recurrence following resection and ablation include repeat liver resection,salvage liver transplantation,locoregional therapies,and systemic chemotherapy/immunotherapy.Locoregional and immune mediated therapies are limited for patients with tumor recurrence following liver transplantation given potential immune related allograft rejection.Given the high HCC recurrence rates after primary tumor treatment,it is imperative for the clinician to review the appropriate treatment strategy for this disease entity.This article will review the current literature regarding HCC recurrence after primary curative therapies and will discuss the relevant future trends in the HCC field.展开更多
BACKGROUND Subepithelial lesions(SELs)are gastrointestinal tumors with heterogeneous malignant potential.Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)is the leading method for evaluation,but without histopathological analysis,preci...BACKGROUND Subepithelial lesions(SELs)are gastrointestinal tumors with heterogeneous malignant potential.Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)is the leading method for evaluation,but without histopathological analysis,precise differentiation of SEL risk is limited.Artificial intelligence(AI)is a promising aid for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions in the absence of histopathology.AIM To determine the diagnostic accuracy of AI-assisted EUS in diagnosing SELs,especially lesions originating from the muscularis propria layer.METHODS Electronic databases including PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library were searched.Patients of any sex and>18 years,with SELs assessed by EUS AIassisted,with previous histopathological diagnosis,and presented sufficient data values which were extracted to construct a 2×2 table.The reference standard was histopathology.The primary outcome was the accuracy of AI for gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST).Secondary outcomes were AI-assisted EUS diagnosis for GIST vs gastrointestinal leiomyoma(GIL),the diagnostic performance of experienced endoscopists for GIST,and GIST vs GIL.Pooled sensitivity,specificity,positive,and negative predictive values were calculated.The corresponding summary receiver operating characteristic curve and post-test probability were also analyzed.RESULTS Eight retrospective studies with a total of 2355 patients and 44154 images were included in this meta-analysis.The AI-assisted EUS for GIST diagnosis showed a sensitivity of 92%[95%confidence interval(CI):0.89-0.95;P<0.01),specificity of 80%(95%CI:0.75-0.85;P<0.01),and area under the curve(AUC)of 0.949.For diagnosis of GIST vs GIL by AI-assisted EUS,specificity was 90%(95%CI:0.88-0.95;P=0.02)and AUC of 0.966.The experienced endoscopists’values were sensitivity of 72%(95%CI:0.67-0.76;P<0.01),specificity of 70%(95%CI:0.64-0.76;P<0.01),and AUC of 0.777 for GIST.Evaluating GIST vs GIL,the experts achieved a sensitivity of 73%(95%CI:0.65-0.80;P<0.01)and an AUC of 0.819.CONCLUSION AI-assisted EUS has high diagnostic accuracy for fourth-layer SELs,especially for GIST,demonstrating superiority compared to experienced endoscopists’and improving their diagnostic performance in the absence of invasive procedures.展开更多
Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are an important and increasing threat to global health. They are nowadays more encountered routinely in hospitals and cause high morbidity and mortality du...Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are an important and increasing threat to global health. They are nowadays more encountered routinely in hospitals and cause high morbidity and mortality due to limited therapeutic alternatives. This study sought to determine the prevalence of CPE in Yaoundé teaching hospital, Cameroon, and the associated risk factors. Materials and Method: To achieve this goal, a descriptive cross-sectional study coupled to an analytical component with consecutive collection of Enterobacteria strains was carried out during a three-month period (from 27<sup>th</sup> July to 24<sup>th</sup> October 2018) in the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The oxidase and biochemical identification tests using a miniaturized Api 20 E system were performed on colonies grown on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium and subcultured on nutrient agar. Drug susceptibility testing was carried out according to the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM 2018.V.2.0). The detection of carbapenemase production was performed by the CA-SFM 2018 algorithm for the screening of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and its classification by inhibitory synergy tests. Results: Out of the 104 isolates, Escherichia coli (50%) was the most prevalent species, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) and Citrobacter frendii (12.5%). Drugs susceptibility patterns showed a high resistance to penicillins group (97.4% to amoxicillin), cephalosporins (68.4% to cefotaxim, 58.1% to cefixim, 60.7% to ceftazidim, 57.1% of cefoxitin) and aztreonam (55.7%). However, 11.9% carbapenems related resistance was noticed: 14.4% to imipenem, 13.8% to ertapenem and 7.5% to meropenem. Numerous co-resistance to quinolones (65.8%), fluoroquinolones (49.6%), aminoglycosides (49.6%) and cotrimoxazole (71.8%) were also observed. From 104 isolates, AmpC production represented 23.08% (25/104) and 36.54% (38/104) were ESBL-isolates. The overall prevalence of CPE was 25% (26/104) with K.pneumoniae predominant (61.53%). Besides, Class A and class B carbapenemase were mainly produced with respectively 20% (21/104) and 5% (5/104). Univariate analysis revealed a significant association of carbapenemase production to Klebsiella pneumoniae (p = 0.01), ESBL and AmpC production ((P = 0.01 and P = 0.001 respectively) while that association was only significant to Klebsiella spp (p = 0.04) and AmpC production (p = 0.02) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The multi-resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics in Cameroon has considerably increased. More attention should be paid to those bacteria to stall antimicrobial resistance spread.展开更多
Background and Objective: Nowadays, the clinical utility of carbapenems is threatened by the emergence of resistant bacteria, favored by its increasing use. According to the WHO, Acinetobacter baumannii: nosocomial in...Background and Objective: Nowadays, the clinical utility of carbapenems is threatened by the emergence of resistant bacteria, favored by its increasing use. According to the WHO, Acinetobacter baumannii: nosocomial infection agent, tops the list of priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens, considered to be the riskiest for humans. This study sought to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strains in four health facilities in the Center and Littoral regions of Cameroon and the associated risk factors. Materials and Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over a six-month period from January to June 2022. All suspicious A. baumanii isolates obtained from pathological samples at the bacteriology laboratory of the different health facilities were systematically collected and re-identified. Re-identification and antimicrobial susceptibility Testing (AST) were performed using the VITEK 2 System and the Kirby-Bauer method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Detection and phenotypic characterization of carbapenemases was performed according to adequate standard procedures. Results: A total of 168/226 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were confirmed after re-identification, among which 52.69% derived from male patients, 55.09% from participants aged between 10 - 39 years old, and 46.71% from pus samples. A very high resistance rates to all families of antibiotics was noted, except to colistin (10.2%). 40.12% of these isolates produced carbapenemase, represented by 62.69% of class B and 37.31% of class A. Carbapenemase production was observed only at HMR1, Centre region and at Laquintinie hospital, Littoral region with 53.33% and 50% respectively, even if there is no significant difference (P = 0.81). In addition, frequent hospitalisation was significantly associated to the production of carbapenemase among A. baumanii (Adjusted-OR = 16.53, P-value 0.0001). Conclusion: This study highlighted the emergence of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii which is increasingly growing. Continuous drug-resistant monitoring and preventive measures could help to prevent and curb the dissemination of A. baumanii resistance genes, especially in health settings.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary tumor of the liver and has a high mortality rate.The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system in addition to tumor staging also links the modality of treatme...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary tumor of the liver and has a high mortality rate.The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system in addition to tumor staging also links the modality of treatment available to a particular stage.The recent description of the tumor microenvironment(TME)in HCC has provided a new concept of immunogenicity within the HCC.Virusrelated HCC has been shown to be more immunogenic with higher expression of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and decreased elements for immunosuppression such as regulatory T cells.This immunogenic milieu provides a better response to immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs).In addition,the recent data on combining locoregional therapies and other strategies may convert the less immunogenic state of the TME towards higher immunogenicity.Therefore,data are emerging on the use of combinations of locoregional therapy and ICIs in unresectable or advanced HCC and has shown better survival outcomes in this difficult population.展开更多
Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a formidable complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis,often necessitating the administration of rifaximin(RFX)for effective management.RFX,is a gut-restricted,poorly-absorbabl...Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a formidable complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis,often necessitating the administration of rifaximin(RFX)for effective management.RFX,is a gut-restricted,poorly-absorbable oral rifamycin derived antibiotic that can be used in addition to lactulose for the secondary prophylaxis of HE.It has shown notable reductions in infection,hospital readmission,duration of hospital stay,and mortality.However,limited data exist about the concurrent use of RFX with broad-spectrum antibiotics,because the patients are typically excluded from studies assessing RFX efficacy in HE.A pharmacist-driven quasi-experimental pilot study was done to address this gap.They argue against the necessity of RFX in HE during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment,particularly in critically ill patients in intensive care unit(ICU).The potential for safe RFX discontinuation without adverse effects is clearly illuminated and valuable insight into the optimization of therapeutic strategies is offered.The findings also indicate that RFX discontinuation during broadspectrum antibiotic therapy was not associated with higher rates of delirium or coma,and this result remained robust after adjustment in multivariate analysis.Furthermore,rates of other secondary clinical and safety outcomes,including ICU mortality and 48-hour changes in vasopressor requirements,were comparable.However,since the activity of RFX is mainly confined to the modulation of gut microbiota,its potential utility in patients undergoing extensive systemic antibiotic therapy is debatable,given the overlapping antibiotic activity.Further,this suggests that the action of RFX on HE is class-specific(related to its activity on gut microbiota),rather than drug-specific.A recent double-blind randomized controlled(ARiE)trial provided further evidence-based support for RFX withdrawal in critically ill cirrhotic ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics.Both studies prompt further discussion about optimal therapeutic strategy for patients facing the dual challenge of HE and systemic infections.Despite these compelling results,both studies have limitations.A prospective,multi-center evaluation of a larger sample,with placebo control,and comprehensive neurologic evaluation of HE is warranted.It should include an exploration of longer-term outcome and the impact of this protocol in non-critically ill liver disease patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and it significantly contributes to the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,there are marked variations in the incidence and m...BACKGROUND Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and it significantly contributes to the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,there are marked variations in the incidence and mortality rates of HCC across different geographical regions.With the advent of new widely available treatment modalities,such as direct-acting antivirals,it is becoming increasingly imperative to understand the temporal and geographical trends in HCC mortality associated with Hepatitis C.Furthermore,gender disparities in HCC mortality related to Hepatitis C are a crucial,yet underexplored aspect that adds to the disease's global impact.While some studies shed light on gender-specific trends,there is a lack of comprehensive data on global and regional mortality rates,particularly those highlighting gender disparities.This gap in knowledge hinders the development of targeted interventions and resource allocation strategies.DISCUSSION The results of our study show an overall decline in the mortality rates of patients with hepatitis C-related HCC over the last two decades.Notably,females exhibited a remarkable decrease in mortality compared to males.Regionally,East Asia and the Pacific displayed a significant decline in mortality,while Europe and Central Asia witnessed an upward trend.Latin America and the Caribbean also experienced an increase in mortality rates.However,no significant difference was observed in the Middle East and North Africa.North America exhibited a notable upward trend.South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa significantly declined throughout the study period.This raises the hope of identifying areas for implementing more targeted resources.Despite some progress,multiple challenges remain in meeting the WHO 2030 goal of eliminating viral hepatitis[24].展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is ranked as the 5th common type of cancer worldwide and is considered as the 3rd common reason for cancer-related deaths. HCC often occurs on top of a cirrhotic liver. The prognosisis de...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is ranked as the 5th common type of cancer worldwide and is considered as the 3rd common reason for cancer-related deaths. HCC often occurs on top of a cirrhotic liver. The prognosisis determined by several factors; tumour extension, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) concentration, histologic subtype of the tumour, degree of liver dysfunction, and the patient's performance status. HCC prognosis is strongly correlated with diagnostic delay. To date, no ideal screening modality has been developed. Analysis of recent studies showed that AFP assessment lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for effective surveillance and diagnosis. Many tumour markers have been tested in clinical trials without progressing to routine use in clinical practice. Thus, surveillance is still based on ultrasound(US) examination every 6 mo. Imaging studies for diagnosis of HCC can fall into one of two main categories: routine non-invasive studies such as US, computed tomography(CT), and magnetic resonance imaging, and more specialized invasive techniques including CT during hepatic arteriography and CT arterial portography in addition to the conventional hepatic angiography. This article provides an overview and spotlight on the different diagnostic modalities and treatment options of HCC.展开更多
Estimating the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis remains challenging, because the natural history of cirrhosis varies according to the cause, presence of portal hypertension, liver synthetic function, and the rever...Estimating the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis remains challenging, because the natural history of cirrhosis varies according to the cause, presence of portal hypertension, liver synthetic function, and the reversibility of underlying disease. Conventional prognostic scoring systems, including the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or model for endstage liver diseases are widely used; however, revised models have been introduced to improve prognostic performance. Although sarcopenia is one of the most common complications related to survival of patients with cirrhosis, the newly proposed prognostic models lack a nutritional status evaluation of patients. This is reflected by the lack of an optimal index for sarcopenia in terms of objectivity, reproducibility, practicality, and prognostic performance, and of a consensus definition for sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis in whom ascites and edema may interfere with body composition analysis. Quantifying skeletal muscle mass using cross-sectional abdominal imaging is a promising tool for assessing sarcopenia. As radiological imaging provides direct visualization of body composition, it is useful to evaluate sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis whose body mass index, anthropometric measurements, or biochemical markers are inaccurate on a nutritional assessment. Sarcopenia defined by cross-sectional imaging-based muscular assessment is prevalent and predicts mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Sarcopenia alone or in combination with conventional prognostic systems shows promise for a cirrhosis prognosis. Including an objective assessment of sarcopenia with conventional scores to optimize the outcome prediction for patients with cirrhosis needs further research.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lenvatinib is one of the first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the present study, we evaluated the potential of early changes in the time-intensity cu...BACKGROUND Lenvatinib is one of the first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the present study, we evaluated the potential of early changes in the time-intensity curve(TIC) of arterial phase on contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) as early imaging biomarkers of lenvatinib efficacy.AIM To evaluate the potential of the early changes in the TIC of CEUS as early imaging biomarkers of lenvatinib efficacy in patients with unresectable HCC.METHODS We analyzed 20 consecutive patients with unresectable HCC treated with lenvatinib from March to November 2018. Tumor response at 8 wk was assessed by computed tomography using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(m RECIST). CEUS was performed at baseline before treatment(Day 0) and on day 7(Day 7), and the images were analyzed in the arterial phase for 20 seconds after the contrast agent arrived at the target tumor. Three perfusion parameters were extracted from the TICs: the slope of wash-in(Slope),time to peak(TTP) intensity, and the total area under the curve(AUC) during wash-in. The rate of change in the TIC parameters between Day 0 and Day 7 was compared between treatment responders and non-responders based on m RECIST.RESULTS The rate of change for all TIC parameters showed significant differences between the responders(n = 9) and non-responders(n = 11)(Slope, P = 0.025; TTP, P =0.004; and AUC, P = 0.0003). The area under the receiver operating curve values for slope, TTP, and AUC for the prediction of responders were 0.805, 0.869, and0.939, respectively.CONCLUSION CEUS may be useful for the early prediction of tumor response to lenvatinib therapy in patients with unresectable HCC.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a grave primary liver cancer that has a limited therapeutic option because it is generally diagnosed later in an advanced stage due to its aggressive biologic behavior.The early detecti...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a grave primary liver cancer that has a limited therapeutic option because it is generally diagnosed later in an advanced stage due to its aggressive biologic behavior.The early detection of HCC has a great impact on the treatment efficacy and survival of patients at high risk for cancer.Potential host,environmental,and virus-related risk factors have been introduced.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a major cause of end-stage liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis or HCC in endemic areas,and its serologic or virologic status is considered an important risk factor.HCC risk prediction derived from the identification of major risk factors is necessary for providing adequate screening/surveillance strategies to high-risk individuals.Several risk prediction models for HBV-related HCC have been presented recently with simple,efficient,and readily available to use parameters applicable to average-or unknown-risk populations as well as high-risk individuals.Predictive scoring systems of risk estimation to assess HCC development can provide the way to an evidence-based clinical approach for cost-and effort-effective outcomes,capable of inducing a personalized surveillance program according to risk stratification.In this review,the concepts and perspectives of the risk prediction of HCC are discussed through the analysis of several risk prediction models of HBV-related HCC.展开更多
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is complex andrequires an understanding of multiple therapeutic options. PVT is present in 10%-40% of HCC at the time of diagnosis, and is a...Management of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is complex andrequires an understanding of multiple therapeutic options. PVT is present in 10%-40% of HCC at the time of diagnosis, and is an adverse prognostic factor. Management options are limited, as transplantation is generally contraindicated, and surgical resection is only rarely performed in select centers. Systemic medical therapy with sorafenib has been shown to modestly prolong survival. Transarterial chemoembolization has been performed in select cases but has shown a high incidence of complications. Emerging data on treatment of PVT with Y-90 radioembolization suggest that this modality is well-tolerated and associated with favorable overall survival. Current society guidelines do not yet specifically recommend radioembolization for patients with PVT, but this may change with the development of newer staging systems and treatment algorithms. In this comprehensive literature review, we present current and available management options with the relative advantages, disadvantages and contraindications of these treatment options with summarized data on overall survival.展开更多
Hepatic abscess caused by foreign body penetration of the alimentary tract is rare. We report a case of gastric antrum penetration due to a toothpick complicated by liver abscess formation. A 41-year-old man was admit...Hepatic abscess caused by foreign body penetration of the alimentary tract is rare. We report a case of gastric antrum penetration due to a toothpick complicated by liver abscess formation. A 41-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of upper abdominal pain for 2 mo. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy performed at a local clinic revealed a toothpick penetrating the gastric antrum. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen at our hospital revealed a gastric foreign body embedded in the posterior wall of gastric antrum with regional phlegmon over the lesser sac and adhesion to the pancreatic body without notable vascular injury, and a hepatic abscess seven cm in diameter over the left liver lobe. Endoscopic removal of the foreign body was successfully performed without complication. The liver abscess was treated with parenteral antibiotics without drainage. The patient’s recovery was uneventful. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated complete resolution of the hepatic abscess six months after discharge. Relevant literature from the PubMed database was reviewed and the clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies and outcomes of 88 reported cases were analyzed. The results showed that only 6 patients received conservative treatment with parenteral antibiotics, while the majority underwent either image-guided abscess drainage or laparotomy. Patients receiving abscess drainage via laparotomy had a significantly shorter length of hospitalization compared with those undergoing image-guided drainage. There was no significant difference in age between those who survived and those who died, however, the latter presented to hospitals in a more critical condition than the former. The overall mortality rate was 7.95%.展开更多
AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF) as a first-line therapy in decompensated liver disease. METHODS We enrolled 174 chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis patients treate...AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF) as a first-line therapy in decompensated liver disease. METHODS We enrolled 174 chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis patients treated with 300 mg/d TDF at six Korean centers. Of the 174 cirrhosis patients, 57 were assigned to the decompensated cirrhosis group and 117 were assigned to the compensated cirrhosis group. We followed the patients for 12 mo and evaluated clinical outcomes, including biochemical, virological, and serological responses. We also evaluated changes in hepatic and renal function and compared the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis groups. RESULTS The 1-year complete virological response(CVR) and Hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag) seroconversion were seen in 70.2% and 14.2% in the decompensated cirrhosis group, respectively. The rates of HBe Ag seroconversion/loss and ALT normalization at month 12 were similar in both groups. TDF treatment was also effective for decreasing the level of hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA in both groups, but CVR was higher in the compensated group(88.9% vs 70.2%, P = 0.005). Tenofovir treatment for 12 mo resulted in improved Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP) and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) scores in decompensated group(P < 0.001). Of the 57 decompensated patients, 39(68.4%) achieved CTP class A and 27(49.1%) showed improvement in the CTP score of 2 points after 12 mo of TDF. The observed rate of confirmed 0.5 mg/d L increases in serum levels of creatinine in the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis group were 7.0% and 2.5%, respectively(P < 1.000).CONCLUSION TDF therapy in decompensated cirrhosis patients was effective for decreasing HBV DNA levels and improving hepatic function with relatively lower CVR than in compensated cirrhosis. Thus, physicians should carefully monitor not only renal function but also treatment responses when using TDF in decompensated cirrhosis patients.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part...AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82103662).
文摘Background:Solid organ transplant(SOT)activities,such as liver transplant,have been greatly influenced by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).Immunosuppressed individuals of liver transplant recipients(LTRs)tend to have a high risk of COVID-19 infection and related complications.Therefore,COVID-19 vaccination has been recommended to be administered as early as possible in LTRs.Data sources:The keywords“liver transplant”,“SARS-CoV-2”,and“vaccine”were used to retrieve articles published in PubMed.Results:The antibody response following the 1st and 2nd doses of vaccination was disappointingly low,and the immune responses among LTRs remarkably improved after the 3rd or 4th dose of vaccination.Although the 3rd or 4th dose of COVID-19 vaccine increased the antibody titer,a proportion of patients remained unresponsive.Furthermore,recent studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could trigger adverse events in LTRs,including allograft rejection and liver injury.Conclusions:This review provides the recently reported data on the antibody response of LTRs following various doses of vaccine,risk factors for poor serological response and adverse events after vaccination.
文摘Gastric polyps(GPs)are increasingly common.On upper endoscopy,they should be examined with white light and occasionally chromoendoscopy,and their morphology classified according to the Paris classification.Most GPs have a typical endoscopic appearance and can be associated with diseases like Helicobacter pylori infection.Histological examination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.While most polyps are non-neoplastic and do not require treatment,some carry a risk of malignancy or are already malignant.Therefore,understanding the diagnosis,classification,and management of GPs is crucial for patient prognostication.Our new classification categorizes GPs into"good","bad",and"ugly"based on their likelihood of becoming malignant.We aim to provide descriptions of the endoscopic appearance,pathology,treatment,and follow-up for different GPs,as well as clinical management flowcharts.
文摘BACKGROUND Superior mesenteric artery(SMA)syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction by extrinsic compression between the SMA and the aorta(SMA-Ao).Although the left lateral recumbent position is considered effective in the treatment of SMA syndrome,individual variations in the optimal patient position have been noted.In this report,we present two elderly cases of SMA syndrome that exhibited rapid recovery due to ultrasonographic dynamic evaluation of the optimal position for each patient.CASE SUMMARY Case 1:A 90-year-old man with nausea and vomiting.Following diagnosis of SMA syndrome by computed tomography(CT),ultrasonography(US)revealed the SMA-Ao distance in the supine position(4 mm),which slightly improved in the lateral position(5.7–7.0 mm)without the passage of duodenal contents.However,in the sitting position,the SMA-Ao distance was increased to 15 mm accompanied by improved content passage.Additionally,US indicated enhanced passage upon abdominal massage on the right side.By day 2,the patient could eat comfortably with the optimal position and massage.Case 2:An 87-year-old woman with vomiting.After the diagnosis of SMA syndrome and aspiration pneumonia by CT,dynamic US confirmed the optimal position(SMA-Ao distance was improved to 7 mm in forward-bent position,whereas it remained at 5 mm in the supine position).By day 7 when her pneumonia recovered,she could eat with the optimal position.CONCLUSION The optimal position for SMA syndrome varies among individuals.Dynamic US appears to be a valuable tool in improving patient outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has posed a major public health concern worldwide.Patients with comorbid conditions are at risk of adverse outcomes following COVID-19.Solid organ transplant recipients with concurrent immunosuppression and comorbidities are more susceptible to a severe COVID-19 infection.It could lead to higher rates of inpatient complications and mortality in this patient population.However,studies on COVID-19 outcomes in liver transplant(LT)recipients have yielded inconsistent findings.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-related outcomes among LT recipients in the United States.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the 2019–2020 National Inpatient Sample database.Patients with primary LT hospitalizations and a secondary COVID-19 diagnosis were identified using the International Classi-fication of Diseases,Tenth Revision coding system.The primary outcomes included trends in LT hospitalizations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Secondary outcomes included comparative trends in inpatient mortality and transplant rejection in LT recipients.RESULTS A total of 15720 hospitalized LT recipients were included.Approximately 0.8% of patients had a secondary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.In both cohorts,the median admission age was 57 years.The linear trends for LT hospitalizations did not differ significantly before and during the pandemic(P=0.84).The frequency of in-hospital mortality for LT recipients increased from 1.7% to 4.4% between January 2019 and December 2020.Compared to the pre-pandemic period,a higher association was noted between LT recipients and in-hospital mortality during the pandemic,with an odds ratio(OR)of 1.69[95% confidence interval(CI):1.55-1.84),P<0.001].The frequency of transplant rejections among hospitalized LT recipients increased from 0.2%to 3.6% between January 2019 and December 2020.LT hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher association with transplant rejection than before the pandemic[OR:1.53(95%CI:1.26-1.85),P<0.001].CONCLUSION The hospitalization rates for LT recipients were comparable before and during the pandemic.Inpatient mortality and transplant rejection rates for hospitalized LT recipients were increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
文摘Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in combination with sofosbuvir may serve as a safe and effective option for treatment of recurrent hepatitis C virus post-liver transplant in patients who previously failed direct-acting antivirals.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary liver malignancy and causes one third of cancer related deaths world-wide.Approximately one third of patients with HCC are eligible for curative treatments that include hepatic resection,liver transplantation or imaging guided tumor ablation.Recurrence rates after primary therapy depends on tumor biology and pre-treatment tumor burden with early recurrence rates ranging from 30%-80%following surgical resection and ablation.HCC recurs in over ten percent following liver transplantation for HCC.Treatment modalities for tumor recurrence following resection and ablation include repeat liver resection,salvage liver transplantation,locoregional therapies,and systemic chemotherapy/immunotherapy.Locoregional and immune mediated therapies are limited for patients with tumor recurrence following liver transplantation given potential immune related allograft rejection.Given the high HCC recurrence rates after primary tumor treatment,it is imperative for the clinician to review the appropriate treatment strategy for this disease entity.This article will review the current literature regarding HCC recurrence after primary curative therapies and will discuss the relevant future trends in the HCC field.
文摘BACKGROUND Subepithelial lesions(SELs)are gastrointestinal tumors with heterogeneous malignant potential.Endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)is the leading method for evaluation,but without histopathological analysis,precise differentiation of SEL risk is limited.Artificial intelligence(AI)is a promising aid for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions in the absence of histopathology.AIM To determine the diagnostic accuracy of AI-assisted EUS in diagnosing SELs,especially lesions originating from the muscularis propria layer.METHODS Electronic databases including PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library were searched.Patients of any sex and>18 years,with SELs assessed by EUS AIassisted,with previous histopathological diagnosis,and presented sufficient data values which were extracted to construct a 2×2 table.The reference standard was histopathology.The primary outcome was the accuracy of AI for gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST).Secondary outcomes were AI-assisted EUS diagnosis for GIST vs gastrointestinal leiomyoma(GIL),the diagnostic performance of experienced endoscopists for GIST,and GIST vs GIL.Pooled sensitivity,specificity,positive,and negative predictive values were calculated.The corresponding summary receiver operating characteristic curve and post-test probability were also analyzed.RESULTS Eight retrospective studies with a total of 2355 patients and 44154 images were included in this meta-analysis.The AI-assisted EUS for GIST diagnosis showed a sensitivity of 92%[95%confidence interval(CI):0.89-0.95;P<0.01),specificity of 80%(95%CI:0.75-0.85;P<0.01),and area under the curve(AUC)of 0.949.For diagnosis of GIST vs GIL by AI-assisted EUS,specificity was 90%(95%CI:0.88-0.95;P=0.02)and AUC of 0.966.The experienced endoscopists’values were sensitivity of 72%(95%CI:0.67-0.76;P<0.01),specificity of 70%(95%CI:0.64-0.76;P<0.01),and AUC of 0.777 for GIST.Evaluating GIST vs GIL,the experts achieved a sensitivity of 73%(95%CI:0.65-0.80;P<0.01)and an AUC of 0.819.CONCLUSION AI-assisted EUS has high diagnostic accuracy for fourth-layer SELs,especially for GIST,demonstrating superiority compared to experienced endoscopists’and improving their diagnostic performance in the absence of invasive procedures.
文摘Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are an important and increasing threat to global health. They are nowadays more encountered routinely in hospitals and cause high morbidity and mortality due to limited therapeutic alternatives. This study sought to determine the prevalence of CPE in Yaoundé teaching hospital, Cameroon, and the associated risk factors. Materials and Method: To achieve this goal, a descriptive cross-sectional study coupled to an analytical component with consecutive collection of Enterobacteria strains was carried out during a three-month period (from 27<sup>th</sup> July to 24<sup>th</sup> October 2018) in the University Teaching Hospital of Yaoundé, Cameroon. The oxidase and biochemical identification tests using a miniaturized Api 20 E system were performed on colonies grown on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium and subcultured on nutrient agar. Drug susceptibility testing was carried out according to the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CA-SFM 2018.V.2.0). The detection of carbapenemase production was performed by the CA-SFM 2018 algorithm for the screening of carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae and its classification by inhibitory synergy tests. Results: Out of the 104 isolates, Escherichia coli (50%) was the most prevalent species, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) and Citrobacter frendii (12.5%). Drugs susceptibility patterns showed a high resistance to penicillins group (97.4% to amoxicillin), cephalosporins (68.4% to cefotaxim, 58.1% to cefixim, 60.7% to ceftazidim, 57.1% of cefoxitin) and aztreonam (55.7%). However, 11.9% carbapenems related resistance was noticed: 14.4% to imipenem, 13.8% to ertapenem and 7.5% to meropenem. Numerous co-resistance to quinolones (65.8%), fluoroquinolones (49.6%), aminoglycosides (49.6%) and cotrimoxazole (71.8%) were also observed. From 104 isolates, AmpC production represented 23.08% (25/104) and 36.54% (38/104) were ESBL-isolates. The overall prevalence of CPE was 25% (26/104) with K.pneumoniae predominant (61.53%). Besides, Class A and class B carbapenemase were mainly produced with respectively 20% (21/104) and 5% (5/104). Univariate analysis revealed a significant association of carbapenemase production to Klebsiella pneumoniae (p = 0.01), ESBL and AmpC production ((P = 0.01 and P = 0.001 respectively) while that association was only significant to Klebsiella spp (p = 0.04) and AmpC production (p = 0.02) in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The multi-resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antibiotics in Cameroon has considerably increased. More attention should be paid to those bacteria to stall antimicrobial resistance spread.
文摘Background and Objective: Nowadays, the clinical utility of carbapenems is threatened by the emergence of resistant bacteria, favored by its increasing use. According to the WHO, Acinetobacter baumannii: nosocomial infection agent, tops the list of priority antibiotic-resistant pathogens, considered to be the riskiest for humans. This study sought to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii strains in four health facilities in the Center and Littoral regions of Cameroon and the associated risk factors. Materials and Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted over a six-month period from January to June 2022. All suspicious A. baumanii isolates obtained from pathological samples at the bacteriology laboratory of the different health facilities were systematically collected and re-identified. Re-identification and antimicrobial susceptibility Testing (AST) were performed using the VITEK 2 System and the Kirby-Bauer method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Detection and phenotypic characterization of carbapenemases was performed according to adequate standard procedures. Results: A total of 168/226 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii were confirmed after re-identification, among which 52.69% derived from male patients, 55.09% from participants aged between 10 - 39 years old, and 46.71% from pus samples. A very high resistance rates to all families of antibiotics was noted, except to colistin (10.2%). 40.12% of these isolates produced carbapenemase, represented by 62.69% of class B and 37.31% of class A. Carbapenemase production was observed only at HMR1, Centre region and at Laquintinie hospital, Littoral region with 53.33% and 50% respectively, even if there is no significant difference (P = 0.81). In addition, frequent hospitalisation was significantly associated to the production of carbapenemase among A. baumanii (Adjusted-OR = 16.53, P-value 0.0001). Conclusion: This study highlighted the emergence of carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii which is increasingly growing. Continuous drug-resistant monitoring and preventive measures could help to prevent and curb the dissemination of A. baumanii resistance genes, especially in health settings.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the most common primary tumor of the liver and has a high mortality rate.The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system in addition to tumor staging also links the modality of treatment available to a particular stage.The recent description of the tumor microenvironment(TME)in HCC has provided a new concept of immunogenicity within the HCC.Virusrelated HCC has been shown to be more immunogenic with higher expression of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and decreased elements for immunosuppression such as regulatory T cells.This immunogenic milieu provides a better response to immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs).In addition,the recent data on combining locoregional therapies and other strategies may convert the less immunogenic state of the TME towards higher immunogenicity.Therefore,data are emerging on the use of combinations of locoregional therapy and ICIs in unresectable or advanced HCC and has shown better survival outcomes in this difficult population.
基金Supported by the Chang Gung Medical Research Project,No.CMRPG3M1931-1932the National Science and Technology Council,No.MOST 110-2314-B-182A-093-and No.NMRPG3L0331.
文摘Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is a formidable complication in patients with decompensated cirrhosis,often necessitating the administration of rifaximin(RFX)for effective management.RFX,is a gut-restricted,poorly-absorbable oral rifamycin derived antibiotic that can be used in addition to lactulose for the secondary prophylaxis of HE.It has shown notable reductions in infection,hospital readmission,duration of hospital stay,and mortality.However,limited data exist about the concurrent use of RFX with broad-spectrum antibiotics,because the patients are typically excluded from studies assessing RFX efficacy in HE.A pharmacist-driven quasi-experimental pilot study was done to address this gap.They argue against the necessity of RFX in HE during broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment,particularly in critically ill patients in intensive care unit(ICU).The potential for safe RFX discontinuation without adverse effects is clearly illuminated and valuable insight into the optimization of therapeutic strategies is offered.The findings also indicate that RFX discontinuation during broadspectrum antibiotic therapy was not associated with higher rates of delirium or coma,and this result remained robust after adjustment in multivariate analysis.Furthermore,rates of other secondary clinical and safety outcomes,including ICU mortality and 48-hour changes in vasopressor requirements,were comparable.However,since the activity of RFX is mainly confined to the modulation of gut microbiota,its potential utility in patients undergoing extensive systemic antibiotic therapy is debatable,given the overlapping antibiotic activity.Further,this suggests that the action of RFX on HE is class-specific(related to its activity on gut microbiota),rather than drug-specific.A recent double-blind randomized controlled(ARiE)trial provided further evidence-based support for RFX withdrawal in critically ill cirrhotic ICU patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics.Both studies prompt further discussion about optimal therapeutic strategy for patients facing the dual challenge of HE and systemic infections.Despite these compelling results,both studies have limitations.A prospective,multi-center evaluation of a larger sample,with placebo control,and comprehensive neurologic evaluation of HE is warranted.It should include an exploration of longer-term outcome and the impact of this protocol in non-critically ill liver disease patients.
基金The present study did not require institutional review board oversight because Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database is de-identified and freely accessible.It does not identify hospitals,health care providers,or patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Hepatitis C is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and it significantly contributes to the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,there are marked variations in the incidence and mortality rates of HCC across different geographical regions.With the advent of new widely available treatment modalities,such as direct-acting antivirals,it is becoming increasingly imperative to understand the temporal and geographical trends in HCC mortality associated with Hepatitis C.Furthermore,gender disparities in HCC mortality related to Hepatitis C are a crucial,yet underexplored aspect that adds to the disease's global impact.While some studies shed light on gender-specific trends,there is a lack of comprehensive data on global and regional mortality rates,particularly those highlighting gender disparities.This gap in knowledge hinders the development of targeted interventions and resource allocation strategies.DISCUSSION The results of our study show an overall decline in the mortality rates of patients with hepatitis C-related HCC over the last two decades.Notably,females exhibited a remarkable decrease in mortality compared to males.Regionally,East Asia and the Pacific displayed a significant decline in mortality,while Europe and Central Asia witnessed an upward trend.Latin America and the Caribbean also experienced an increase in mortality rates.However,no significant difference was observed in the Middle East and North Africa.North America exhibited a notable upward trend.South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa significantly declined throughout the study period.This raises the hope of identifying areas for implementing more targeted resources.Despite some progress,multiple challenges remain in meeting the WHO 2030 goal of eliminating viral hepatitis[24].
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is ranked as the 5th common type of cancer worldwide and is considered as the 3rd common reason for cancer-related deaths. HCC often occurs on top of a cirrhotic liver. The prognosisis determined by several factors; tumour extension, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) concentration, histologic subtype of the tumour, degree of liver dysfunction, and the patient's performance status. HCC prognosis is strongly correlated with diagnostic delay. To date, no ideal screening modality has been developed. Analysis of recent studies showed that AFP assessment lacks adequate sensitivity and specificity for effective surveillance and diagnosis. Many tumour markers have been tested in clinical trials without progressing to routine use in clinical practice. Thus, surveillance is still based on ultrasound(US) examination every 6 mo. Imaging studies for diagnosis of HCC can fall into one of two main categories: routine non-invasive studies such as US, computed tomography(CT), and magnetic resonance imaging, and more specialized invasive techniques including CT during hepatic arteriography and CT arterial portography in addition to the conventional hepatic angiography. This article provides an overview and spotlight on the different diagnostic modalities and treatment options of HCC.
文摘Estimating the prognosis of patients with cirrhosis remains challenging, because the natural history of cirrhosis varies according to the cause, presence of portal hypertension, liver synthetic function, and the reversibility of underlying disease. Conventional prognostic scoring systems, including the Child-Turcotte-Pugh score or model for endstage liver diseases are widely used; however, revised models have been introduced to improve prognostic performance. Although sarcopenia is one of the most common complications related to survival of patients with cirrhosis, the newly proposed prognostic models lack a nutritional status evaluation of patients. This is reflected by the lack of an optimal index for sarcopenia in terms of objectivity, reproducibility, practicality, and prognostic performance, and of a consensus definition for sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis in whom ascites and edema may interfere with body composition analysis. Quantifying skeletal muscle mass using cross-sectional abdominal imaging is a promising tool for assessing sarcopenia. As radiological imaging provides direct visualization of body composition, it is useful to evaluate sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis whose body mass index, anthropometric measurements, or biochemical markers are inaccurate on a nutritional assessment. Sarcopenia defined by cross-sectional imaging-based muscular assessment is prevalent and predicts mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Sarcopenia alone or in combination with conventional prognostic systems shows promise for a cirrhosis prognosis. Including an objective assessment of sarcopenia with conventional scores to optimize the outcome prediction for patients with cirrhosis needs further research.
文摘BACKGROUND Lenvatinib is one of the first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In the present study, we evaluated the potential of early changes in the time-intensity curve(TIC) of arterial phase on contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) as early imaging biomarkers of lenvatinib efficacy.AIM To evaluate the potential of the early changes in the TIC of CEUS as early imaging biomarkers of lenvatinib efficacy in patients with unresectable HCC.METHODS We analyzed 20 consecutive patients with unresectable HCC treated with lenvatinib from March to November 2018. Tumor response at 8 wk was assessed by computed tomography using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(m RECIST). CEUS was performed at baseline before treatment(Day 0) and on day 7(Day 7), and the images were analyzed in the arterial phase for 20 seconds after the contrast agent arrived at the target tumor. Three perfusion parameters were extracted from the TICs: the slope of wash-in(Slope),time to peak(TTP) intensity, and the total area under the curve(AUC) during wash-in. The rate of change in the TIC parameters between Day 0 and Day 7 was compared between treatment responders and non-responders based on m RECIST.RESULTS The rate of change for all TIC parameters showed significant differences between the responders(n = 9) and non-responders(n = 11)(Slope, P = 0.025; TTP, P =0.004; and AUC, P = 0.0003). The area under the receiver operating curve values for slope, TTP, and AUC for the prediction of responders were 0.805, 0.869, and0.939, respectively.CONCLUSION CEUS may be useful for the early prediction of tumor response to lenvatinib therapy in patients with unresectable HCC.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a grave primary liver cancer that has a limited therapeutic option because it is generally diagnosed later in an advanced stage due to its aggressive biologic behavior.The early detection of HCC has a great impact on the treatment efficacy and survival of patients at high risk for cancer.Potential host,environmental,and virus-related risk factors have been introduced.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a major cause of end-stage liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis or HCC in endemic areas,and its serologic or virologic status is considered an important risk factor.HCC risk prediction derived from the identification of major risk factors is necessary for providing adequate screening/surveillance strategies to high-risk individuals.Several risk prediction models for HBV-related HCC have been presented recently with simple,efficient,and readily available to use parameters applicable to average-or unknown-risk populations as well as high-risk individuals.Predictive scoring systems of risk estimation to assess HCC development can provide the way to an evidence-based clinical approach for cost-and effort-effective outcomes,capable of inducing a personalized surveillance program according to risk stratification.In this review,the concepts and perspectives of the risk prediction of HCC are discussed through the analysis of several risk prediction models of HBV-related HCC.
文摘Management of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is complex andrequires an understanding of multiple therapeutic options. PVT is present in 10%-40% of HCC at the time of diagnosis, and is an adverse prognostic factor. Management options are limited, as transplantation is generally contraindicated, and surgical resection is only rarely performed in select centers. Systemic medical therapy with sorafenib has been shown to modestly prolong survival. Transarterial chemoembolization has been performed in select cases but has shown a high incidence of complications. Emerging data on treatment of PVT with Y-90 radioembolization suggest that this modality is well-tolerated and associated with favorable overall survival. Current society guidelines do not yet specifically recommend radioembolization for patients with PVT, but this may change with the development of newer staging systems and treatment algorithms. In this comprehensive literature review, we present current and available management options with the relative advantages, disadvantages and contraindications of these treatment options with summarized data on overall survival.
文摘Hepatic abscess caused by foreign body penetration of the alimentary tract is rare. We report a case of gastric antrum penetration due to a toothpick complicated by liver abscess formation. A 41-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of upper abdominal pain for 2 mo. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy performed at a local clinic revealed a toothpick penetrating the gastric antrum. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen at our hospital revealed a gastric foreign body embedded in the posterior wall of gastric antrum with regional phlegmon over the lesser sac and adhesion to the pancreatic body without notable vascular injury, and a hepatic abscess seven cm in diameter over the left liver lobe. Endoscopic removal of the foreign body was successfully performed without complication. The liver abscess was treated with parenteral antibiotics without drainage. The patient’s recovery was uneventful. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated complete resolution of the hepatic abscess six months after discharge. Relevant literature from the PubMed database was reviewed and the clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies and outcomes of 88 reported cases were analyzed. The results showed that only 6 patients received conservative treatment with parenteral antibiotics, while the majority underwent either image-guided abscess drainage or laparotomy. Patients receiving abscess drainage via laparotomy had a significantly shorter length of hospitalization compared with those undergoing image-guided drainage. There was no significant difference in age between those who survived and those who died, however, the latter presented to hospitals in a more critical condition than the former. The overall mortality rate was 7.95%.
基金Supported by the Catholic Medical Center Research Foundation program in 2014,No.5-2014-B0001-00176
文摘AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF) as a first-line therapy in decompensated liver disease. METHODS We enrolled 174 chronic hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis patients treated with 300 mg/d TDF at six Korean centers. Of the 174 cirrhosis patients, 57 were assigned to the decompensated cirrhosis group and 117 were assigned to the compensated cirrhosis group. We followed the patients for 12 mo and evaluated clinical outcomes, including biochemical, virological, and serological responses. We also evaluated changes in hepatic and renal function and compared the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis groups. RESULTS The 1-year complete virological response(CVR) and Hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag) seroconversion were seen in 70.2% and 14.2% in the decompensated cirrhosis group, respectively. The rates of HBe Ag seroconversion/loss and ALT normalization at month 12 were similar in both groups. TDF treatment was also effective for decreasing the level of hepatitis B virus(HBV) DNA in both groups, but CVR was higher in the compensated group(88.9% vs 70.2%, P = 0.005). Tenofovir treatment for 12 mo resulted in improved Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP) and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD) scores in decompensated group(P < 0.001). Of the 57 decompensated patients, 39(68.4%) achieved CTP class A and 27(49.1%) showed improvement in the CTP score of 2 points after 12 mo of TDF. The observed rate of confirmed 0.5 mg/d L increases in serum levels of creatinine in the decompensated and compensated cirrhosis group were 7.0% and 2.5%, respectively(P < 1.000).CONCLUSION TDF therapy in decompensated cirrhosis patients was effective for decreasing HBV DNA levels and improving hepatic function with relatively lower CVR than in compensated cirrhosis. Thus, physicians should carefully monitor not only renal function but also treatment responses when using TDF in decompensated cirrhosis patients.
文摘AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospital mortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients (OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients (OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions (OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region (OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death (OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure (OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure (OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding (OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites (OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders (OR = 2.823), coagulopathy (OR = 2.016), and lymphoma (OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.
