The mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples from Youyang area in southeast Chongqing, China were investigated using dot matrix nanoin...The mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples from Youyang area in southeast Chongqing, China were investigated using dot matrix nanoindentation measurements. With the help of field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(EDS), the indentation morphology and mineral composition in indentation area were quantitatively analyzed. According to mechanical strength classification, a micromechanical model with three components was introduced and the Mori-Tanaka model was used to upscale mechanical parameters from nano-scale to centimeter-size scale, which were further compared with uniaxial compression results. The experimental results show that there is a positive linear correlation between Young's modulus and hardness and between the Young's modulus and the fracture toughness under nano-scale; the Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness perpendicular to the bedding are slightly lower than those parallel with the bedding. According to data statistics, the mechanical properties at the nano-scale follow Weibull distribution feature and the dispersion degree of hardness results is the highest, which is mainly due to shale anisotropy and nanoindentation projection uncertainty. Comparing the results from nanoindentation test, with those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test shows that the mechanical parameters at the nano-scale are higher than those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test, which proves mechanical parameters at different scales have differences. It's because the larger the core, the more pores and internal weakness it contains, the less accurate the interpreted results of mechanical parameters will be.展开更多
The subduction factories in convergent plate margins exert crucial control on recycling terrestrial components and returning to the overlying crust. The Nd and Hf isotopic systems provide potential tracers to evaluate...The subduction factories in convergent plate margins exert crucial control on recycling terrestrial components and returning to the overlying crust. The Nd and Hf isotopic systems provide potential tracers to evaluate these processes. Here we present a case where these isotopic systems are decoupled in a suite of granites from the Chinese Altai, showing a wide range of εHf(t) values(from -4.7 to +10.8) in contrast to a limited range of εNd(t) values(from -5.8 to -1.9). The zircon xenocrysts occurring frequently in these rocks show markedly negative εHf(t) values(from -34.3 to -6.5) and positive d7 Li values(from +12.5 to +18.2). We propose a model to explain the observed relationship between residual zircon and Nde Hf isotope decoupling. We suggest that the Altai granites originated from partial melting of subducted slab components under relatively low temperature conditions which aided the residual zircon from oceanic sediments to inherit and retain a significant amount of177 Hf in the source, thereby elevating the^(176) Hf/^(177) Hf ratio of the melt, and decoupling from the^(143) Nd/^(144) Nd ratio during the subsequent magmatic processes. Our study illustrates a case where sediment recycling in subduction zone contributes to decoupling of Nd and Hf isotopic systems, with former providing a more reliable estimate of the source characteristics of granitic magmas.展开更多
Pentachlorphenol (PCP) was widely used as a biocide and insecticide for wood preservation. Chlorinated dioxins and furans (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners) were inadvertent byproducts of PCP production. As...Pentachlorphenol (PCP) was widely used as a biocide and insecticide for wood preservation. Chlorinated dioxins and furans (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners) were inadvertent byproducts of PCP production. As such, it is an important source of PCDD/F contamination in treated wood and in soil/ sediment near sites that produced or used PCP. It has been noted in the literature, that PCP congener profiles are similar to some combustion profiles, as well as sewage sludge and particulate deposition. In a very broad sense, this is true. OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD are typically the dominant constituents in these source categories. There is however, a distinct, consistent and repeatable feature in the lower chlorinated tetra, penta and hexa PCDD/F range of PCP related samples: an order of magnitude increase in concentration as a function of degree of chlorination. Because lower chlorinated furans concentrations make up less than 1% of the total PCDD/F in PCP, it is difficult to differentiate PCP from other OCDD dominated source profiles on bargraphs that use a linear-scale y axis. Using a log-scale y axis, however, PCP impacted profiles are obvious, and are not easily confused with congener profiles from other sources.展开更多
We analyzed polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in 27 tree bark samples from the industrialized area near Sauget, Illinois, USA. The trees were located within 4 km of the W. G. Krummrich ...We analyzed polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in 27 tree bark samples from the industrialized area near Sauget, Illinois, USA. The trees were located within 4 km of the W. G. Krummrich (WGK) plant, the oldest and largest chemical plant in Sauget, with 24 of 27 samples collected from residential areas. The percent of total PCDF or PCDD profiles of ten 2,3,7,8- Cl substituted PCDF and seven PCDD congeners is homogeneous: 90% of the variance among the samples is explained by 3 eigenvalues in a principal components analysis. The homogeneity of the data suggests that samples were affected by similar types of sources which may have been influenced by electric power generation, chemical waste incineration, and large-scale thermal production of chlorinated chemicals. Quantitatively, the 2,3,7,8-Cl substituted congener analysis does not account for 90% of the concentration of tetra- and penta-Cl homologues and 80% of hexa-Cl and 50% of hepta-Cl homologues. The World Health Organization stated during establishment of toxic equivalence factors (TEF, 2005 version) that calculation of toxic equivalents (TEQs) is not suitable for abiotic matrices, such as tree bark, which are not involved in human exposures. Our results show that the non-2,3,7,8-Cl substituted congeners have high concentrations and should be included in analysis.展开更多
Organic-rich lacustrine shales are widely distributed in China and have significant potential for unconventional shale gas and oil production although the primary factors controlling the deposition of lacustrine shale...Organic-rich lacustrine shales are widely distributed in China and have significant potential for unconventional shale gas and oil production although the primary factors controlling the deposition of lacustrine shale are disputed. This work clarifies the different characteristics of tectonic evolution and shale among sub-basins in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China as a case study by studying basal subsidence, tectonic subsidence rate, basin extensional proportions and shale chemical characteristics. The paper summarizes the correlation between structure and shale deposition, and concludes that tectonic activity is the primary controlling factor for shale development. Episodic tectonic activity controls not only the timing of shale deposition（with the greatest shale deposition occurring primarily during the peak period of basin tectonic activity） but also the spatial distribution of shale（located mainly in areas of maximum subsidence）, the migration pattern of shale（conforming to that of the basin subsidence center）, and shale strata thickness. Tectonic activity also affects the total organic carbon content and organic matter type in shale. When the tectonic activity was the most active and basal subsidence was the maximum, the total organic carbon content of the shale reached its highest value with organic matter type mainly Type I. As tectonic activity weakened, the total organic carbon content decreased, and the organic matter type changed from Type I to Type I-III.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51704324,41728004,U1762213)China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05061)
文摘The mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale samples from Youyang area in southeast Chongqing, China were investigated using dot matrix nanoindentation measurements. With the help of field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(EDS), the indentation morphology and mineral composition in indentation area were quantitatively analyzed. According to mechanical strength classification, a micromechanical model with three components was introduced and the Mori-Tanaka model was used to upscale mechanical parameters from nano-scale to centimeter-size scale, which were further compared with uniaxial compression results. The experimental results show that there is a positive linear correlation between Young's modulus and hardness and between the Young's modulus and the fracture toughness under nano-scale; the Young's modulus, hardness and fracture toughness perpendicular to the bedding are slightly lower than those parallel with the bedding. According to data statistics, the mechanical properties at the nano-scale follow Weibull distribution feature and the dispersion degree of hardness results is the highest, which is mainly due to shale anisotropy and nanoindentation projection uncertainty. Comparing the results from nanoindentation test, with those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test shows that the mechanical parameters at the nano-scale are higher than those from upscaling model and uniaxial compression test, which proves mechanical parameters at different scales have differences. It's because the larger the core, the more pores and internal weakness it contains, the less accurate the interpreted results of mechanical parameters will be.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 41502209)the Chinese State 973 Project (Grant No.2015CB250901)the Science Foundation of China University ofPetroleum, Beijing (Grant No. 2462014YJRC031)
文摘The subduction factories in convergent plate margins exert crucial control on recycling terrestrial components and returning to the overlying crust. The Nd and Hf isotopic systems provide potential tracers to evaluate these processes. Here we present a case where these isotopic systems are decoupled in a suite of granites from the Chinese Altai, showing a wide range of εHf(t) values(from -4.7 to +10.8) in contrast to a limited range of εNd(t) values(from -5.8 to -1.9). The zircon xenocrysts occurring frequently in these rocks show markedly negative εHf(t) values(from -34.3 to -6.5) and positive d7 Li values(from +12.5 to +18.2). We propose a model to explain the observed relationship between residual zircon and Nde Hf isotope decoupling. We suggest that the Altai granites originated from partial melting of subducted slab components under relatively low temperature conditions which aided the residual zircon from oceanic sediments to inherit and retain a significant amount of177 Hf in the source, thereby elevating the^(176) Hf/^(177) Hf ratio of the melt, and decoupling from the^(143) Nd/^(144) Nd ratio during the subsequent magmatic processes. Our study illustrates a case where sediment recycling in subduction zone contributes to decoupling of Nd and Hf isotopic systems, with former providing a more reliable estimate of the source characteristics of granitic magmas.
文摘Pentachlorphenol (PCP) was widely used as a biocide and insecticide for wood preservation. Chlorinated dioxins and furans (2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF congeners) were inadvertent byproducts of PCP production. As such, it is an important source of PCDD/F contamination in treated wood and in soil/ sediment near sites that produced or used PCP. It has been noted in the literature, that PCP congener profiles are similar to some combustion profiles, as well as sewage sludge and particulate deposition. In a very broad sense, this is true. OCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD are typically the dominant constituents in these source categories. There is however, a distinct, consistent and repeatable feature in the lower chlorinated tetra, penta and hexa PCDD/F range of PCP related samples: an order of magnitude increase in concentration as a function of degree of chlorination. Because lower chlorinated furans concentrations make up less than 1% of the total PCDD/F in PCP, it is difficult to differentiate PCP from other OCDD dominated source profiles on bargraphs that use a linear-scale y axis. Using a log-scale y axis, however, PCP impacted profiles are obvious, and are not easily confused with congener profiles from other sources.
文摘We analyzed polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in 27 tree bark samples from the industrialized area near Sauget, Illinois, USA. The trees were located within 4 km of the W. G. Krummrich (WGK) plant, the oldest and largest chemical plant in Sauget, with 24 of 27 samples collected from residential areas. The percent of total PCDF or PCDD profiles of ten 2,3,7,8- Cl substituted PCDF and seven PCDD congeners is homogeneous: 90% of the variance among the samples is explained by 3 eigenvalues in a principal components analysis. The homogeneity of the data suggests that samples were affected by similar types of sources which may have been influenced by electric power generation, chemical waste incineration, and large-scale thermal production of chlorinated chemicals. Quantitatively, the 2,3,7,8-Cl substituted congener analysis does not account for 90% of the concentration of tetra- and penta-Cl homologues and 80% of hexa-Cl and 50% of hepta-Cl homologues. The World Health Organization stated during establishment of toxic equivalence factors (TEF, 2005 version) that calculation of toxic equivalents (TEQs) is not suitable for abiotic matrices, such as tree bark, which are not involved in human exposures. Our results show that the non-2,3,7,8-Cl substituted congeners have high concentrations and should be included in analysis.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2013M530680)the foundation of the Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources (China University of Geosciences, Wuhan) of the Ministry of Education (No.TPR-2010-12)
文摘Organic-rich lacustrine shales are widely distributed in China and have significant potential for unconventional shale gas and oil production although the primary factors controlling the deposition of lacustrine shale are disputed. This work clarifies the different characteristics of tectonic evolution and shale among sub-basins in the Bohai Bay Basin in eastern China as a case study by studying basal subsidence, tectonic subsidence rate, basin extensional proportions and shale chemical characteristics. The paper summarizes the correlation between structure and shale deposition, and concludes that tectonic activity is the primary controlling factor for shale development. Episodic tectonic activity controls not only the timing of shale deposition（with the greatest shale deposition occurring primarily during the peak period of basin tectonic activity） but also the spatial distribution of shale（located mainly in areas of maximum subsidence）, the migration pattern of shale（conforming to that of the basin subsidence center）, and shale strata thickness. Tectonic activity also affects the total organic carbon content and organic matter type in shale. When the tectonic activity was the most active and basal subsidence was the maximum, the total organic carbon content of the shale reached its highest value with organic matter type mainly Type I. As tectonic activity weakened, the total organic carbon content decreased, and the organic matter type changed from Type I to Type I-III.
