In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative mea...In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative measurements of the combustion duration,flame height,combustion temperature,heat release rate,and total heat release.The results indicated that LMO batteries exhibited higher combustion temperatures of 600–700°C,flame heights of 70–75 cm,a significantly higher heat release rate of40.1 k W(12 Ah),and a total heat release of 1.04 MJ(12 Ah)compared to LFP batteries with the same capacity.Based on these experimental results,a normalized total heat release(NORTHR)parameter was proposed,demonstrating good universality for batteries with different capacities.Utilizing this parameter,quantitative calculations and optimization of the extinguishing agent dosage were conducted for fires involving these two types of batteries,and the method was validated by extinguishing fires for these two types of battery packs with water-based extinguishing fluids.展开更多
Thermomechanical treatment T10(extension twinning+aging treatment)can largely enhance the precipitation strengthening effect of magnesium alloys.In this study,dislocation structure evolution and precipitation behavior...Thermomechanical treatment T10(extension twinning+aging treatment)can largely enhance the precipitation strengthening effect of magnesium alloys.In this study,dislocation structure evolution and precipitation behavior during T10 treatment of an AZ80 extruded bar were analyzed mainly by two-beam diffraction in TEM.At a compressive strain of 1%in the extrusion direction(ED),a typical dislocation configuration,including basal I1 stacking faults(SFs)and<c+a>dislocations,has been established in extension twins.As the strain reaches 7%,the volume fraction of extension twins increases to more than 90%at which point high dense I1 SFs and<c+a>dislocations occur.After aging for 2 h at 150℃for the 7%strained sample,masses of basal I1 SFs and<c+a>dislocations remain in the extension twins and can act as effective nucleation sites and solute fast-diffusion channels for continuous precipitates.Consequently,the precipitates in extension twins become highly dense.展开更多
A novel method of pellet calcification roasting-H_(2)SO_(4) leaching was proposed to efficiently separate and extract vanadium(V)from vanadium-titanium(V-Ti)magnetite concentrates.The leaching rate of V is as high as ...A novel method of pellet calcification roasting-H_(2)SO_(4) leaching was proposed to efficiently separate and extract vanadium(V)from vanadium-titanium(V-Ti)magnetite concentrates.The leaching rate of V is as high as 88.98%,while the leaching rate of impurity iron is only 1.79%.Moreover,the leached pellets can be used as raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking after secondary roasting.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEMEDS)analyses showed that V^(3+)was oxidized to V^(5+)after roasting at 1200℃,and V^(5+)was then leached by H_(2)SO_(4).X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses and single factor experiment revealed a minimal amount of dissolved Fe_(2)O_(3) during H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Therefore,a high separation degree of V and iron(Fe)from V-Ti magnetite concentrate was achieved through H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Compared with the traditional roastingleaching process,this process can achieve a high selectivity of V and Fe,and has excellent prospects for industrial production.展开更多
High temperature deformation behavior and workability of Mg-8.1 Gd-4.5Y-0.3Zr alloy were studied by compression tests.Arrhenius equation with strain compensation and processing maps were established.The results show t...High temperature deformation behavior and workability of Mg-8.1 Gd-4.5Y-0.3Zr alloy were studied by compression tests.Arrhenius equation with strain compensation and processing maps were established.The results show that the activation energy Q,structure factor a,n and In A varies with the strain,its relationship fit well by fifth order polynomial.The flow stresses predicted by the extracted model are in good agreement with the experimental results.There are five typical domains in the processing map,and the deformation mechanisms in different domains were determined by microstructure analysis.The feasible processing window of the alloy is in the areas of 400-500℃/0.001-0.1 s^(-1).展开更多
Biomedical engineering is a relatively new and exciting branch of life sciences that combines materials,devices,design,and problem-solving engineering with medical and biological sciences in order to improve healthcar...Biomedical engineering is a relatively new and exciting branch of life sciences that combines materials,devices,design,and problem-solving engineering with medical and biological sciences in order to improve healthcare treatments,including diagnosis,implantation,monitoring,and therapy.The interdisciplinary field of biomedical engineering is changing the ways in which people interact with the world.From prosthetic limbs to medicine-delivery technology,the pioneering work by biomedical scientists and engineers has been shaking the very foundations of traditional medicines and healthcare treatments.Moreover,the miniaturization of medical equipment has been a major breakthrough,facilitating the development of more advanced wearable devices.展开更多
Five-fold twinned nanostructures are intrinsically strained or relaxed by extended defects to satisfy the space-filling requirement.Although both of metallic and semiconductor five-fold twinned nanostructures show inh...Five-fold twinned nanostructures are intrinsically strained or relaxed by extended defects to satisfy the space-filling requirement.Although both of metallic and semiconductor five-fold twinned nanostructures show inhomogeneity in their cross-sectional strain distribution,the evident strain concentration at twin boundaries in the semiconductor systems has been found in contrast to the metallic systems.Naturally,a problem is raised how the chemical bonding characteristics of various five-fold twinned nanosystems affects their strain-relieving defect structures.Here using three-dimensional(3D)electron diffraction mapping methodology,the intrinsic strain and the strain-relieving defects in a pentagonal Ag nanowire and a star-shaped boron carbide nanowire,both of them have basically equal radial twin-plane width about 30 nm,are nondestructively characterized.The non-uniform strain and defect distribution between the five single crystalline segments are found in both of the five-fold twinned nanowires.Diffraction intensity fine structure analysis for the boron carbide five-fold twinned nanowire indicates the presence of high-density of planar defects which are responsible for the accommodation of the intrinsic angular excess.However,for the Ag five-fold twinned nanowire,the star-disclination strain field is still present,although is partially relieved by the formation of localized stacking fault layers accompanied by partial dislocations.Energetic analysis suggests that the variety in the strain-relaxation ways for the two types of five-fold twinned nanowires could be ascribed to the large difference in shear modulus between the soft noble metal Ag and the superhard covalent compound boron carbide.展开更多
利用共溶剂1,5-戊二醇(PD)和聚乙二醇(PEG)改进13 m(m=[mol盐]/[kg溶剂]质量摩尔浓度)Li OAc作为水系锂离子电池电解液的电化学稳定窗口,研制低成本无氟水系混合溶剂醋酸锂电解液。通过红外吸收和拉曼散射光谱对电解液中水分子的活性进...利用共溶剂1,5-戊二醇(PD)和聚乙二醇(PEG)改进13 m(m=[mol盐]/[kg溶剂]质量摩尔浓度)Li OAc作为水系锂离子电池电解液的电化学稳定窗口,研制低成本无氟水系混合溶剂醋酸锂电解液。通过红外吸收和拉曼散射光谱对电解液中水分子的活性进行表征,结果表明,在混合溶剂电解液中水分子的活性受到抑制。电化学测试表明电解液成分为2 m Li OAcPD0.5PEG0.5时,具有最宽的电化学稳定窗口3.10 V,使Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)负极可进行可逆充放电,最后Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)//Li Mn2O4全电池测试得到初始平台电压为2.3 V,能量密度为0.0616 k Wh/kg,相较于13 m Li OAc电解液具有更高的比容量和循环稳定性。展开更多
Thus far,the 21st century has witnessed steady growth in China’s renewable energy capacity,especially in recent years,amid the country’s efforts to achieve a peak in carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.As...Thus far,the 21st century has witnessed steady growth in China’s renewable energy capacity,especially in recent years,amid the country’s efforts to achieve a peak in carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.As of the end of June 2022,for example,China’s accumulative installed solar energy has risen to around 336 GW.展开更多
基金supported by the New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Life Cycle Testing and Verification Public Service Platform Project[2022-235-224]the Beijing Science and Technology Planning Project[Z221100005222004]+1 种基金the Key Technologies Research and Development Program[2021YFB2012504]the Beijing Goldenbridge Project[ZZ2023002]。
文摘In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was conducted.This research included quantitative measurements of the combustion duration,flame height,combustion temperature,heat release rate,and total heat release.The results indicated that LMO batteries exhibited higher combustion temperatures of 600–700°C,flame heights of 70–75 cm,a significantly higher heat release rate of40.1 k W(12 Ah),and a total heat release of 1.04 MJ(12 Ah)compared to LFP batteries with the same capacity.Based on these experimental results,a normalized total heat release(NORTHR)parameter was proposed,demonstrating good universality for batteries with different capacities.Utilizing this parameter,quantitative calculations and optimization of the extinguishing agent dosage were conducted for fires involving these two types of batteries,and the method was validated by extinguishing fires for these two types of battery packs with water-based extinguishing fluids.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2194090).
文摘Thermomechanical treatment T10(extension twinning+aging treatment)can largely enhance the precipitation strengthening effect of magnesium alloys.In this study,dislocation structure evolution and precipitation behavior during T10 treatment of an AZ80 extruded bar were analyzed mainly by two-beam diffraction in TEM.At a compressive strain of 1%in the extrusion direction(ED),a typical dislocation configuration,including basal I1 stacking faults(SFs)and<c+a>dislocations,has been established in extension twins.As the strain reaches 7%,the volume fraction of extension twins increases to more than 90%at which point high dense I1 SFs and<c+a>dislocations occur.After aging for 2 h at 150℃for the 7%strained sample,masses of basal I1 SFs and<c+a>dislocations remain in the extension twins and can act as effective nucleation sites and solute fast-diffusion channels for continuous precipitates.Consequently,the precipitates in extension twins become highly dense.
基金funded by the National Science Foundation of China(No.51704028)the Key R&D Program of Yunnan Province(No.2018IB027)。
文摘A novel method of pellet calcification roasting-H_(2)SO_(4) leaching was proposed to efficiently separate and extract vanadium(V)from vanadium-titanium(V-Ti)magnetite concentrates.The leaching rate of V is as high as 88.98%,while the leaching rate of impurity iron is only 1.79%.Moreover,the leached pellets can be used as raw materials for blast furnace ironmaking after secondary roasting.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEMEDS)analyses showed that V^(3+)was oxidized to V^(5+)after roasting at 1200℃,and V^(5+)was then leached by H_(2)SO_(4).X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses and single factor experiment revealed a minimal amount of dissolved Fe_(2)O_(3) during H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Therefore,a high separation degree of V and iron(Fe)from V-Ti magnetite concentrate was achieved through H_(2)SO_(4) leaching.Compared with the traditional roastingleaching process,this process can achieve a high selectivity of V and Fe,and has excellent prospects for industrial production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51501015).
文摘High temperature deformation behavior and workability of Mg-8.1 Gd-4.5Y-0.3Zr alloy were studied by compression tests.Arrhenius equation with strain compensation and processing maps were established.The results show that the activation energy Q,structure factor a,n and In A varies with the strain,its relationship fit well by fifth order polynomial.The flow stresses predicted by the extracted model are in good agreement with the experimental results.There are five typical domains in the processing map,and the deformation mechanisms in different domains were determined by microstructure analysis.The feasible processing window of the alloy is in the areas of 400-500℃/0.001-0.1 s^(-1).
文摘Biomedical engineering is a relatively new and exciting branch of life sciences that combines materials,devices,design,and problem-solving engineering with medical and biological sciences in order to improve healthcare treatments,including diagnosis,implantation,monitoring,and therapy.The interdisciplinary field of biomedical engineering is changing the ways in which people interact with the world.From prosthetic limbs to medicine-delivery technology,the pioneering work by biomedical scientists and engineers has been shaking the very foundations of traditional medicines and healthcare treatments.Moreover,the miniaturization of medical equipment has been a major breakthrough,facilitating the development of more advanced wearable devices.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51201015 and U1532262).
文摘Five-fold twinned nanostructures are intrinsically strained or relaxed by extended defects to satisfy the space-filling requirement.Although both of metallic and semiconductor five-fold twinned nanostructures show inhomogeneity in their cross-sectional strain distribution,the evident strain concentration at twin boundaries in the semiconductor systems has been found in contrast to the metallic systems.Naturally,a problem is raised how the chemical bonding characteristics of various five-fold twinned nanosystems affects their strain-relieving defect structures.Here using three-dimensional(3D)electron diffraction mapping methodology,the intrinsic strain and the strain-relieving defects in a pentagonal Ag nanowire and a star-shaped boron carbide nanowire,both of them have basically equal radial twin-plane width about 30 nm,are nondestructively characterized.The non-uniform strain and defect distribution between the five single crystalline segments are found in both of the five-fold twinned nanowires.Diffraction intensity fine structure analysis for the boron carbide five-fold twinned nanowire indicates the presence of high-density of planar defects which are responsible for the accommodation of the intrinsic angular excess.However,for the Ag five-fold twinned nanowire,the star-disclination strain field is still present,although is partially relieved by the formation of localized stacking fault layers accompanied by partial dislocations.Energetic analysis suggests that the variety in the strain-relaxation ways for the two types of five-fold twinned nanowires could be ascribed to the large difference in shear modulus between the soft noble metal Ag and the superhard covalent compound boron carbide.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFC1909104)Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi,China(No.Guike AA18242022)Key Research and Development Plan Project of Hebei Province,China(No.20374104D)。
文摘利用共溶剂1,5-戊二醇(PD)和聚乙二醇(PEG)改进13 m(m=[mol盐]/[kg溶剂]质量摩尔浓度)Li OAc作为水系锂离子电池电解液的电化学稳定窗口,研制低成本无氟水系混合溶剂醋酸锂电解液。通过红外吸收和拉曼散射光谱对电解液中水分子的活性进行表征,结果表明,在混合溶剂电解液中水分子的活性受到抑制。电化学测试表明电解液成分为2 m Li OAcPD0.5PEG0.5时,具有最宽的电化学稳定窗口3.10 V,使Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)负极可进行可逆充放电,最后Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)//Li Mn2O4全电池测试得到初始平台电压为2.3 V,能量密度为0.0616 k Wh/kg,相较于13 m Li OAc电解液具有更高的比容量和循环稳定性。
文摘Thus far,the 21st century has witnessed steady growth in China’s renewable energy capacity,especially in recent years,amid the country’s efforts to achieve a peak in carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.As of the end of June 2022,for example,China’s accumulative installed solar energy has risen to around 336 GW.
