Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coa...Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coal Geology was established,specializing in the application and promotion of coal remote sensing technology.With the rapid development of coal geological exploration in China,coal remote sensing technology has evolved from coal geology based survey to comprehensive survey that factors in resources,environment,ecology and so on.This paper summarizes the general situation,theories,development process,key research and future of remote sensing technology for coal mining in China.Spanning over 50 years,the history of China’s coal remote sensing technology can be divided into five stages:aero-geological mapping,coal remote sensing theory experimental research,application research and promotion,architecture planning and productionisation,“3S”technology integration and application.This paper expounds the main technical progress,application fields,major projects and major achievements in various historical periods,and points out that the coal remote sensing has entered a unified development stage of“Aviation,Aerospace and Ground”,with a focus on high-resolution remote sensing,hyperspectral remote sensing,radar remote sensing,“3S”technology integration and multi-means comprehensive exploration and evaluation.In the future,coal remote sensing technology will develop rapidly in data mass,technology integration,evaluation intelligence,integration application programming,system visualization,etc.Coal remote sensing technology has entered the industrial development from technology application.展开更多
China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources ha...China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare,precious,and scattered metal minerals,including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li.High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos,Junggar,and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources.Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits,such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal,achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources.Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins,the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed,and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed.Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series,extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits.Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal,unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a’one-time approach’―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction.According to the differences of geological background in China’s coal basins,four coordinated exploration model types,including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas,coal and solid minerals,coal and metal minerals,and coal with water resources are established.Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal,coal-associated gas,solid minerals,and metal minerals accordingly.The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys,drilling,logging,and geochemical exploration.Particularly,applying the’multi-purpose drill hole’or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells,adding sample testing and logging wells,determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement,jointly measuring multiple logging parameters,sampling,and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources,coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources,and coal-associated element minerals.Accordingly,a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established.This includes high-resolution,hyperspectral remote-sensing technique,high-precision geophysical exploration and fast,precise drilling,testing of experimental samples,as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors,multi-exploration means,multi-parameter configuration and optimization,big data fusions and interpretation techniques.In recent years,the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and other provinces,discovering several large,ten-billionton coalfields,such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins,and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang,Xinjiang,discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia,the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit,Lincang,Yunnan,and the Wulantuga,Inner Mongolia,Ge-bearing coal deposits,and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.展开更多
The Bozhong19-6(BZ19-6)condensate gas reservoirs,located in the southwestern Bozhong sub-basin,Bohai Bay Basin,China,were paleo-oil reservoirs in the geological past and have undergone at least three successive hydroc...The Bozhong19-6(BZ19-6)condensate gas reservoirs,located in the southwestern Bozhong sub-basin,Bohai Bay Basin,China,were paleo-oil reservoirs in the geological past and have undergone at least three successive hydrocarbon charging events.The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process of“early oil and late gas”has occurred in the current reservoirs.At the end of the sedimentation of the Guantao Formation(N_(1)g,∼12 Ma),the reservoirs began to fill with first stage low-moderate mature crude oil.At the late stage of the Lower Minghuazhen Formation(N_(1)ml)(∼6.7 Ma),the reservoirs were largely charged with second stage high mature crude oil.Since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation(N_(2)m^(u),∼5.1 Ma),the paleo-oil reservoirs were transformed into shallow Neogene reservoirs due to the reactivation of basement faults.From the late stage of the N_(2)m^(u)to the present day(∼2.8–0 Ma),the reservoirs were rapidly filled by natural gas within a short period.In addition,analysis of the formation of the reservoir bitumen and the conspicuous loss of the lower molecular weight n-alkanes in the crude oil reveal that the injection of a large amount of gas in the late stage caused gas flushing of the early charged oil.展开更多
As a new technical means that can detect abnormal signs of water inrush in advance and give an early warning,the automatic monitoring and early warning of water inrush in mines has been widely valued in recent years.D...As a new technical means that can detect abnormal signs of water inrush in advance and give an early warning,the automatic monitoring and early warning of water inrush in mines has been widely valued in recent years.Due to the many factors affecting water inrush and the complicated water inrush mechanism,many factors close to water inrush may have precursory abnormal changes.At present,the existing monitoring and early warning system mainly uses a few monitoring indicators such as groundwater level,water influx,and temperature,and performs water inrush early warning through the abnormal change of a single factor.However,there are relatively few multi-factor comprehensive early warning identification models.Based on the analysis of the abnormal changes of precursor factors in multiple water inrush cases,11 measurable and effective indicators including groundwater flow field,hydrochemical field and temperature field are proposed.Finally,taking Hengyuan coal mine as an example,6 indicators with long-term monitoring data sequences were selected to establish a single-index hierarchical early-warning recognition model,a multi-factor linear recognition model,and a comprehensive intelligent early-warning recognition model.The results show that the correct rate of early warning can reach 95.2%.展开更多
This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology and tectonic settings of the three types of seamount basalts from the Xingshuwa subduction accretionary complex in the Xar Moron area,eastern ma...This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology and tectonic settings of the three types of seamount basalts from the Xingshuwa subduction accretionary complex in the Xar Moron area,eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).The seamount remnants are composed of carbonate’cap’sediments,large volumes of pillow and massive basalts,carbonate breccia slope facies and radiolarian cherts.Group 1 basalts are characterized by high contents of P2 O5 and TiO2 with alkaline affinity and LREE enrichment,indicating that they are derived from intraplate magma.Group 2 basalts display N-MORB LREE depletion patterns,indicating that they were formed at a mid-ocean ridge.Group 3 basalts have shown distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios,indicating that they were generated in an island arc tectonic setting.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 1 basalt sample XWT18-131 is 576.4±9.4 Ma,suggesting that the oceanic island seamount was the product of intraplate magmatism related to a mantle plume or’hot spot’in the late Neoproterozoic.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 2 basalt sample XWT18-132 is 483±22 Ma,indicating that the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO)was continuously expanding in the Early Ordovician.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 3 basalt sample XWT18-101 is 240.5±8.2 Ma,suggesting that this area underwent the evolutionary path of ocean-continent transition,developing towards continentalization during the Middle Triassic.Thus,we believe that there was both mantle plume-related intraplate magmatism and intraoceanic subduction during the evolution of the PAO,the CAOB possibly being an evolutionary model of an intraoceanic subduction and mantle plume magmatism complex.展开更多
This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,Sr-Nd isotopes and their tectonic settings of three types of basalts in Diyanmiao ophiolite in the Xar Moron area located on the eastern margin of the Central Asian Oroge...This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,Sr-Nd isotopes and their tectonic settings of three types of basalts in Diyanmiao ophiolite in the Xar Moron area located on the eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.Type I basalts are oceanic tholeiites with a depleted light rare earth element(LREE)pattern,which are similar to the typical N-mid-oceanic ridge basalt(MORB)and suggests that they were formed at a mid-oceanic ridge.The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of Type I basalts range from 0.703966 to 0.705276 and theεNd(t)values are from 16.49 to 17.15,indicating that they were derived from a depleted mantle source.Type II basalts belong to the medium-potassium calc-akaline series and have the geochem-ical characteristics of Nb-enriched basalt(NEB)with high Nb content(14.5 ppm)and strong enrichment in LREEs,implying that they were created by the partial melting of mantle wedge peridotite that previously metasomatized by slab melts.Type III basalts are high-Al basalt(HAB)with high-Al contents(Al_(2)0_(3)=16.75 wt.%-18.00 wt.%),distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios.Thus they were likely gen-erated in a normal island-arc setting.Therefore,the association of MORB,NEB,and HAB in the study area may be due to the subduction of a mid-oceanic ridge,and the Diyanmiao ophiolite is proposed to be formed in the forearc setting of a mid-oceanic ridge subduction system.展开更多
Special deposition environment makes organic-rich shales in Ningwu Basin have typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content,which are also famous as the kaolinite ore.The specific composition of shale in Ningwu Basin can c...Special deposition environment makes organic-rich shales in Ningwu Basin have typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content,which are also famous as the kaolinite ore.The specific composition of shale in Ningwu Basin can change the pore structure and thus,influence the shale gas storage and transport.This study focuses on the pore structure and its evolution in shales with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.In this study,14 Upper Paleozoic shale samples,whose total organic matter contents(TOC)range from 0.39%to 5.91%and maturities(represented by vitrinite reflectance)range from 1.22%to 2.06%,were collected.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high-pressure mercury injection,and low-tempera-ture N2 adsorption experiments were used to analyze pore structure of these shale samples.Results show that when the TOC content is smaller than 1.4%,the kaolinite content decreases linearly and quartz content increases linearly with increasing the TOC content.In contrast,when TOC content is>1.4%,the clay content tends to increase with increasing TOC.Based on the SEM images,organic pores and clay pores were identified in shale samples with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.During the maturation process,the kaolinite content decreases and illite content increases with increasing the vitrinite reflectance.At the same time,the pore volume and pore surface area both increase with increasing the vitrinite reflectance,and it may be because more organic pores and clay pores in the illite were generated during the maturation process.This study can provide further understandings of shale gas accumulation in shale with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION.Fire flooding is a thermal oil recovery technique in which heating promotes high-temperature oxidation reactions between crude oil and injected air,causing heat and gas release as well as the migration ...0 INTRODUCTION.Fire flooding is a thermal oil recovery technique in which heating promotes high-temperature oxidation reactions between crude oil and injected air,causing heat and gas release as well as the migration of unburnt crude oil toward production wells.The method is advantageous due to its high recovery rate,low cost,and wide applicability as an effective replacement technique for heavy-oil reservoirs,and has been successfully practiced at the Liaohe Oilfield of China(Zhang et al.,2020;Aleksandrov and Hascakir,2015;Elbaz et al.,2015;Hascakir et al.,2011;Huang et al.,2010).展开更多
文摘Coal remote sensing technology was founded in the period of coal resources survey after the founding of People’s Republic of China.Aerophoto Grammetry&Remote Sensing Bureau of China National Administration of Coal Geology was established,specializing in the application and promotion of coal remote sensing technology.With the rapid development of coal geological exploration in China,coal remote sensing technology has evolved from coal geology based survey to comprehensive survey that factors in resources,environment,ecology and so on.This paper summarizes the general situation,theories,development process,key research and future of remote sensing technology for coal mining in China.Spanning over 50 years,the history of China’s coal remote sensing technology can be divided into five stages:aero-geological mapping,coal remote sensing theory experimental research,application research and promotion,architecture planning and productionisation,“3S”technology integration and application.This paper expounds the main technical progress,application fields,major projects and major achievements in various historical periods,and points out that the coal remote sensing has entered a unified development stage of“Aviation,Aerospace and Ground”,with a focus on high-resolution remote sensing,hyperspectral remote sensing,radar remote sensing,“3S”technology integration and multi-means comprehensive exploration and evaluation.In the future,coal remote sensing technology will develop rapidly in data mass,technology integration,evaluation intelligence,integration application programming,system visualization,etc.Coal remote sensing technology has entered the industrial development from technology application.
文摘China is a top world producer of coal resources with numerous coal-rich basins country-wide that also contain coalbed methane(CBM),an unconventional natural gas resource.Recent exploration of coal and CBM resources has also led to the discovery of rare,precious,and scattered metal minerals,including sandstone-type U and Ga–Ge–Li.High-grade and industrial-value deposits have been discovered in the Ordos,Junggar,and other basins across China during exploration for coal resources.Application of coordinated exploration theories and techniques in multiple energy and coal-associated ore deposits,such as coal and unconventional natural gas in coal,achieves efficient and practical exploration of natural resources.Based on the systematic study of accumulation and occurrence of coal and coal-associated mineral resources in coal basins,the basic idea of coordinated exploration for coal and coal-associated deposits is proposed,and multi-targets and multi-methods based on a coordinated exploration model of coal-associated deposits is developed.Coordinated exploration expands the main exploration objective from coal seams to coal-associated series,extending the exploration target from targeting coal only to coal-associated deposits.Entrance times for exploration are decreased to realize coordinated exploration for coal,unconventional natural gas and syngenetic/associated mineral resources in coal by implementing a’one-time approach’―one time in and out of a coal seam to minimize disturbance and time needed for extraction.According to the differences of geological background in China’s coal basins,four coordinated exploration model types,including co-exploration of coal and coal-associated unconventional natural gas,coal and solid minerals,coal and metal minerals,and coal with water resources are established.Other models discussed include a multi-target coordinated exploration model for the combination of coal,coal-associated gas,solid minerals,and metal minerals accordingly.The exploration techniques of coal and coal-associated resources include regional geological investigation and research and synthetic application of other techniques including seismic surveys,drilling,logging,and geochemical exploration.Particularly,applying the’multi-purpose drill hole’or reworking coalfield drill holes into parameter wells,adding sample testing and logging wells,determining gas-bearing layers by logging and gas content measurement,jointly measuring multiple logging parameters,sampling,and testing of coal-strata help in the exploration and evaluation of coal resources,coal-associated unconventional natural gas resources,and coal-associated element minerals.Accordingly,a system of integrated Space–Air–Ground exploration techniques for coordinated exploration of coal and coal-associated minerals is established.This includes high-resolution,hyperspectral remote-sensing technique,high-precision geophysical exploration and fast,precise drilling,testing of experimental samples,as well as coordinated exploration and determination methods of multi-target factors,multi-exploration means,multi-parameter configuration and optimization,big data fusions and interpretation techniques.In recent years,the application of this integrated system has brought significant breakthroughs in coal exploration in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang and other provinces,discovering several large,ten-billionton coalfields,such as the Eastern Junggar and Tuha basins,and also in exploration and development of CBM from lowrank coals in Fukang,Xinjiang,discovery the Daying U Deposit in Inner Mongolia,the Junggar Ultralarge Ga Deposit,Lincang,Yunnan,and the Wulantuga,Inner Mongolia,Ge-bearing coal deposits,and the Pingshuo Ultralarge Li–Ge Deposit.
基金supported by the National Science&Technology Specific Project,China(No.2016ZX05024-003-008).
文摘The Bozhong19-6(BZ19-6)condensate gas reservoirs,located in the southwestern Bozhong sub-basin,Bohai Bay Basin,China,were paleo-oil reservoirs in the geological past and have undergone at least three successive hydrocarbon charging events.The hydrocarbon migration and accumulation process of“early oil and late gas”has occurred in the current reservoirs.At the end of the sedimentation of the Guantao Formation(N_(1)g,∼12 Ma),the reservoirs began to fill with first stage low-moderate mature crude oil.At the late stage of the Lower Minghuazhen Formation(N_(1)ml)(∼6.7 Ma),the reservoirs were largely charged with second stage high mature crude oil.Since the deposition of the upper Minghuazhen Formation(N_(2)m^(u),∼5.1 Ma),the paleo-oil reservoirs were transformed into shallow Neogene reservoirs due to the reactivation of basement faults.From the late stage of the N_(2)m^(u)to the present day(∼2.8–0 Ma),the reservoirs were rapidly filled by natural gas within a short period.In addition,analysis of the formation of the reservoir bitumen and the conspicuous loss of the lower molecular weight n-alkanes in the crude oil reveal that the injection of a large amount of gas in the late stage caused gas flushing of the early charged oil.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1805400)。
文摘As a new technical means that can detect abnormal signs of water inrush in advance and give an early warning,the automatic monitoring and early warning of water inrush in mines has been widely valued in recent years.Due to the many factors affecting water inrush and the complicated water inrush mechanism,many factors close to water inrush may have precursory abnormal changes.At present,the existing monitoring and early warning system mainly uses a few monitoring indicators such as groundwater level,water influx,and temperature,and performs water inrush early warning through the abnormal change of a single factor.However,there are relatively few multi-factor comprehensive early warning identification models.Based on the analysis of the abnormal changes of precursor factors in multiple water inrush cases,11 measurable and effective indicators including groundwater flow field,hydrochemical field and temperature field are proposed.Finally,taking Hengyuan coal mine as an example,6 indicators with long-term monitoring data sequences were selected to establish a single-index hierarchical early-warning recognition model,a multi-factor linear recognition model,and a comprehensive intelligent early-warning recognition model.The results show that the correct rate of early warning can reach 95.2%.
基金financially supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration Fund(Grant Nos.2017-YS01,2020-YS01)。
文摘This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology and tectonic settings of the three types of seamount basalts from the Xingshuwa subduction accretionary complex in the Xar Moron area,eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB).The seamount remnants are composed of carbonate’cap’sediments,large volumes of pillow and massive basalts,carbonate breccia slope facies and radiolarian cherts.Group 1 basalts are characterized by high contents of P2 O5 and TiO2 with alkaline affinity and LREE enrichment,indicating that they are derived from intraplate magma.Group 2 basalts display N-MORB LREE depletion patterns,indicating that they were formed at a mid-ocean ridge.Group 3 basalts have shown distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios,indicating that they were generated in an island arc tectonic setting.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 1 basalt sample XWT18-131 is 576.4±9.4 Ma,suggesting that the oceanic island seamount was the product of intraplate magmatism related to a mantle plume or’hot spot’in the late Neoproterozoic.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 2 basalt sample XWT18-132 is 483±22 Ma,indicating that the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO)was continuously expanding in the Early Ordovician.The zircon U-Pb age of Group 3 basalt sample XWT18-101 is 240.5±8.2 Ma,suggesting that this area underwent the evolutionary path of ocean-continent transition,developing towards continentalization during the Middle Triassic.Thus,we believe that there was both mantle plume-related intraplate magmatism and intraoceanic subduction during the evolution of the PAO,the CAOB possibly being an evolutionary model of an intraoceanic subduction and mantle plume magmatism complex.
基金This study was financially supported by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Geological and Mineral Exploration Fund(Nos.2017-YS01 and 2020-YS01)the Project of the Institute of Mineral Resources,China Metallurgical Geology Bureau(No.CMGB202002).
文摘This study focuses on the geology,geochemistry,Sr-Nd isotopes and their tectonic settings of three types of basalts in Diyanmiao ophiolite in the Xar Moron area located on the eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.Type I basalts are oceanic tholeiites with a depleted light rare earth element(LREE)pattern,which are similar to the typical N-mid-oceanic ridge basalt(MORB)and suggests that they were formed at a mid-oceanic ridge.The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of Type I basalts range from 0.703966 to 0.705276 and theεNd(t)values are from 16.49 to 17.15,indicating that they were derived from a depleted mantle source.Type II basalts belong to the medium-potassium calc-akaline series and have the geochem-ical characteristics of Nb-enriched basalt(NEB)with high Nb content(14.5 ppm)and strong enrichment in LREEs,implying that they were created by the partial melting of mantle wedge peridotite that previously metasomatized by slab melts.Type III basalts are high-Al basalt(HAB)with high-Al contents(Al_(2)0_(3)=16.75 wt.%-18.00 wt.%),distinct Nb depletion and high Th/Yb ratios.Thus they were likely gen-erated in a normal island-arc setting.Therefore,the association of MORB,NEB,and HAB in the study area may be due to the subduction of a mid-oceanic ridge,and the Diyanmiao ophiolite is proposed to be formed in the forearc setting of a mid-oceanic ridge subduction system.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41872179).
文摘Special deposition environment makes organic-rich shales in Ningwu Basin have typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content,which are also famous as the kaolinite ore.The specific composition of shale in Ningwu Basin can change the pore structure and thus,influence the shale gas storage and transport.This study focuses on the pore structure and its evolution in shales with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.In this study,14 Upper Paleozoic shale samples,whose total organic matter contents(TOC)range from 0.39%to 5.91%and maturities(represented by vitrinite reflectance)range from 1.22%to 2.06%,were collected.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),high-pressure mercury injection,and low-tempera-ture N2 adsorption experiments were used to analyze pore structure of these shale samples.Results show that when the TOC content is smaller than 1.4%,the kaolinite content decreases linearly and quartz content increases linearly with increasing the TOC content.In contrast,when TOC content is>1.4%,the clay content tends to increase with increasing TOC.Based on the SEM images,organic pores and clay pores were identified in shale samples with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.During the maturation process,the kaolinite content decreases and illite content increases with increasing the vitrinite reflectance.At the same time,the pore volume and pore surface area both increase with increasing the vitrinite reflectance,and it may be because more organic pores and clay pores in the illite were generated during the maturation process.This study can provide further understandings of shale gas accumulation in shale with typeⅢkerogen and high kaolinite content.
基金fund by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42372263)the Open Research Project from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(No.GPMR202318).
文摘0 INTRODUCTION.Fire flooding is a thermal oil recovery technique in which heating promotes high-temperature oxidation reactions between crude oil and injected air,causing heat and gas release as well as the migration of unburnt crude oil toward production wells.The method is advantageous due to its high recovery rate,low cost,and wide applicability as an effective replacement technique for heavy-oil reservoirs,and has been successfully practiced at the Liaohe Oilfield of China(Zhang et al.,2020;Aleksandrov and Hascakir,2015;Elbaz et al.,2015;Hascakir et al.,2011;Huang et al.,2010).
