Power transmission across the sea is an important part of global energy interconnection(GEI).To support the construction of GEI and to serve the needs of future clean energy trans-sea transportation and offshore wind ...Power transmission across the sea is an important part of global energy interconnection(GEI).To support the construction of GEI and to serve the needs of future clean energy trans-sea transportation and offshore wind power development,this study a)analyzes the requirements of the GEI backbone network pertaining to direct current(DC)submarine cable technology,and b)defines the key technical and economic indices of ultrahigh-voltage direct current(UHVDC)submarine cable based on theoretical computations.The research is based on the thermoelectric coupling model and the finite element method.It is shown that the dielectric strength of the insulating materials of the±800 kV~±1100 kV/4000 MW^12000 MW UHVDC submarine cable(extrusion insulation)should be not less than 43~65 kV/mm,while the heat resistance is not less than 110°C.As the cost of submarine cable is 5~10 times higher than that of the overhead line,the project investment need to be decreased to a level within the economical carrying capacity to guarantee extensive applicability of the HVDC submarine cable technology.展开更多
Global Energy Interconnection(hereafter GEI) is not only connectivity of power grid, but also a series of methodical innovations for energy transition towards sustainable and resilient societies,which is different fro...Global Energy Interconnection(hereafter GEI) is not only connectivity of power grid, but also a series of methodical innovations for energy transition towards sustainable and resilient societies,which is different from the traditional energy development mode in the past. This paper seeks to summarize the key features about the abovementioned innovations, as Green & Clean, Balanced & Reciprocal, Efficient & Intelligent and Vitality & Business opportunity. Finally it puts forward some reflections on the future development of GEI based on ASEAN practice cases.展开更多
In recent years, the global energy interconnection(GEI) has more and more profound influence around the world, which is a highly practical way for humans to handle the energy crisis. In the studies of GEI, the economi...In recent years, the global energy interconnection(GEI) has more and more profound influence around the world, which is a highly practical way for humans to handle the energy crisis. In the studies of GEI, the economic dispatch(ED) is a basic and important content. In this paper, a model of dynamic economic dispatch(DED) of GEI is presented, which include the renewable energy generation. The objective function of this model is composed of the operating costs and the renewable energy curtailment. A series of case studies for the transnational energy interconnection in Northeast Asia are given to verify the superiority of GEI and for further analysis.展开更多
Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-...Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the Continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.展开更多
With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers....With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers.Globally,data centers will become the world’s largest users of energy consumption,with the ratio rising from 3%in 2017 to 4.5%in 2025.Due to its unique climate and energy-saving advantages,the high-latitude area in the Pan-Arctic region has gradually become a hotspot for data center site selection in recent years.In order to predict and analyze the future energy consumption and carbon emissions of global data centers,this paper presents a new method based on global data center traffic and power usage effectiveness(PUE)for energy consumption prediction.Firstly,global data center traffic growth is predicted based on the Cisco’s research.Secondly,the dynamic global average PUE and the high latitude PUE based on Romonet simulation model are obtained,and then global data center energy consumption with two different scenarios,the decentralized scenario and the centralized scenario,is analyzed quantitatively via the polynomial fitting method.The simulation results show that,in 2030,the global data center energy consumption and carbon emissions are reduced by about 301 billion kWh and 720 million tons CO2 in the centralized scenario compared with that of the decentralized scenario,which confirms that the establishment of data centers in the Pan-Arctic region in the future can effectively relief the climate change and energy problems.This study provides support for global energy consumption prediction,and guidance for the layout of future global data centers from the perspective of energy consumption.Moreover,it provides support of the feasibility of the integration of energy and information networks under the Global Energy Interconnection conception.展开更多
In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided ...In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided a detailed decomposition of the carbon intensity and energy intensity,which enables the quantification of clean energy development and electrification.The logarithmic mean divisia index(LMDI)has been applied to the historical data to quantify the contributions of the various factors affecting the CO2 emissions.Further,the global energy interconnection(GEI)scenario has been introduced for providing a systematic solution to meet the 2℃goal of the Paris Agreement.By combining LMDI with the scenario analysis,the mitigation potential of the various factors for CO2 emission has been analyzed.Results from the historical data indicate that economic development and population growth contribute the most to the increase in CO2 emissions,whereas improvement in the power generation efficiency predominantly helps in emission reduction.A numerical analysis,performed for obtaining the projected future carbon emissions,suggests that clean energy development and electrification are the top two factors that can decrease CO2 emissions,thus showing their great potential for mitigation in the future.Moreover,the carbon capture and storage technology serves as an important supplementary mitigation method.展开更多
Environmental problems caused by traditional power production and the unbalanced distribution of energy resources and demand limit the development of sustainable societies. A feasible method to optimize the resource a...Environmental problems caused by traditional power production and the unbalanced distribution of energy resources and demand limit the development of sustainable societies. A feasible method to optimize the resource allocation has been proposed, and it involves cross-border and cross-regional electricity transactions. However, the uncertainty of renewable energy and the specific features of the cross-border electricity market are key issues which need to be considered in the trading mechanism design. Based on this, this paper sets up a long-term cross-border electricity trading model considering the uncertainty of renewable energy. First, annual transactions are matched according to the declared data of bidders with consideration of cross-border interconnection development benefits, potential benefit risks, and transmission costs. Second, for annual contract decomposition, the model uses the minimum generation cost function with a penalty item for power shortages to allocate electricity to each month. Additionally, the scenario reduction algorithm is combined with the unit commitment to construct a stochastic generation plan. Finally, a case study of the numerical results for the multinational electricity market in northeast Asia is used to show that the proposed trading model is feasible for cross-border electricity trading with high penetration of renewable energy.展开更多
Decarbonization of the electricity sector is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change and global warming over the coming decades.The key challenges for achieving this goal are carbon emission trading and elec...Decarbonization of the electricity sector is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change and global warming over the coming decades.The key challenges for achieving this goal are carbon emission trading and electricity sector regulation,which are also the major components of the carbon and electricity markets,respectively.In this paper,a joint electricity and carbon market model is proposed to investigate the relationships between electricity price,carbon price,and electricity generation capacity,thereby identifying pathways toward a renewable energy transition under the transactional energy interconnection framework.The proposed model is a dynamically iterative optimization model consisting of upper-level and lower-level models.The upper-level model optimizes power generation and obtains the electricity price,which drives the lower-level model to update the carbon price and electricity generation capacity.The proposed model is verified using the Northeast Asia power grid.The results show that increasing carbon price will result in increased electricity price,along with further increases in renewable energy generation capacity in the following period.This increase in renewable energy generation will reduce reliance on carbon-emitting energy sources,and hence the carbon price will decline.Moreover,the interconnection among zones in the Northeast Asia power grid will enable reasonable allocation of zonal power generation.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be an effective technology to reduce the carbon emissions and further realize the emission reduction targets in 2030-2050.It eases the stress of realizing the energy transition because of the less urgency to install additional renewable energy capacity.展开更多
Global renewable energy has maintained a steady growth in recent years, mainly fostered by national policies and increasing demand. Analyzing the experience of renewable energy development in developed countries can b...Global renewable energy has maintained a steady growth in recent years, mainly fostered by national policies and increasing demand. Analyzing the experience of renewable energy development in developed countries can be important to provide reference and guidance for its adoption in other countries. First, we compare and summarize definitions of distributed generation from 18 leading countries and organizations in renewable energy. On this basis, we provide three basic characteristics for successful distributed generation using renewable resources. Then, we empirically analyze the distributed and centralized development of renewable energy in Germany with focus on wind and photovoltaic power. We determined that 95% of the photovoltaic generation and 85% of the wind power generation is distributed in Germany, suggesting that the most suitable generation mode for renewable energy is the distributed approach.展开更多
Climate change and air pollution are primarily caused by the combustion and utilization of fossil fuels.Both climate change and air pollution cause health problems.Based on the development of China,it is extremely imp...Climate change and air pollution are primarily caused by the combustion and utilization of fossil fuels.Both climate change and air pollution cause health problems.Based on the development of China,it is extremely important to explore the synergies of the energy transition,CO_(2) reduction,air pollution control,and health improvement under the target of carbon peaking before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.This study introduces the policy evolution and research progress related to energy,climate change,and the environment in China and proposes a complete energy-climate-air-health mechanism framework.Based on the MESSAGE-GLOBIOM integrated assessment model,emission inventory and chemical transport model,and exposure-response function,a comprehensive assessment method of energy-climate-air-health synergies was established and applied to quantify the impacts of Chinese Energy Interconnection Carbon Neutrality(CEICN)scenario.The results demonstrate that,by 2060,the SO_(2),NO_(x) and PM_(2.5) emissions are estimated to be reduced by 91%,85%,and 90%respectively compared to the business-as-usual(BAU)scenario.The direct health impacts brought by achieving the goal of carbon neutrality will drive the proactive implementation of more emission reduction measures and bring greater benefits to human health.展开更多
The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a compre...The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a comprehensive data center covering six major systems.However,methods for accurately describing and scientifically evaluating the credibility of the massive amount of GEI data remain underdeveloped.To address this lack of such methods,a GEI data credibility quantitative evaluation model is proposed here.An evaluation indicator system is established to evaluate data credibility from multiple perspectives and ensure the comprehensiveness and impartiality of evaluation results.The Cloud Model abandons the hard division of comments to ensure objectivity and accuracy in evaluation results.To evaluate the suitability of the proposed method,a case analysis is conducted,wherein the proposed method demonstrates sufficient validity and feasibility.展开更多
The Global Energy Interconnection is an important strategic approach used to achieve efficient worldwide energy allocation.The idea of developing integrated power,information,and transportation networks provides incre...The Global Energy Interconnection is an important strategic approach used to achieve efficient worldwide energy allocation.The idea of developing integrated power,information,and transportation networks provides increased power interconnection functionality and meaning,helps condense forces,and accelerates the integration of global infrastructure.Correspondingly,it is envisaged that it will become the trend of industrial technological development in the future.In consideration of the current trend of integrated development,this study evaluates a possible plan of coordinated development of fiber-optic and power networks in the Pan-Arctic region.Firstly,the backbone network architecture of Global Energy Interconnection is introduced and the importance of the Arctic energy backbone network is confirmed.The energy consumption and developmental trend of global data centers are then analyzed.Subsequently,the global network traffic is predicted and analyzed by means of a polynomial regression model.Finally,in combination with the current construction of fiber-optic networks in the Pan-Arctic region,the advantages of the integration of the fiber-optic and power networks in this region are clarified in justification of the decision for the development of a Global Energy Interconnection scheme.展开更多
To realize the low-carbon development of power systems,digital transformation,and power marketization reform,the substation,data center,energy storage,photovoltaic,and charging stations are important components for th...To realize the low-carbon development of power systems,digital transformation,and power marketization reform,the substation,data center,energy storage,photovoltaic,and charging stations are important components for the construction of new infrastructure.The integration infrastructure represented by multi-station integrated energy systems(MSIESs)represents the development trend,and its connotation and denotation are not immutable.This study firstly analyzed the components of MSIESs and their sub-stations and overall characteristics,and proposed an overall architecture for MSIESs.Thereafter,this system was characterized in detail from three aspects:planning and design,operation control,and market operation.The planning and construction of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of planning and design process,typical fusion subsystems,supply and demand prediction,and capacity determination;the operational control of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of model construction,coordination control,and safety assessment.Moreover,the market operation of MSIESs was examined from the aspects of the business model and spot market.Furthermore,the technical development trend of MSIESs has been explored in this study.展开更多
The demands for massive renewable energy integration, passive network power supply, and global energy interconnection have all gradually increased, posing new challenges for high voltage direct current(HVDC) power tra...The demands for massive renewable energy integration, passive network power supply, and global energy interconnection have all gradually increased, posing new challenges for high voltage direct current(HVDC) power transmission systems, including more complex topology and increased diversity of bipolar HVDC transmission. This study proposes that these two factors have led to new requirements for HVDC control strategies. Moreover, due to the diverse applications of HVDC transmission technology, each station in the system has different requirements. Furthermore, the topology of the AC-DC converter is being continuously developed, revealing a trend towards hybrid converter stations.展开更多
Electric system planning with high variable renewable energy(VRE)penetration levels has attracted great attention world-wide.Electricity production of VRE highly depends on the weather conditions and thus involves lar...Electric system planning with high variable renewable energy(VRE)penetration levels has attracted great attention world-wide.Electricity production of VRE highly depends on the weather conditions and thus involves large variability,uncertainty,and low-capacity credit.This gives rise to significant challenges for power system planning.Currently,many solutions are proposed to address the issue of operational flexibility inadequacy,including flexibility retrofit of thermal units,inter-regional transmission,electricity energy storage,and demand response(DR).Evidently,the performance and the cost of various solutions are different.It is relevant to explore the optimal portfolio to satisfy the flexibility requirement for a renewable dominated system and the role of each flexibility source.In this study,the value of diverse DR flexibilities was examined and a stochastic investment planning model considering DR is proposed.Two types of DRs,namely interrupted DR and transferred DR,were modeled.Chronological load and renewable generation curves with 8760 hours within a whole year were reduced to 4 weekly scenarios to accelerate the optimization.Clustered unit commitment constraints for accommodating variability of renewables were incorporated.Case studies based on IEEE RTS-96 system are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the DR potential to avoid energy storage investment.展开更多
North African countries generally have strategic demands for energy transformation and sustainable development.Renewable energy development is important to achieve this goal.Considering three typical types of renewabl...North African countries generally have strategic demands for energy transformation and sustainable development.Renewable energy development is important to achieve this goal.Considering three typical types of renewable energies—wind,photovoltaic(PV),and concentrating solar power(CSP)—an optimal planning model is established to minimize construction costs and power curtailment losses.The levelized cost of electricity is used as an index for assessing economic feasibility.In this study,wind and PV,wind/PV/CSP,and transnational interconnection modes are designed for Morocco,Egypt,and Tunisia.The installed capacities of renewable energy power generation are planned through the time sequence production simulation method for each country.The results show that renewable energy combined with power generation,including the CSP mode,can improve reliability of the power supply and reduce the power curtailment rate.The transnational interconnection mode can help realize mutual benefits of renewable energy power,while the apportionment of electricity prices and trading mechanisms are very important and are related to economic feasibility;thus,this mode is important for the future development of renewable energy in North Africa.展开更多
Energy crisis and climate change have become two seriously concerned issues universally. As a feasible solution, Global Energy Interconnection(GEI) has been highly praised and positively responded by the international...Energy crisis and climate change have become two seriously concerned issues universally. As a feasible solution, Global Energy Interconnection(GEI) has been highly praised and positively responded by the international community once proposed by China. From strategic conception to implementation, GEI development has entered a new phase of joint action now. Gathering and building a global grid database is a prerequisite for conducting research on GEI. Based on the requirement of global grid data management and application, combining with big data and geographic information technology, this paper studies the global grid data acquisition and analysis process, sorts out and designs the global grid database structure supporting GEI research, and builds a global grid database system.展开更多
With the increasing severity of environmental problems,many countries have set energy transition targets to promote the realization of the Paris Agreement.There has been a global consensus on utilizing solar energy re...With the increasing severity of environmental problems,many countries have set energy transition targets to promote the realization of the Paris Agreement.There has been a global consensus on utilizing solar energy resources as alternatives to conventional sources to support this energy transition.In this regard,analyzing the“location,”“quantity,”and“quality”of global solar energy resources will not only assist an individual country to efficiently utilize these resources but also promote the realization of large-scale intercontinental resource utilization and complementation.This study established the basic database,model methods,and platform tools for global solar energy assessment,Then,a global solar energy resource assessment was conducted,which included the theoretical reserves(TRs),technical installed potential capacity(TPIC),and average development cost(ADC).A comparative analysis of the assessment results for all continents was also performed.After that,based on big data analysis and geographic information system(GIS)calculations,the distribution characteristics of the global solar power TPIC were calculated with the two core indicators,namely the capacity factor and ADC.Furthermore,a data-driven quantitative evaluation of the refined development potential of solar energy resources was performed.Finally,the reasonableness and coincidence analysis of the resource assessment results were verified using data from global and specifically Chinese photovoltaic(PV)bases.展开更多
The economic analysis of solar energy development is the basis of promoting the solar energy planning in north Africa and realizing the clean energy power transmission among continents. In this paper, the cost develop...The economic analysis of solar energy development is the basis of promoting the solar energy planning in north Africa and realizing the clean energy power transmission among continents. In this paper, the cost development trend of photovoltaic(PV) power and concentrating solar power(CSP) generation is analyzed, and the levelized cost of energy(LCOE) of solar power generation is forecasted. Then, taking the development of Tunisian solar energy as an example in the context of transcontinental transmission, PV power with energy storage and PV-CSP power generation are given as two kinds of development plan respectively. The installed capacity configurations of the two schemes are given with production simulation method, and comprehensive LCOE are calculated. The studies show that based on the LCOE forecast value, the LCOE of PV-CSP combined power generation will decrease when the annual utilization hours of transmission channel is increased. It can be chosen as one of important mode of the North Africa solar energy development.展开更多
Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed ...Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed during early stage.In this paper,a method based on cost-benefit economic assessment for optimal planning of cross-border grid interconnection is proposed.An economic index for comprehensively assessing the cost of a transmission project and its resulting benefits of more usage of hydro energy is designed first.A chronological production cost simulation model considering hydro energy spillage due to transmission congestion and thermal operational limitation is then proposed to calculate the economic index.A case study is performed using the proposed method to determine the optimal capacity of a potential transmission link between Brazil and Argentina,which have rich and complementary hydro energy resources.展开更多
基金supported by the Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.,Ltd.Science and Technology Project(Project No.101662224/Title:UHV large-capacity DC submarine cable key technology and roadmap research)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFB0900702)
文摘Power transmission across the sea is an important part of global energy interconnection(GEI).To support the construction of GEI and to serve the needs of future clean energy trans-sea transportation and offshore wind power development,this study a)analyzes the requirements of the GEI backbone network pertaining to direct current(DC)submarine cable technology,and b)defines the key technical and economic indices of ultrahigh-voltage direct current(UHVDC)submarine cable based on theoretical computations.The research is based on the thermoelectric coupling model and the finite element method.It is shown that the dielectric strength of the insulating materials of the±800 kV~±1100 kV/4000 MW^12000 MW UHVDC submarine cable(extrusion insulation)should be not less than 43~65 kV/mm,while the heat resistance is not less than 110°C.As the cost of submarine cable is 5~10 times higher than that of the overhead line,the project investment need to be decreased to a level within the economical carrying capacity to guarantee extensive applicability of the HVDC submarine cable technology.
文摘Global Energy Interconnection(hereafter GEI) is not only connectivity of power grid, but also a series of methodical innovations for energy transition towards sustainable and resilient societies,which is different from the traditional energy development mode in the past. This paper seeks to summarize the key features about the abovementioned innovations, as Green & Clean, Balanced & Reciprocal, Efficient & Intelligent and Vitality & Business opportunity. Finally it puts forward some reflections on the future development of GEI based on ASEAN practice cases.
基金supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0901900)in part by the Science and Technology Project of SGCC-Research on Grid Dispatching and Transaction Mode for Global Energy Interconnection+2 种基金in part by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017T100748)in part by Natural Science Basis Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2016JQ5015)in part by the project of State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment in Xi’an Jiaotong University(EIPE17205,EIPE16301)
文摘In recent years, the global energy interconnection(GEI) has more and more profound influence around the world, which is a highly practical way for humans to handle the energy crisis. In the studies of GEI, the economic dispatch(ED) is a basic and important content. In this paper, a model of dynamic economic dispatch(DED) of GEI is presented, which include the renewable energy generation. The objective function of this model is composed of the operating costs and the renewable energy curtailment. A series of case studies for the transnational energy interconnection in Northeast Asia are given to verify the superiority of GEI and for further analysis.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41701232).
文摘Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the Continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61472042)Corporation Science and Technology Program of Global Energy Interconnection Group Ltd.(GEIGC-D-[2018]024)
文摘With the rapid development of technologies such as big data and cloud computing,data communication and data computing in the form of exponential growth have led to a large amount of energy consumption in data centers.Globally,data centers will become the world’s largest users of energy consumption,with the ratio rising from 3%in 2017 to 4.5%in 2025.Due to its unique climate and energy-saving advantages,the high-latitude area in the Pan-Arctic region has gradually become a hotspot for data center site selection in recent years.In order to predict and analyze the future energy consumption and carbon emissions of global data centers,this paper presents a new method based on global data center traffic and power usage effectiveness(PUE)for energy consumption prediction.Firstly,global data center traffic growth is predicted based on the Cisco’s research.Secondly,the dynamic global average PUE and the high latitude PUE based on Romonet simulation model are obtained,and then global data center energy consumption with two different scenarios,the decentralized scenario and the centralized scenario,is analyzed quantitatively via the polynomial fitting method.The simulation results show that,in 2030,the global data center energy consumption and carbon emissions are reduced by about 301 billion kWh and 720 million tons CO2 in the centralized scenario compared with that of the decentralized scenario,which confirms that the establishment of data centers in the Pan-Arctic region in the future can effectively relief the climate change and energy problems.This study provides support for global energy consumption prediction,and guidance for the layout of future global data centers from the perspective of energy consumption.Moreover,it provides support of the feasibility of the integration of energy and information networks under the Global Energy Interconnection conception.
基金This work was supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of GEIGC(101662227)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018 YFB0905000).
文摘In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided a detailed decomposition of the carbon intensity and energy intensity,which enables the quantification of clean energy development and electrification.The logarithmic mean divisia index(LMDI)has been applied to the historical data to quantify the contributions of the various factors affecting the CO2 emissions.Further,the global energy interconnection(GEI)scenario has been introduced for providing a systematic solution to meet the 2℃goal of the Paris Agreement.By combining LMDI with the scenario analysis,the mitigation potential of the various factors for CO2 emission has been analyzed.Results from the historical data indicate that economic development and population growth contribute the most to the increase in CO2 emissions,whereas improvement in the power generation efficiency predominantly helps in emission reduction.A numerical analysis,performed for obtaining the projected future carbon emissions,suggests that clean energy development and electrification are the top two factors that can decrease CO2 emissions,thus showing their great potential for mitigation in the future.Moreover,the carbon capture and storage technology serves as an important supplementary mitigation method.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 51607137)in part by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017T100748)in part by the Global Energy Interconnection Group’s Science&Technology Project "The development path for electricity market and key mechanisms for grid interconnection in the context of global clean energy development"(52450018000J)
文摘Environmental problems caused by traditional power production and the unbalanced distribution of energy resources and demand limit the development of sustainable societies. A feasible method to optimize the resource allocation has been proposed, and it involves cross-border and cross-regional electricity transactions. However, the uncertainty of renewable energy and the specific features of the cross-border electricity market are key issues which need to be considered in the trading mechanism design. Based on this, this paper sets up a long-term cross-border electricity trading model considering the uncertainty of renewable energy. First, annual transactions are matched according to the declared data of bidders with consideration of cross-border interconnection development benefits, potential benefit risks, and transmission costs. Second, for annual contract decomposition, the model uses the minimum generation cost function with a penalty item for power shortages to allocate electricity to each month. Additionally, the scenario reduction algorithm is combined with the unit commitment to construct a stochastic generation plan. Finally, a case study of the numerical results for the multinational electricity market in northeast Asia is used to show that the proposed trading model is feasible for cross-border electricity trading with high penetration of renewable energy.
基金supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0901900)the Science and Technology Foundation of GEIDCO(SGGEIG00JYJS1900016)
文摘Decarbonization of the electricity sector is crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change and global warming over the coming decades.The key challenges for achieving this goal are carbon emission trading and electricity sector regulation,which are also the major components of the carbon and electricity markets,respectively.In this paper,a joint electricity and carbon market model is proposed to investigate the relationships between electricity price,carbon price,and electricity generation capacity,thereby identifying pathways toward a renewable energy transition under the transactional energy interconnection framework.The proposed model is a dynamically iterative optimization model consisting of upper-level and lower-level models.The upper-level model optimizes power generation and obtains the electricity price,which drives the lower-level model to update the carbon price and electricity generation capacity.The proposed model is verified using the Northeast Asia power grid.The results show that increasing carbon price will result in increased electricity price,along with further increases in renewable energy generation capacity in the following period.This increase in renewable energy generation will reduce reliance on carbon-emitting energy sources,and hence the carbon price will decline.Moreover,the interconnection among zones in the Northeast Asia power grid will enable reasonable allocation of zonal power generation.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be an effective technology to reduce the carbon emissions and further realize the emission reduction targets in 2030-2050.It eases the stress of realizing the energy transition because of the less urgency to install additional renewable energy capacity.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U1766201)the State Grid Science and Technology Project (Title: Research on China’s New Energy Resources & Development Roadmap)
文摘Global renewable energy has maintained a steady growth in recent years, mainly fostered by national policies and increasing demand. Analyzing the experience of renewable energy development in developed countries can be important to provide reference and guidance for its adoption in other countries. First, we compare and summarize definitions of distributed generation from 18 leading countries and organizations in renewable energy. On this basis, we provide three basic characteristics for successful distributed generation using renewable resources. Then, we empirically analyze the distributed and centralized development of renewable energy in Germany with focus on wind and photovoltaic power. We determined that 95% of the photovoltaic generation and 85% of the wind power generation is distributed in Germany, suggesting that the most suitable generation mode for renewable energy is the distributed approach.
基金supported by the GEIGC Science and Technology Project in the framework of“Research on Comprehensive Path Evaluation Methods and Practical Models for the Synergetic Development of Global Energy,Atmospheric Environment and Human Health”(grant No.20210302007).
文摘Climate change and air pollution are primarily caused by the combustion and utilization of fossil fuels.Both climate change and air pollution cause health problems.Based on the development of China,it is extremely important to explore the synergies of the energy transition,CO_(2) reduction,air pollution control,and health improvement under the target of carbon peaking before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.This study introduces the policy evolution and research progress related to energy,climate change,and the environment in China and proposes a complete energy-climate-air-health mechanism framework.Based on the MESSAGE-GLOBIOM integrated assessment model,emission inventory and chemical transport model,and exposure-response function,a comprehensive assessment method of energy-climate-air-health synergies was established and applied to quantify the impacts of Chinese Energy Interconnection Carbon Neutrality(CEICN)scenario.The results demonstrate that,by 2060,the SO_(2),NO_(x) and PM_(2.5) emissions are estimated to be reduced by 91%,85%,and 90%respectively compared to the business-as-usual(BAU)scenario.The direct health impacts brought by achieving the goal of carbon neutrality will drive the proactive implementation of more emission reduction measures and bring greater benefits to human health.
基金supported by the State Grid Science and Technology Project (No. 52450018000H)
文摘The development of Global Energy Interconnection(GEI)is essential for supporting a wide range of basic data resources.The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization has established a comprehensive data center covering six major systems.However,methods for accurately describing and scientifically evaluating the credibility of the massive amount of GEI data remain underdeveloped.To address this lack of such methods,a GEI data credibility quantitative evaluation model is proposed here.An evaluation indicator system is established to evaluate data credibility from multiple perspectives and ensure the comprehensiveness and impartiality of evaluation results.The Cloud Model abandons the hard division of comments to ensure objectivity and accuracy in evaluation results.To evaluate the suitability of the proposed method,a case analysis is conducted,wherein the proposed method demonstrates sufficient validity and feasibility.
基金supported by the Corporation Science and Technology Program of Global Energy Interconnection Group Ltd. (GEIGC-D-[2018]024)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61472042, 61772079)
文摘The Global Energy Interconnection is an important strategic approach used to achieve efficient worldwide energy allocation.The idea of developing integrated power,information,and transportation networks provides increased power interconnection functionality and meaning,helps condense forces,and accelerates the integration of global infrastructure.Correspondingly,it is envisaged that it will become the trend of industrial technological development in the future.In consideration of the current trend of integrated development,this study evaluates a possible plan of coordinated development of fiber-optic and power networks in the Pan-Arctic region.Firstly,the backbone network architecture of Global Energy Interconnection is introduced and the importance of the Arctic energy backbone network is confirmed.The energy consumption and developmental trend of global data centers are then analyzed.Subsequently,the global network traffic is predicted and analyzed by means of a polynomial regression model.Finally,in combination with the current construction of fiber-optic networks in the Pan-Arctic region,the advantages of the integration of the fiber-optic and power networks in this region are clarified in justification of the decision for the development of a Global Energy Interconnection scheme.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project of SGCC(No.5400-202017203A-0-0-00)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92067105)。
文摘To realize the low-carbon development of power systems,digital transformation,and power marketization reform,the substation,data center,energy storage,photovoltaic,and charging stations are important components for the construction of new infrastructure.The integration infrastructure represented by multi-station integrated energy systems(MSIESs)represents the development trend,and its connotation and denotation are not immutable.This study firstly analyzed the components of MSIESs and their sub-stations and overall characteristics,and proposed an overall architecture for MSIESs.Thereafter,this system was characterized in detail from three aspects:planning and design,operation control,and market operation.The planning and construction of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of planning and design process,typical fusion subsystems,supply and demand prediction,and capacity determination;the operational control of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of model construction,coordination control,and safety assessment.Moreover,the market operation of MSIESs was examined from the aspects of the business model and spot market.Furthermore,the technical development trend of MSIESs has been explored in this study.
基金supported by the State Grid Science & Technology Project (GEIGC-E-[2018]026)
文摘The demands for massive renewable energy integration, passive network power supply, and global energy interconnection have all gradually increased, posing new challenges for high voltage direct current(HVDC) power transmission systems, including more complex topology and increased diversity of bipolar HVDC transmission. This study proposes that these two factors have led to new requirements for HVDC control strategies. Moreover, due to the diverse applications of HVDC transmission technology, each station in the system has different requirements. Furthermore, the topology of the AC-DC converter is being continuously developed, revealing a trend towards hybrid converter stations.
基金jointly supported by Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51907100)Technical Program of Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.,Ltd(No.1100/2020-75001B)
文摘Electric system planning with high variable renewable energy(VRE)penetration levels has attracted great attention world-wide.Electricity production of VRE highly depends on the weather conditions and thus involves large variability,uncertainty,and low-capacity credit.This gives rise to significant challenges for power system planning.Currently,many solutions are proposed to address the issue of operational flexibility inadequacy,including flexibility retrofit of thermal units,inter-regional transmission,electricity energy storage,and demand response(DR).Evidently,the performance and the cost of various solutions are different.It is relevant to explore the optimal portfolio to satisfy the flexibility requirement for a renewable dominated system and the role of each flexibility source.In this study,the value of diverse DR flexibilities was examined and a stochastic investment planning model considering DR is proposed.Two types of DRs,namely interrupted DR and transferred DR,were modeled.Chronological load and renewable generation curves with 8760 hours within a whole year were reduced to 4 weekly scenarios to accelerate the optimization.Clustered unit commitment constraints for accommodating variability of renewables were incorporated.Case studies based on IEEE RTS-96 system are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the DR potential to avoid energy storage investment.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of SGCC(Large-scale development and utilization mode of solar energy in North Africa under the condition of transcontinental grid interconnection:NY71-18-004)the Science and Technology Foundation of GEI(Research on Large-scale Solar Energy Development in West-Asia and North-Africa:NYN11201805034)
文摘North African countries generally have strategic demands for energy transformation and sustainable development.Renewable energy development is important to achieve this goal.Considering three typical types of renewable energies—wind,photovoltaic(PV),and concentrating solar power(CSP)—an optimal planning model is established to minimize construction costs and power curtailment losses.The levelized cost of electricity is used as an index for assessing economic feasibility.In this study,wind and PV,wind/PV/CSP,and transnational interconnection modes are designed for Morocco,Egypt,and Tunisia.The installed capacities of renewable energy power generation are planned through the time sequence production simulation method for each country.The results show that renewable energy combined with power generation,including the CSP mode,can improve reliability of the power supply and reduce the power curtailment rate.The transnational interconnection mode can help realize mutual benefits of renewable energy power,while the apportionment of electricity prices and trading mechanisms are very important and are related to economic feasibility;thus,this mode is important for the future development of renewable energy in North Africa.
文摘Energy crisis and climate change have become two seriously concerned issues universally. As a feasible solution, Global Energy Interconnection(GEI) has been highly praised and positively responded by the international community once proposed by China. From strategic conception to implementation, GEI development has entered a new phase of joint action now. Gathering and building a global grid database is a prerequisite for conducting research on GEI. Based on the requirement of global grid data management and application, combining with big data and geographic information technology, this paper studies the global grid data acquisition and analysis process, sorts out and designs the global grid database structure supporting GEI research, and builds a global grid database system.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project(2018YFB0904000).
文摘With the increasing severity of environmental problems,many countries have set energy transition targets to promote the realization of the Paris Agreement.There has been a global consensus on utilizing solar energy resources as alternatives to conventional sources to support this energy transition.In this regard,analyzing the“location,”“quantity,”and“quality”of global solar energy resources will not only assist an individual country to efficiently utilize these resources but also promote the realization of large-scale intercontinental resource utilization and complementation.This study established the basic database,model methods,and platform tools for global solar energy assessment,Then,a global solar energy resource assessment was conducted,which included the theoretical reserves(TRs),technical installed potential capacity(TPIC),and average development cost(ADC).A comparative analysis of the assessment results for all continents was also performed.After that,based on big data analysis and geographic information system(GIS)calculations,the distribution characteristics of the global solar power TPIC were calculated with the two core indicators,namely the capacity factor and ADC.Furthermore,a data-driven quantitative evaluation of the refined development potential of solar energy resources was performed.Finally,the reasonableness and coincidence analysis of the resource assessment results were verified using data from global and specifically Chinese photovoltaic(PV)bases.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFB0900100)State Grid Corporation Science and Technology Program(SGQHJY00GHJS1700078)Youth Fund of China Electrical Power Research Institute(NY84-17-003)
文摘The economic analysis of solar energy development is the basis of promoting the solar energy planning in north Africa and realizing the clean energy power transmission among continents. In this paper, the cost development trend of photovoltaic(PV) power and concentrating solar power(CSP) generation is analyzed, and the levelized cost of energy(LCOE) of solar power generation is forecasted. Then, taking the development of Tunisian solar energy as an example in the context of transcontinental transmission, PV power with energy storage and PV-CSP power generation are given as two kinds of development plan respectively. The installed capacity configurations of the two schemes are given with production simulation method, and comprehensive LCOE are calculated. The studies show that based on the LCOE forecast value, the LCOE of PV-CSP combined power generation will decrease when the annual utilization hours of transmission channel is increased. It can be chosen as one of important mode of the North Africa solar energy development.
基金supported by Science and Technology Foundation of Global Energy Interconnection Group Co.Ltd(52450018000L)。
文摘Cross-border grid interconnection is a critical means to achieve wide-area share of hydro and other clean energy.Economic benefit assessment of cross-border grid interconnection projects should be carefully performed during early stage.In this paper,a method based on cost-benefit economic assessment for optimal planning of cross-border grid interconnection is proposed.An economic index for comprehensively assessing the cost of a transmission project and its resulting benefits of more usage of hydro energy is designed first.A chronological production cost simulation model considering hydro energy spillage due to transmission congestion and thermal operational limitation is then proposed to calculate the economic index.A case study is performed using the proposed method to determine the optimal capacity of a potential transmission link between Brazil and Argentina,which have rich and complementary hydro energy resources.
