Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but...Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but not dangerously toxic. Including this odor agent, would allow H to be distributed safely in pipes, as required by law, and it would allow H to be safely stored, transported, and exported for sale, and widely commercialized. Further research is suggested to identify optimum pressure, temperature, and automated technique for injecting NH<sub>3</sub> into H, and to chart the minimum concentration needed, as a function of temperature and humidity. An application to make hypersonic H burning aircraft safer for ground maintenance crews is proposed. An ability to make, store and distribute H, made from local sources of renewable energy, would reduce a need for fossil fuels, especially in poor, remote communities, where it could improve their economy by creating an export product for sale, while reducing pollution.展开更多
In spite of an established link between poverty and under-nutrition in India, fall in under-nutrition is sluggish with fall in poverty. This research paper aims to seek answer on the effect of poverty decline on child...In spite of an established link between poverty and under-nutrition in India, fall in under-nutrition is sluggish with fall in poverty. This research paper aims to seek answer on the effect of poverty decline on child under-nutrition in India over a period of one and a half decades. After examining the extent of association between poverty reduction and reciprocal changes in child under-nutrition, the paper found that although there was a definite influence of poverty levels on child under-nutrition at the state-level, the strength of the impact was not very high. This possibly explains why improvements in nutritional status among children have failed to keep up pace with steady reduction in mass poverty across the states in the last couple of decades. The results also strongly reiterate the magnificent role of child’s healthcare utilization and higher public spending which can help to capitalize on the increase in economic capabilities at the household level, resulting from robust economic growth and alleviation of endemic poverty.展开更多
In this paper ex ante inequality measure is used to estimate inequality in childhood chronic under-nutrition among different vulnerable subgroups. Ex ante inequality in nutritional achievement is determined by estimat...In this paper ex ante inequality measure is used to estimate inequality in childhood chronic under-nutrition among different vulnerable subgroups. Ex ante inequality in nutritional achievement is determined by estimating Concentration Index by ranking the sample population as per different contextual absolute and predicted vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities include climatic shock induced asset loss, livelihood insecurity, physical accessibility and consumption sacrifice after treatment seeking of children for under-nutrition related morbidities and perception of care givers regarding quality and effectiveness of care provided by unqualified providers. Results found that vulnerability to consumption poverty aggravated chronic under-nutrition among less vulnerable groups mainly among those who perceived that unqualified providers provided quality service and were very effective during crisis. Whereas, vulnerability to investment poverty due to asset loss aggravates chronic under-nutrition among more vulnerable groups as their low economic resilience against any safety net results in no treatment seeking but rely on home remedies to cure the child. Though due to good social cohesion, traditional knowledge and beliefs for treatment are shared among each other but this is not sufficient to break the under-nutrition morbidity vicious circle, especially when the under-nutrition is chronic in nature. So the paper finally suggests several policy suggestions for different vulnerable segments.展开更多
The severe loss of ductility caused by hydrogen in high strength steels has been the object of intense research during decades.Because of the high mobility of hydrogen once has entered the metal,even in comparison wit...The severe loss of ductility caused by hydrogen in high strength steels has been the object of intense research during decades.Because of the high mobility of hydrogen once has entered the metal,even in comparison with other interstitial atoms like carbon and nitrogen,a rigorous description of hydrogen fluxes during manufacturing of steel components is considered to be essential.A physical model of interstitial element diffusion is used to study the fluxes of hydrogen during solidification and cooling of cast alloys.In particular,the present model contemplates diffusion in its most comprehensive description,i.e.,atom diffusion is driven by a reduction of the Gibbs energy of the system.Usually,it is only considered the case in which diffusion occurs to reduce the concentration gradient of an element at constant matrix composition and temperature.However,in a more general view,and as was proven by Darken (1949),diffusion may occur even up-hill the composition gradient as long it still leads to a reduction of Gibbs energy in the system.When diffusion occurs due to a temperature gradient,it has been referred to as thermal diffusion or Ludwig-Soret effect.The model presented incorporates physical description of thermal agitation and atom mobility of interstitial elements,the influence of temperature gradients,solubility and saturation of the interstitial elements as function of temperature and matrix phases,as well as the kinetics of degassing at high temperature.The application of this model shows how hydrogen localizes in some regions of the component to a degree that depends on manufacturing conditions and where it may reach concentrations well beyond the initial average concentration in the metal.The model describes as well how the FCC to BCC phase transformation may drive hydrogen concentration beyond supersaturation,due to the disparate capability of these phases to dissolve hydrogen.On the other hand,this study has also enabled the development of a method for the reduction of hydrogen based on the imposition of severe but controlled temperature gradients to the component during cooling.展开更多
文摘Preferably 20 ppm anhydrous ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) is proposed to be added to hydrogen fuel (H) made from renewable energy sources (green hydrogen), so that H leaks may be easily detectable by smell, but not dangerously toxic. Including this odor agent, would allow H to be distributed safely in pipes, as required by law, and it would allow H to be safely stored, transported, and exported for sale, and widely commercialized. Further research is suggested to identify optimum pressure, temperature, and automated technique for injecting NH<sub>3</sub> into H, and to chart the minimum concentration needed, as a function of temperature and humidity. An application to make hypersonic H burning aircraft safer for ground maintenance crews is proposed. An ability to make, store and distribute H, made from local sources of renewable energy, would reduce a need for fossil fuels, especially in poor, remote communities, where it could improve their economy by creating an export product for sale, while reducing pollution.
文摘In spite of an established link between poverty and under-nutrition in India, fall in under-nutrition is sluggish with fall in poverty. This research paper aims to seek answer on the effect of poverty decline on child under-nutrition in India over a period of one and a half decades. After examining the extent of association between poverty reduction and reciprocal changes in child under-nutrition, the paper found that although there was a definite influence of poverty levels on child under-nutrition at the state-level, the strength of the impact was not very high. This possibly explains why improvements in nutritional status among children have failed to keep up pace with steady reduction in mass poverty across the states in the last couple of decades. The results also strongly reiterate the magnificent role of child’s healthcare utilization and higher public spending which can help to capitalize on the increase in economic capabilities at the household level, resulting from robust economic growth and alleviation of endemic poverty.
文摘In this paper ex ante inequality measure is used to estimate inequality in childhood chronic under-nutrition among different vulnerable subgroups. Ex ante inequality in nutritional achievement is determined by estimating Concentration Index by ranking the sample population as per different contextual absolute and predicted vulnerabilities. Such vulnerabilities include climatic shock induced asset loss, livelihood insecurity, physical accessibility and consumption sacrifice after treatment seeking of children for under-nutrition related morbidities and perception of care givers regarding quality and effectiveness of care provided by unqualified providers. Results found that vulnerability to consumption poverty aggravated chronic under-nutrition among less vulnerable groups mainly among those who perceived that unqualified providers provided quality service and were very effective during crisis. Whereas, vulnerability to investment poverty due to asset loss aggravates chronic under-nutrition among more vulnerable groups as their low economic resilience against any safety net results in no treatment seeking but rely on home remedies to cure the child. Though due to good social cohesion, traditional knowledge and beliefs for treatment are shared among each other but this is not sufficient to break the under-nutrition morbidity vicious circle, especially when the under-nutrition is chronic in nature. So the paper finally suggests several policy suggestions for different vulnerable segments.
文摘The severe loss of ductility caused by hydrogen in high strength steels has been the object of intense research during decades.Because of the high mobility of hydrogen once has entered the metal,even in comparison with other interstitial atoms like carbon and nitrogen,a rigorous description of hydrogen fluxes during manufacturing of steel components is considered to be essential.A physical model of interstitial element diffusion is used to study the fluxes of hydrogen during solidification and cooling of cast alloys.In particular,the present model contemplates diffusion in its most comprehensive description,i.e.,atom diffusion is driven by a reduction of the Gibbs energy of the system.Usually,it is only considered the case in which diffusion occurs to reduce the concentration gradient of an element at constant matrix composition and temperature.However,in a more general view,and as was proven by Darken (1949),diffusion may occur even up-hill the composition gradient as long it still leads to a reduction of Gibbs energy in the system.When diffusion occurs due to a temperature gradient,it has been referred to as thermal diffusion or Ludwig-Soret effect.The model presented incorporates physical description of thermal agitation and atom mobility of interstitial elements,the influence of temperature gradients,solubility and saturation of the interstitial elements as function of temperature and matrix phases,as well as the kinetics of degassing at high temperature.The application of this model shows how hydrogen localizes in some regions of the component to a degree that depends on manufacturing conditions and where it may reach concentrations well beyond the initial average concentration in the metal.The model describes as well how the FCC to BCC phase transformation may drive hydrogen concentration beyond supersaturation,due to the disparate capability of these phases to dissolve hydrogen.On the other hand,this study has also enabled the development of a method for the reduction of hydrogen based on the imposition of severe but controlled temperature gradients to the component during cooling.
