Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. ...Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is of vital importance to improve our understanding of its multi-connected nature. This paper offers a new set of chemical and isotopic data on the copper-based objects at Tianshanbeilu, including alloying elements, trace elements(impurities) and lead isotopes. Combining the concentrations of arsenic and antimony reveals that arsenic was introduced to copper partially due to the use of specific minerals tethrahedrite-tennantite. Lead isotopes demonstrate that multiple sources of copper were employed at Tianshanbeilu and a majority of them are characterized by common lead, which appears rather different from those of the Central Plains and the Hexi corridor, but highly consistent with local ores. Surprisingly, one object at Tianshanbeilu contains the well-known highly radiogenic lead. This object undoubtedly marks the westernmost boundary of the distribution of the highly radiogenic lead. We also anticipate that more lead isotopic analyses in NW China will further contribute to the study of the highly radiogenic lead in Central China.展开更多
Outdoor building stones are suffering from serious degradation.To restore internal cohesion and to alleviate the disintegration of decayed stones,consolidation treatment is necessary and significant.Up to date,no full...Outdoor building stones are suffering from serious degradation.To restore internal cohesion and to alleviate the disintegration of decayed stones,consolidation treatment is necessary and significant.Up to date,no fully satisfactory consolidation agent and its application methodology are available,mainly due to the limited penetration depth of consolidants,low compatibility,or poor durability in environmental conditions.Herein,in this study,aiming to design an effective and enduring method for the consolidation of highly porous calcareous stones,nanosilica-based consolidation treatments were tested and compared with traditional compounds(tetraethoxysilane,alkylalkoxysilane,barium hydroxide).In order to evaluate their performance and compatibility,a series of standard tests,including the Drilling Resistance Measurement System(DRMS)test,surface color measurement,vapor diffusivity measurement,and peeling test,were carried out.Besides,the penetration depth and distribution profiles of consolidants were estimated by exploiting elemental raster scanning of SEM-EDS analysis performed throughout the thickness of samples.More importantly,by employing a climatic chamber,the artificial ageing test was also conducted by simulating harsh atmospheric conditions.After accelerated ageing,the performance of all consolidants was assessed again.Results demonstrated that the application of nanosilica(<10 nm in dimension)by cellulose poultice,followed by adding tetraethoxysilane with the classical method“wet on wet”,is the best consolidation approach,in terms of in-depth consolidation efficacy,compatibility with the stone substrate,surface cohesion strength and performance durability in environmental conditions.Moreover,the treated surface is not hydrophobic,which allows further grouting and adhesion operations usually required for the restoration of historic buildings.展开更多
Sanxingdui cultural relics are the precious cultural heritage of humanity with high values of history,science,culture,art and research.However,mainstream analytical methods are contacting and detrimental,which is unfa...Sanxingdui cultural relics are the precious cultural heritage of humanity with high values of history,science,culture,art and research.However,mainstream analytical methods are contacting and detrimental,which is unfavorable to the protection of cultural relics.This paper improves the accuracy of the extraction,location,and analysis of artifacts using hyperspectral methods.To improve the accuracy of cultural relic mining,positioning,and analysis,the segmentation algorithm of Sanxingdui cultural relics based on the spatial spectrum integrated network is proposed with the support of hyperspectral techniques.Firstly,region stitching algorithm based on the relative position of hyper spectrally collected data is proposed to improve stitching efficiency.Secondly,given the prominence of traditional HRNet(High-Resolution Net)models in high-resolution data processing,the spatial attention mechanism is put forward to obtain spatial dimension information.Thirdly,in view of the prominence of 3D networks in spectral information acquisition,the pyramid 3D residual network model is proposed to obtain internal spectral dimensional information.Fourthly,four kinds of fusion methods at the level of data and decision are presented to achieve cultural relic labeling.As shown by the experiment results,the proposed network adopts an integrated method of data-level and decision-level,which achieves the optimal average accuracy of identification 0.84,realizes shallow coverage of cultural relics labeling,and effectively supports the mining and protection of cultural relics.展开更多
The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers....The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers.Under the synergistic functions of external environmental elements such as rainfall,temperature,and wind,and rammed earth properties,this deterioration has gradually created the crust on the site’s surface,and has then evolved into exfoliation and finally fallen off,leading to the reciprocating progressive destruction of earthen sites.Therefore,determining the development mechanism of scaling off and implementing targeted protection measures for the scientific conservation of earthen sites has become essential.In this review study,the properties of the building material causing the binary structure and the coupling effects of water,temperature,salt,and wind on the development of scaling off were determined,and the quantitative evaluation system for this deterioration development was elaborated.After interpreting the reasons for the development of the scaling off,protective measures including chemical grouting,electro-osmosis grouting,and overlay applications were stated.This study also pointed out the research hotspots and shortage in the study process on the scaling off.The hotspots generally focused on the development mechanism of binary structure,quantitative assessment of the degree of development,and related scientific consolidation measures.The shortcomings around the above directions include less attention to the development characteristics and mechanism of scaling off on earthen sites under special environment types,optimization and applicability of quantitative evaluation models,and the development and feasibility of reinforcement slurries and methods.This study can be beneficial in providing theoretical support for the scientific conservation and engineering practice of the scaling off on the earthen sites.展开更多
基金This work is funded by ERC advanced project FLAME(Flow of Ancient Metal Across Eurasia,670010),Social Science Research Fund of Shaanxi Province China(2014H02)academic fund of Wolfson College(University of Oxford).
文摘Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is of vital importance to improve our understanding of its multi-connected nature. This paper offers a new set of chemical and isotopic data on the copper-based objects at Tianshanbeilu, including alloying elements, trace elements(impurities) and lead isotopes. Combining the concentrations of arsenic and antimony reveals that arsenic was introduced to copper partially due to the use of specific minerals tethrahedrite-tennantite. Lead isotopes demonstrate that multiple sources of copper were employed at Tianshanbeilu and a majority of them are characterized by common lead, which appears rather different from those of the Central Plains and the Hexi corridor, but highly consistent with local ores. Surprisingly, one object at Tianshanbeilu contains the well-known highly radiogenic lead. This object undoubtedly marks the westernmost boundary of the distribution of the highly radiogenic lead. We also anticipate that more lead isotopic analyses in NW China will further contribute to the study of the highly radiogenic lead in Central China.
基金supported by Provincia Veneta dell’Ordine dei Carmelitani Scalzi through the Special allocation grant(CNR-IGG Prot.N.0001882)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52202028)“the Belt and Road”Innovation Talent Exchange Program for Foreign Experts(Grant No.DL2021183001L)。
文摘Outdoor building stones are suffering from serious degradation.To restore internal cohesion and to alleviate the disintegration of decayed stones,consolidation treatment is necessary and significant.Up to date,no fully satisfactory consolidation agent and its application methodology are available,mainly due to the limited penetration depth of consolidants,low compatibility,or poor durability in environmental conditions.Herein,in this study,aiming to design an effective and enduring method for the consolidation of highly porous calcareous stones,nanosilica-based consolidation treatments were tested and compared with traditional compounds(tetraethoxysilane,alkylalkoxysilane,barium hydroxide).In order to evaluate their performance and compatibility,a series of standard tests,including the Drilling Resistance Measurement System(DRMS)test,surface color measurement,vapor diffusivity measurement,and peeling test,were carried out.Besides,the penetration depth and distribution profiles of consolidants were estimated by exploiting elemental raster scanning of SEM-EDS analysis performed throughout the thickness of samples.More importantly,by employing a climatic chamber,the artificial ageing test was also conducted by simulating harsh atmospheric conditions.After accelerated ageing,the performance of all consolidants was assessed again.Results demonstrated that the application of nanosilica(<10 nm in dimension)by cellulose poultice,followed by adding tetraethoxysilane with the classical method“wet on wet”,is the best consolidation approach,in terms of in-depth consolidation efficacy,compatibility with the stone substrate,surface cohesion strength and performance durability in environmental conditions.Moreover,the treated surface is not hydrophobic,which allows further grouting and adhesion operations usually required for the restoration of historic buildings.
基金supported by Light of West China(No.XAB2022YN10)Shaanxi Key Rsearch and Development Plan(No.2018ZDXM-SF-093)Shaanxi Province Key Industrial Innovation Chain(Nos.S2022-YF-ZDCXL-ZDLGY-0093,2023-ZDLGY-45).
文摘Sanxingdui cultural relics are the precious cultural heritage of humanity with high values of history,science,culture,art and research.However,mainstream analytical methods are contacting and detrimental,which is unfavorable to the protection of cultural relics.This paper improves the accuracy of the extraction,location,and analysis of artifacts using hyperspectral methods.To improve the accuracy of cultural relic mining,positioning,and analysis,the segmentation algorithm of Sanxingdui cultural relics based on the spatial spectrum integrated network is proposed with the support of hyperspectral techniques.Firstly,region stitching algorithm based on the relative position of hyper spectrally collected data is proposed to improve stitching efficiency.Secondly,given the prominence of traditional HRNet(High-Resolution Net)models in high-resolution data processing,the spatial attention mechanism is put forward to obtain spatial dimension information.Thirdly,in view of the prominence of 3D networks in spectral information acquisition,the pyramid 3D residual network model is proposed to obtain internal spectral dimensional information.Fourthly,four kinds of fusion methods at the level of data and decision are presented to achieve cultural relic labeling.As shown by the experiment results,the proposed network adopts an integrated method of data-level and decision-level,which achieves the optimal average accuracy of identification 0.84,realizes shallow coverage of cultural relics labeling,and effectively supports the mining and protection of cultural relics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42202313 and 41562015)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC1521904)+2 种基金the Social Science Fund of Shaanxi Province of China(Grant No.2021G014)the Key Projects of Two Chain Integration of Shaanxi Province of China(Protection and Utilization of Cultural Heritage)(Grant No.2022LL-ZD-01)the High-level Humanities and Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award Cultivation Project of Northwestern Polytechnical University(Grant No.G2022KY0603)。
文摘The scaling off is among the most pervasive and severe deterioration types.The scaling off developed on earthen sites in Northwest China has a special and complex binary structure composed of crusted and loose layers.Under the synergistic functions of external environmental elements such as rainfall,temperature,and wind,and rammed earth properties,this deterioration has gradually created the crust on the site’s surface,and has then evolved into exfoliation and finally fallen off,leading to the reciprocating progressive destruction of earthen sites.Therefore,determining the development mechanism of scaling off and implementing targeted protection measures for the scientific conservation of earthen sites has become essential.In this review study,the properties of the building material causing the binary structure and the coupling effects of water,temperature,salt,and wind on the development of scaling off were determined,and the quantitative evaluation system for this deterioration development was elaborated.After interpreting the reasons for the development of the scaling off,protective measures including chemical grouting,electro-osmosis grouting,and overlay applications were stated.This study also pointed out the research hotspots and shortage in the study process on the scaling off.The hotspots generally focused on the development mechanism of binary structure,quantitative assessment of the degree of development,and related scientific consolidation measures.The shortcomings around the above directions include less attention to the development characteristics and mechanism of scaling off on earthen sites under special environment types,optimization and applicability of quantitative evaluation models,and the development and feasibility of reinforcement slurries and methods.This study can be beneficial in providing theoretical support for the scientific conservation and engineering practice of the scaling off on the earthen sites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21674030,22075061 and 51790502)the Funding of Key Laboratory of Bioinspired Materials and Interfacial Science,the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20200106)。
