Methanotrophs,organisms that obtain oxygen by oxidizing methane,are recognized as the only known biological sink for atmospheric CH_4,and forest soil methanotrophs play crucial roles in mitigating global warming.The s...Methanotrophs,organisms that obtain oxygen by oxidizing methane,are recognized as the only known biological sink for atmospheric CH_4,and forest soil methanotrophs play crucial roles in mitigating global warming.The succession patterns of methanotrophic communities and functions in Wudalianchi volcano forest soils could provide a basis for the study of evolutionary mechanisms between soil microorganisms,the environment,and carbon cycling of temperate forest ecosystems under climate change.In this study,the characteristics and drivers of methanotrophic community structure and function of two volcanic soils at different stages of development are analyzed,including an old volcano and a new volcano,which most recently erupted 300 years and 17-19×10^(5)years ago,respectively,and a non-volcano hills as control,based on space for time substitution and Miseq sequencing and bioinformation technology.The results showed that CH_(4) fluxes were significantly higher in old-stage volcano forest soils than new-stage forest soils and non-volcano forest soils.There were significant differences in the community composition and diversity of soil methanotrophs from different volcano forest soils.Methylococcus was the dominant genus in all soil samples.Additionally,the relative abundance of Methylococcus,along with Clonothrix,Methyloglobulus,Methylomagum,Methylomonas and Methylosarcina,were the important genera responsible for the differences in methanotrophic community structure in different volcano forest soils.The relative abundance of methanotroph belonging toγ-proteobacteria was significantly higher than that belonging toα-proteobacteria(P<0.05).Chao1,Shannon and Simpson indices of soil methanotrophic community were significantly lower in new-stage volcanos and were significantly affected by bulk density,total porosity,p H,nitrate,dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen.There were significant differences in community structure between new-stage and old-stage volcanoes.Bulk density and p H are important soil properties contributing to the divergence of methanotrophs community structure,and changes in soil properties due to soil development time are important factors driving differences in methanotrophs communities in Wudalianchi volcanic soils.展开更多
The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaode...The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaodebu, Wohu and North Gelaqiu Mountains, in different historical periods were investigated by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time. The species composition, community characteristics and diversity analysis in the remains of volcanic lava flow at various stages were analyzed. The results showed that 192 types of vascular plants that belonged to 50 families and 126 genera in the survey areas existed in the restoration process of primary succession. At the same time, the agglomeration process of plant community succession and the diversity of dominant community were investigated, and the changes in plant diversity at different succession stages were calculated using Margalef, Simpson, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou, Jaccard and Cody indices.展开更多
Cranberry,the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton,is becoming popular all over the world,due to its pleasant taste,nutraceutical value and biological activities.For a long time,98%of its yield has been from America.S...Cranberry,the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton,is becoming popular all over the world,due to its pleasant taste,nutraceutical value and biological activities.For a long time,98%of its yield has been from America.Since being introduced to China as an import in recent decades,cranberry has become a rapid success in the food industry even with the high transportation cost.Recently,V.macrocarpon was cultivated in the Northeast of China,and the area of cultivation has increased dramatically.Therefore,it is important to systematically determine the useful compounds and their activity in this“Made-in-China”cranberry.In the present study,the content of total phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids was determined.Our results demonstrated that domestic cranberry is a rich source of phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids.Analysis of the chemical composition of an acidic ethanol extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 21 compounds as well as the contents determination of catechin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside using RPHPLC.Furthermore,cranberry extract was tested for its anti-bacterial activity against five clinically important pathogens,as well as its inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells in vitro.Our results demonstrated that cranberry produced in Chinese cultivation areas is a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited in vitro anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities.Our work provides essential information about the quality of domestic cranberry and facilitates the development of related industries.展开更多
The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan ...The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan and Altai Mountains were surveyed by line transect from1996–2000 and in 2011, respectively. We identified two geographically distinct groups in the Great Khingan Mountains, with a total population size of about 200 individuals throughout the region（approximately80,000 km^2）. Wolverines were also confirmed to be present in the Altai Mountains, where about 100 individuals occupied approximately 28,000 km^2 of mountain forest and tundra. Prey depletion and habitat loss, which are correlated with increasing human activities, are the main reasons for wolverine population declines in China.展开更多
With the improvement of living standards,people pay more and more attention to the quality and safety of rice.Microbial agents are favored by the public because they can activate the nutrient supply in the soil,and re...With the improvement of living standards,people pay more and more attention to the quality and safety of rice.Microbial agents are favored by the public because they can activate the nutrient supply in the soil,and reduce the residue and application amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Based on the conventional fertilization in the field,Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger were applied,Bacillus mucilaginosus was inoculated at four levels in the paddy soil in the cold region of Heilongjiang Province of China.The effects of different proportions of Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger on the number of soil microorganisms,enzyme activity,microbial biomass,soil biochemical intensity,soil nutrient content,plant nutrient content and yield were studied,and the effects on the plant nutrient content of rice and the nutrient dynamics were discussed.The results showed that a 2.62%-21.20%higher yield of rice obtained from co-application treatments compared with that of the control-blank treatment.Furthermore,the highest yield obtained(10736±65 kg/hm^(2))suggested that the optimized values for the two bacteria applied were 120×10^(11) CFU/hm^(2) for Bacillus mucilaginosus and 15×10^(11) CFU/hm^(2) for Aspergillus niger.Bacillus mucilaginosus can decompose minerals in soil,dissolve potassium and silicon,decompose apatite and release phosphorus into soil.Aspergillus niger can transform the phosphate which cannot be absorbed by plants into soluble phosphate which can be directly absorbed by plants by producing non-volatile acids.In particular,Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger have synergistic effect,and their combined application effect is greater than that of two bacteria alone.Co-application promoted the release of soil soluble silicon,and then increased the silicon content of plants.At the same time,soil microorganism,microbial biomass,enzyme activity and biochemical activity all increased significantly.This study provides an effective way to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in rice production in cold regions of China.展开更多
The ecological vulnerability of global protected areas(PAs)is linked to the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.We developed a novel degree of ecological vulnerability(DEV)index based on Big Earth Data t...The ecological vulnerability of global protected areas(PAs)is linked to the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.We developed a novel degree of ecological vulnerability(DEV)index based on Big Earth Data to assess the ecological vulnerability of PAs.This is a transparent,repeatable,large-scale and rapid assessment method.We applied the method to case studies of International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)PAs in the basins of the Aral Sea,the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea and the Lake Baikal.Between 2001 and 2015,the spatial pattern of ecological vulnerability in the study area was relatively stable.The Caspian Sea basin and protected landscape/seascape(category V)showed high ecological vulnerability,while the Black Sea basin and wilderness areas(category Ib)showed low ecological vulnerability.Big Earth Data shows great vitality in PAs ecological vulnerability assessment.Strengthening international cooperation is an important means to break the bottleneck of ecological environment and resource endowment in these important international basins.展开更多
Vegetation maps are important sources of information for biodiversity conservation,ecological studies,vegetation management and restoration,and national strategic decision making.The current Vegetation Map of China(1:...Vegetation maps are important sources of information for biodiversity conservation,ecological studies,vegetation management and restoration,and national strategic decision making.The current Vegetation Map of China(1:1000000)was generated by a team of more than 250 scientists in an effort that lasted over 20 years starting in the 1980s.However,the vegetation distribution of China has experienced drastic changes during the rapid development of China in the last three decades,and it urgently needs to be updated to better represent the distribution of current vegetation types.Here,we describe the process of updating the Vegetation Map of China(1:1000000)generated in the 1980s using a‘‘crowdsourcing-change detection-classification-expert knowledge"vegetation mapping strategy.A total of 203,024 field samples were collected,and 50 taxonomists were involved in the updating process.The resulting updated map has 12 vegetation type groups,55 vegetation types/subtypes,and 866 vegetation formation/sub-formation types.The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the updated map are 64.8%and 0.52 at the vegetation type group level,61%and 0.55 at the vegetation type/subtype level and 40%and 0.38 at the vegetation formation/sub-formation level.When compared to the original map,the updated map showed that 3.3 million km^2 of vegetated areas of China have changed their vegetation type group during the past three decades due to anthropogenic activities and climatic change.We expect this updated map to benefit the understanding and management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.展开更多
Heavy metal(HM)contamination in soils of greenhouse vegetable production(GVP)systems has drawn increasing attention in terms of food safety.In the present study,64 surface soils were sampled,and the concentrations of ...Heavy metal(HM)contamination in soils of greenhouse vegetable production(GVP)systems has drawn increasing attention in terms of food safety.In the present study,64 surface soils were sampled,and the concentrations of select HMs were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.The results showed that the concentrations of cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn),copper(Cu),nickel(Ni)and chromium(Cr)in the soils were(0.2±0.2)mg/kg,(26.5±8.4)mg/kg,(101.4±43.2)mg/kg,(29.1±8.6)mg/kg,(24.5±3.3)mg/kg,and(56.5±6.3)mg/kg,and the corresponding accumulation index(AI)values were 2.30,1.10,1.43,1.45,1.07,and 0.97,respectively.The spatial distribution of the HMs suggested that Cd pollution displays a fractionation effect,which may be related to the source of Cd and its mobility.The concentration of Zn was significantly correlated with that of other HMs,implying that a comprehensive interactive effect might occur between Zn and other HMs.Furthermore,the values of the potential ecological risk index(RI)ranged from 41.23 to 185.91,meaning that attention should be paid to HM contamination of GVP soils to ensure food quality and safety.展开更多
基金the Special Projects for the Central Government to guide the development of local science and technology(ZY20B15)the Key Research&Development Program funding project of Heilongjiang Province(GA21C030)the Research Funds of Provincial Research Institutes of Heilongjiang Province(ZNBZ2022ZR07)。
文摘Methanotrophs,organisms that obtain oxygen by oxidizing methane,are recognized as the only known biological sink for atmospheric CH_4,and forest soil methanotrophs play crucial roles in mitigating global warming.The succession patterns of methanotrophic communities and functions in Wudalianchi volcano forest soils could provide a basis for the study of evolutionary mechanisms between soil microorganisms,the environment,and carbon cycling of temperate forest ecosystems under climate change.In this study,the characteristics and drivers of methanotrophic community structure and function of two volcanic soils at different stages of development are analyzed,including an old volcano and a new volcano,which most recently erupted 300 years and 17-19×10^(5)years ago,respectively,and a non-volcano hills as control,based on space for time substitution and Miseq sequencing and bioinformation technology.The results showed that CH_(4) fluxes were significantly higher in old-stage volcano forest soils than new-stage forest soils and non-volcano forest soils.There were significant differences in the community composition and diversity of soil methanotrophs from different volcano forest soils.Methylococcus was the dominant genus in all soil samples.Additionally,the relative abundance of Methylococcus,along with Clonothrix,Methyloglobulus,Methylomagum,Methylomonas and Methylosarcina,were the important genera responsible for the differences in methanotrophic community structure in different volcano forest soils.The relative abundance of methanotroph belonging toγ-proteobacteria was significantly higher than that belonging toα-proteobacteria(P<0.05).Chao1,Shannon and Simpson indices of soil methanotrophic community were significantly lower in new-stage volcanos and were significantly affected by bulk density,total porosity,p H,nitrate,dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen.There were significant differences in community structure between new-stage and old-stage volcanoes.Bulk density and p H are important soil properties contributing to the divergence of methanotrophs community structure,and changes in soil properties due to soil development time are important factors driving differences in methanotrophs communities in Wudalianchi volcanic soils.
基金Supported by Guidance of HAS(STXB-02)the Basic Financial Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(STJB16-02)
文摘The species composition and succession discipline after eruption of volcanoes in Wudalianchi Nature Reserve, China, including new volcanoes, such as Huoshao and Laohei Mountains, and old volcanoes, such as East Jiaodebu, Wohu and North Gelaqiu Mountains, in different historical periods were investigated by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time. The species composition, community characteristics and diversity analysis in the remains of volcanic lava flow at various stages were analyzed. The results showed that 192 types of vascular plants that belonged to 50 families and 126 genera in the survey areas existed in the restoration process of primary succession. At the same time, the agglomeration process of plant community succession and the diversity of dominant community were investigated, and the changes in plant diversity at different succession stages were calculated using Margalef, Simpson, Shannon–Wiener, Pielou, Jaccard and Cody indices.
基金This study was financially supported by“Liaoning Provincial Engineering Platform of the Development and Utilization of Endangered and Geo-authentic Medicinal Herbs”and“Propagation of Cranberry and the Establishment of Germplasm Resource Nursery(YZ2018ZR01)”.
文摘Cranberry,the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton,is becoming popular all over the world,due to its pleasant taste,nutraceutical value and biological activities.For a long time,98%of its yield has been from America.Since being introduced to China as an import in recent decades,cranberry has become a rapid success in the food industry even with the high transportation cost.Recently,V.macrocarpon was cultivated in the Northeast of China,and the area of cultivation has increased dramatically.Therefore,it is important to systematically determine the useful compounds and their activity in this“Made-in-China”cranberry.In the present study,the content of total phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids was determined.Our results demonstrated that domestic cranberry is a rich source of phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids.Analysis of the chemical composition of an acidic ethanol extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 21 compounds as well as the contents determination of catechin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside using RPHPLC.Furthermore,cranberry extract was tested for its anti-bacterial activity against five clinically important pathogens,as well as its inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells in vitro.Our results demonstrated that cranberry produced in Chinese cultivation areas is a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited in vitro anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities.Our work provides essential information about the quality of domestic cranberry and facilitates the development of related industries.
基金supported by the Rare and Endangered Species Investigation and Monitoring Project of the State Forestry Administration(41309408)the Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences Fund
文摘The wolverine, Gulogulo, is an endangered species in China. This is the first report of the overall status of wolverines in China. The geographic distribution and population sizes of wolverines in the Greater Khingan and Altai Mountains were surveyed by line transect from1996–2000 and in 2011, respectively. We identified two geographically distinct groups in the Great Khingan Mountains, with a total population size of about 200 individuals throughout the region（approximately80,000 km^2）. Wolverines were also confirmed to be present in the Altai Mountains, where about 100 individuals occupied approximately 28,000 km^2 of mountain forest and tundra. Prey depletion and habitat loss, which are correlated with increasing human activities, are the main reasons for wolverine population declines in China.
基金This work was supported by Research Science Foundation in Technology Innovation of Harbin(Grant No.RC2013XK002015).
文摘With the improvement of living standards,people pay more and more attention to the quality and safety of rice.Microbial agents are favored by the public because they can activate the nutrient supply in the soil,and reduce the residue and application amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.Based on the conventional fertilization in the field,Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger were applied,Bacillus mucilaginosus was inoculated at four levels in the paddy soil in the cold region of Heilongjiang Province of China.The effects of different proportions of Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger on the number of soil microorganisms,enzyme activity,microbial biomass,soil biochemical intensity,soil nutrient content,plant nutrient content and yield were studied,and the effects on the plant nutrient content of rice and the nutrient dynamics were discussed.The results showed that a 2.62%-21.20%higher yield of rice obtained from co-application treatments compared with that of the control-blank treatment.Furthermore,the highest yield obtained(10736±65 kg/hm^(2))suggested that the optimized values for the two bacteria applied were 120×10^(11) CFU/hm^(2) for Bacillus mucilaginosus and 15×10^(11) CFU/hm^(2) for Aspergillus niger.Bacillus mucilaginosus can decompose minerals in soil,dissolve potassium and silicon,decompose apatite and release phosphorus into soil.Aspergillus niger can transform the phosphate which cannot be absorbed by plants into soluble phosphate which can be directly absorbed by plants by producing non-volatile acids.In particular,Bacillus mucilaginosus and Aspergillus niger have synergistic effect,and their combined application effect is greater than that of two bacteria alone.Co-application promoted the release of soil soluble silicon,and then increased the silicon content of plants.At the same time,soil microorganism,microbial biomass,enzyme activity and biochemical activity all increased significantly.This study provides an effective way to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in rice production in cold regions of China.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number XDA19030104,XDA19090120 and XDA19090124).
文摘The ecological vulnerability of global protected areas(PAs)is linked to the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.We developed a novel degree of ecological vulnerability(DEV)index based on Big Earth Data to assess the ecological vulnerability of PAs.This is a transparent,repeatable,large-scale and rapid assessment method.We applied the method to case studies of International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)PAs in the basins of the Aral Sea,the Caspian Sea,the Black Sea and the Lake Baikal.Between 2001 and 2015,the spatial pattern of ecological vulnerability in the study area was relatively stable.The Caspian Sea basin and protected landscape/seascape(category V)showed high ecological vulnerability,while the Black Sea basin and wilderness areas(category Ib)showed low ecological vulnerability.Big Earth Data shows great vitality in PAs ecological vulnerability assessment.Strengthening international cooperation is an important means to break the bottleneck of ecological environment and resource endowment in these important international basins.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA19050401)Maps in this article were reviewed by Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China(GS(2020)1044)。
文摘Vegetation maps are important sources of information for biodiversity conservation,ecological studies,vegetation management and restoration,and national strategic decision making.The current Vegetation Map of China(1:1000000)was generated by a team of more than 250 scientists in an effort that lasted over 20 years starting in the 1980s.However,the vegetation distribution of China has experienced drastic changes during the rapid development of China in the last three decades,and it urgently needs to be updated to better represent the distribution of current vegetation types.Here,we describe the process of updating the Vegetation Map of China(1:1000000)generated in the 1980s using a‘‘crowdsourcing-change detection-classification-expert knowledge"vegetation mapping strategy.A total of 203,024 field samples were collected,and 50 taxonomists were involved in the updating process.The resulting updated map has 12 vegetation type groups,55 vegetation types/subtypes,and 866 vegetation formation/sub-formation types.The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the updated map are 64.8%and 0.52 at the vegetation type group level,61%and 0.55 at the vegetation type/subtype level and 40%and 0.38 at the vegetation formation/sub-formation level.When compared to the original map,the updated map showed that 3.3 million km^2 of vegetated areas of China have changed their vegetation type group during the past three decades due to anthropogenic activities and climatic change.We expect this updated map to benefit the understanding and management of China’s terrestrial ecosystems.
基金This work was supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Heilongjiang Province,China(GC12C205)the Scientific Foundation of Heilongjiang Academics of Sciences.
文摘Heavy metal(HM)contamination in soils of greenhouse vegetable production(GVP)systems has drawn increasing attention in terms of food safety.In the present study,64 surface soils were sampled,and the concentrations of select HMs were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy.The results showed that the concentrations of cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn),copper(Cu),nickel(Ni)and chromium(Cr)in the soils were(0.2±0.2)mg/kg,(26.5±8.4)mg/kg,(101.4±43.2)mg/kg,(29.1±8.6)mg/kg,(24.5±3.3)mg/kg,and(56.5±6.3)mg/kg,and the corresponding accumulation index(AI)values were 2.30,1.10,1.43,1.45,1.07,and 0.97,respectively.The spatial distribution of the HMs suggested that Cd pollution displays a fractionation effect,which may be related to the source of Cd and its mobility.The concentration of Zn was significantly correlated with that of other HMs,implying that a comprehensive interactive effect might occur between Zn and other HMs.Furthermore,the values of the potential ecological risk index(RI)ranged from 41.23 to 185.91,meaning that attention should be paid to HM contamination of GVP soils to ensure food quality and safety.
