Recently, H_(2) has attracted increasing attention as green energy carrier holding the possibility to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources and thereby reduce CO_(2) emissions. Green hydrogen can be generated by wa...Recently, H_(2) has attracted increasing attention as green energy carrier holding the possibility to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources and thereby reduce CO_(2) emissions. Green hydrogen can be generated by water electrolysis using renewable energies like wind and solar power. When it is combusted, only water forms as by-product. However, the efficiency of water electrolysis is hampered by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) because of the slow kinetics which leads to a high overpotential. Therefore, many catalysts have been developed for OER to facilitate the kinetics and reduce the overpotential. In addition to electrocatalytic activity, the stability of the catalysts is imperative for industrial application and has been intensively studied. In this review, we cover recent findings on the stability and deactivation mechanisms of OER catalysts. We discuss the correlation between OER activity and stability, methodologies and experimental techniques to study the stability and deactivation as well as the deactivation mechanisms, together with factors influencing stability. Furthermore, strategies for stabilizing and regenerating OER catalysts as well as methods to predict stability are summarized. Finally, the review highlights emerging methodologies yet to be explored and future directions of stability studies and the design of highly stable OER catalysts.展开更多
Traditional treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),such as surgical resection,transplantation,radiofrequency ablation,and chemotherapy are unsatisfactory,and therefore the exploration of powerful therap...Traditional treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),such as surgical resection,transplantation,radiofrequency ablation,and chemotherapy are unsatisfactory,and therefore the exploration of powerful therapeutic strategies is urgently needed.Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for advanced HCC treatment due to its minimal side effects and long-lasting therapeutic memory effects.Recent studies have demonstrated that icaritin could serve as an immunomodulator for effective immunotherapy of advanced HCC.Encouragingly,in 2022,icaritin soft capsules were approved by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)of China for the immunotherapy of advanced HCC.However,the therapeutic efficacy of icaritin in clinical practice is impaired by its poor bioavailability and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency.Recently,functionalized drug delivery systems including stimuli-responsive nanocarriers,cell membrane-coated nanocarriers,and living cell-nanocarrier systems have been designed to overcome the shortcomings of drugs,including the low bioavailability and limited delivery efficiency as well as side effects.Taken together,the development of icaritin-based nanomedicines is expected to further improve the immunotherapy of advanced HCC.Herein,we compared the different preparation methods for icaritin,interpreted the HCC immune microenvironment and the mechanisms underlying icaritin for treatment of advanced HCC,and discussed both the design of icaritin-based nanomedicines with high icaritin loading and the latest progress in icaritinbased nanomedicines for advanced HCC immunotherapy.Finally,the prospects to promote further clinical translation of icaritin-based nanomedicines for the immunotherapy of advanced HCC were proposed.展开更多
The covalent attachment of cargo molecules(e.g.,drugs and fluorophores)inβ-position to a disulfide moiety through carbamate and carbonate bonds finds many applications in responsive release systems.Recently,we showed...The covalent attachment of cargo molecules(e.g.,drugs and fluorophores)inβ-position to a disulfide moiety through carbamate and carbonate bonds finds many applications in responsive release systems.Recently,we showed that the combination of this release process with polymer mechanochemistry-induced disulfide scission enabled the remote-controlled release of small molecule drugs and fluorophores from their inactive parent macromolecules using ultrasound.The nature of the linker bond largely governed the subsequent release kinetics,an aspect that has not been investigated so far.To compare the differences,we here employ disulfide-centered polymers releasing either hydroxyl-or amino-naphthalimides from their respectiveβ-carbonate or-carbamate linkers by forceinduced intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization.We present the synthesis,characterization,and cell imaging evaluation of three naphthalimides featuring colorimetric and green fluorescence turn-on upon release,allowing monitoring of the release process.We believe that the insights gained from these experiments would advance the tailoring of release rates for force-induced pharmacotherapy.展开更多
1 Results Our objective is two fold: we (ⅰ) aim at the development of novel patterning methodologies in order to (ⅱ) achieve control over the positioning and alignment of living cells.The patterning of the biointerf...1 Results Our objective is two fold: we (ⅰ) aim at the development of novel patterning methodologies in order to (ⅱ) achieve control over the positioning and alignment of living cells.The patterning of the biointerfaces is carried out both at the micro-and nanometer scale and involve (bio)chemical as well as topographic patterns.The former are relatively easily obtained by patterning techniques adapted from (conventional) soft lithography,e.g.by means of micro-contact printing (μ-CP).The topographic pat...展开更多
The development of ultrasound-responsive microcapsule structures has resulted in several spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery systems for macromolecular cargoes,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even cells for...The development of ultrasound-responsive microcapsule structures has resulted in several spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery systems for macromolecular cargoes,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even cells for biomedical applications.However,utilizing microcapsules to transport small molecular cargoes remains a challenge,because the leakage of drugs before ultrasound irradiation might cause side effects such as the undesired toxicity and the decrease of effective drug concentration at the target site.Herein,we present a novel strategy to tackle these shortcomings by employing nanodrugs which refers to nanoparticles coated with small molecule drugs.We showed that the drug leakage was prevented when encapsulating the nanodrug in microcapsules.Moreover,the fabricated drug delivery system was responsive not only to unfocused high-intensity ultrasound but also to the clinically relevant high-intensity focused ultrasound.Finally,as a proof of concept,we showed that the antibacterial activity of the nanodrug@Microcapsules could be activated by applying ultrasound in situ.These results may provide new insights into the development of ultrasound triggered small molecule drug delivery assisted by metallic nanoparticles.展开更多
基金support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (H2Giga QT1.1 PrometH2eusFKZ 03HY105A)the China Scholarship Council for financial support。
文摘Recently, H_(2) has attracted increasing attention as green energy carrier holding the possibility to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources and thereby reduce CO_(2) emissions. Green hydrogen can be generated by water electrolysis using renewable energies like wind and solar power. When it is combusted, only water forms as by-product. However, the efficiency of water electrolysis is hampered by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) because of the slow kinetics which leads to a high overpotential. Therefore, many catalysts have been developed for OER to facilitate the kinetics and reduce the overpotential. In addition to electrocatalytic activity, the stability of the catalysts is imperative for industrial application and has been intensively studied. In this review, we cover recent findings on the stability and deactivation mechanisms of OER catalysts. We discuss the correlation between OER activity and stability, methodologies and experimental techniques to study the stability and deactivation as well as the deactivation mechanisms, together with factors influencing stability. Furthermore, strategies for stabilizing and regenerating OER catalysts as well as methods to predict stability are summarized. Finally, the review highlights emerging methodologies yet to be explored and future directions of stability studies and the design of highly stable OER catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103181,81873196)the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion(GZ1505)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22120220075)the China Scholarship Council(201908320330)。
文摘Traditional treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),such as surgical resection,transplantation,radiofrequency ablation,and chemotherapy are unsatisfactory,and therefore the exploration of powerful therapeutic strategies is urgently needed.Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for advanced HCC treatment due to its minimal side effects and long-lasting therapeutic memory effects.Recent studies have demonstrated that icaritin could serve as an immunomodulator for effective immunotherapy of advanced HCC.Encouragingly,in 2022,icaritin soft capsules were approved by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)of China for the immunotherapy of advanced HCC.However,the therapeutic efficacy of icaritin in clinical practice is impaired by its poor bioavailability and unfavorable in vivo delivery efficiency.Recently,functionalized drug delivery systems including stimuli-responsive nanocarriers,cell membrane-coated nanocarriers,and living cell-nanocarrier systems have been designed to overcome the shortcomings of drugs,including the low bioavailability and limited delivery efficiency as well as side effects.Taken together,the development of icaritin-based nanomedicines is expected to further improve the immunotherapy of advanced HCC.Herein,we compared the different preparation methods for icaritin,interpreted the HCC immune microenvironment and the mechanisms underlying icaritin for treatment of advanced HCC,and discussed both the design of icaritin-based nanomedicines with high icaritin loading and the latest progress in icaritinbased nanomedicines for advanced HCC immunotherapy.Finally,the prospects to promote further clinical translation of icaritin-based nanomedicines for the immunotherapy of advanced HCC were proposed.
基金supported by the European Union(European Research Council Advanced Grant SUPRABIOTICS no.694610)R.G.is grateful for support from a Freigeist Fellowship of the Volkswagen Foundation(no.92888)Parts of the analytical investigations were performed at the Center for Chemical Polymer Technology(CPT),supported by the European Commission and the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia(no.300088302).
文摘The covalent attachment of cargo molecules(e.g.,drugs and fluorophores)inβ-position to a disulfide moiety through carbamate and carbonate bonds finds many applications in responsive release systems.Recently,we showed that the combination of this release process with polymer mechanochemistry-induced disulfide scission enabled the remote-controlled release of small molecule drugs and fluorophores from their inactive parent macromolecules using ultrasound.The nature of the linker bond largely governed the subsequent release kinetics,an aspect that has not been investigated so far.To compare the differences,we here employ disulfide-centered polymers releasing either hydroxyl-or amino-naphthalimides from their respectiveβ-carbonate or-carbamate linkers by forceinduced intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization.We present the synthesis,characterization,and cell imaging evaluation of three naphthalimides featuring colorimetric and green fluorescence turn-on upon release,allowing monitoring of the release process.We believe that the insights gained from these experiments would advance the tailoring of release rates for force-induced pharmacotherapy.
文摘1 Results Our objective is two fold: we (ⅰ) aim at the development of novel patterning methodologies in order to (ⅱ) achieve control over the positioning and alignment of living cells.The patterning of the biointerfaces is carried out both at the micro-and nanometer scale and involve (bio)chemical as well as topographic patterns.The former are relatively easily obtained by patterning techniques adapted from (conventional) soft lithography,e.g.by means of micro-contact printing (μ-CP).The topographic pat...
基金the European Research Council through the Advanced Grant“Suprabiotics”(No.694610)J.L.F.was supported by a CSC scholarship.M.J.X.thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for a fellowship and financial support(No.3.5-CHN-1210658-HFST-P)L.F.Z.acknowledges financial support from Wenzhou Institute,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.WIUCASQD2020015).
文摘The development of ultrasound-responsive microcapsule structures has resulted in several spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery systems for macromolecular cargoes,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even cells for biomedical applications.However,utilizing microcapsules to transport small molecular cargoes remains a challenge,because the leakage of drugs before ultrasound irradiation might cause side effects such as the undesired toxicity and the decrease of effective drug concentration at the target site.Herein,we present a novel strategy to tackle these shortcomings by employing nanodrugs which refers to nanoparticles coated with small molecule drugs.We showed that the drug leakage was prevented when encapsulating the nanodrug in microcapsules.Moreover,the fabricated drug delivery system was responsive not only to unfocused high-intensity ultrasound but also to the clinically relevant high-intensity focused ultrasound.Finally,as a proof of concept,we showed that the antibacterial activity of the nanodrug@Microcapsules could be activated by applying ultrasound in situ.These results may provide new insights into the development of ultrasound triggered small molecule drug delivery assisted by metallic nanoparticles.
