Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)subtype H5Nx viruses have spread globally and are a major concern for poultry,wild birds,mammals,and even humans(de Vries et al.2015;Zeng et al.2022).The hemagglutinin(HA)genes o...Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)subtype H5Nx viruses have spread globally and are a major concern for poultry,wild birds,mammals,and even humans(de Vries et al.2015;Zeng et al.2022).The hemagglutinin(HA)genes of H5 subtype viruses have evolved into multiple clades and some of these clades have been further divided into subclades(Cui et al.2022).Clade 2.3.4.4H5N8 HPAI viruses(HPAIVs)have caused several waves of disease outbreaks in wild birds and domestic poultry(Wang et al.2022).展开更多
Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape ...Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.展开更多
The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.Th...The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.展开更多
Myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs)occur due to the abnormal proliferation of one or more terminal myeloid cell lines in peripheral blood.Subjects suffering from MPNs display a high burden of cardiovascular risk factor...Myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs)occur due to the abnormal proliferation of one or more terminal myeloid cell lines in peripheral blood.Subjects suffering from MPNs display a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors,and thrombotic events are often the cause of death in this population of patients.Herein,we provide a brief overview of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome and their epidemiology in MPNs and examine the common molecular mechanisms between dyslipidemia,metabolic syndrome,and MPNs,with a special focus on cardio-vascular risk,atherosclerosis,and thrombotic events.Furthermore,we investigate the impact of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome on the occurrence and survival of thrombosis in MPN patients,as well as the management of dyslipidemia in MPNs,and the impact of MPN treatment on serum lipid concentrations,particularly as side/adverse effects reported in the context of clinical trials.展开更多
As global temperature rise,the threat of heat stress to rapeseed production is becoming more obvious.Exploring the response characteristics of two important biological pathways,oil accumulation and photosynthesis,to h...As global temperature rise,the threat of heat stress to rapeseed production is becoming more obvious.Exploring the response characteristics of two important biological pathways,oil accumulation and photosynthesis,to heat stress during B.napus seed filling is helpful in the genetic improvement of heat-tolerant rapeseed.The effects of heat stress on seed oil accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 29 B.napus germplasms with different oil content and environmental sensitivity,including 6 rapeseed varieties which exhibited environmentsensitive/insensitive and with high,medium or low oil content,were tested by whole plant heat stress or the in vitro silique culture system.Both assay exhibited similar trend on oil content of the rapeseed germplasms.The heat effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters F_(v)/F_(m),ETR and Y(Ⅱ)were also consistent.Heat stress significantly decreased oil content,although there was abundant genetic variation on heat tolerance among the genotypes.Correlation analysis showed that the decrease rate of F_(v)/F_(m) of silique heat-stressed B.napus developing seed was positive correlative to the decrease rate of mature seed oil content of the whole plant heat-stressed rapeseed(R=0.9214,P-value<0.01).Overall,the results indicated that heat stress inhibited oil accumulation and photosynthesis in B.napus developing seed.The decrease rate of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F_(v)/F_(m) of heat-stressed developing seed could be used as the index of heat tolerant rapeseed identification.Further,two heat insensitive rapeseed varieties with high oil content were identified.展开更多
Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.al...Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.展开更多
Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs),i.e.,polycythemia vera,essential thrombocythemia,and primary/secondary myelofibrosis,are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an u...Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs),i.e.,polycythemia vera,essential thrombocythemia,and primary/secondary myelofibrosis,are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an uncontrolled proliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells occurs.MPNs are characterized by mutations in driver genes,the JAK2V617F point mutation being the most commonly detected genetic alteration in these hematological malignancies.Thus,JAK inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy in MPNs,with ruxolitinib being the first JAK inhibitor developed,approved,and prescribed in the management of these blood cancers.However,the use of ruxolitinib has been associated with a potential risk of infection,including opportunistic infections and reactivation of hepatitis B.Here,we briefly describe the association between ruxolitinib treatment in MPNs and hepatitis B reactivation.展开更多
Bats,notable as the only flying mammals,serve as natural reservoir hosts for various highly pathogenic viruses in humans(e.g.,SARS-CoV and Ebola virus).Furthermore,bats exhibit an unparalleled longevity among mammals ...Bats,notable as the only flying mammals,serve as natural reservoir hosts for various highly pathogenic viruses in humans(e.g.,SARS-CoV and Ebola virus).Furthermore,bats exhibit an unparalleled longevity among mammals relative to their size,particularly the Myotis bats,which can live up to 40 years.However,the mechanisms underlying these distinctive traits remain incompletely understood.In our prior research,we demonstrated that bats exhibit dampened STING-interferon activation,potentially conferring upon them the capacity to mitigate virus-or aging-induced inflammation.To substantiate this hypothesis,we established the first in vivo bat-mouse model for aging studies by integrating Myotis davidii bat STING(MdSTING)into the mouse genome.We monitored the genotypes of these mice and performed a longitudinal comparative transcriptomic analysis on MdSTING and wild-type mice over a 3-year aging process.Blood transcriptomic analysis indicated a reduction in aging-related inflammation in female MdSTING mice,as evidenced by significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,immunopathology,and neutrophil recruitment in aged female MdSTING mice compared to aged wild-type mice in vivo.These results indicated that MdSTING knock-in attenuates the aging-related inflammatory response and may also improve the healthspan in mice in a sex-dependent manner.Although the underlying mechanism awaits further study,this research has critical implications for bat longevity research,potentially contributing to our comprehension of healthy aging in humans.展开更多
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF)is a zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus(CCHFV),which is primarily transmitted by ticks(Lorenzo Juanes et al.2023).It is an emerging disease that occurs sporadically in Afric...Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF)is a zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus(CCHFV),which is primarily transmitted by ticks(Lorenzo Juanes et al.2023).It is an emerging disease that occurs sporadically in Africa,Asia,and Europe,with a high morbidity and mortality rate,as high as 30%in humans(Ceylan et al.2013).CCHFV,belonging to genus Nairovirus,family Bunyaviridae,was first identified in the Congo in the 1960s.展开更多
Currently,human health due to corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been seriously threatened.The coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)spike(S)protein plays a crucial role i...Currently,human health due to corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been seriously threatened.The coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)spike(S)protein plays a crucial role in virus transmission and several S-based therapeutic approaches have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19.However,the efficacy is compromised by the SARS-CoV-2 evolvement and mutation.Here we report the SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor-binding domain(RBD)inhibitor licorice-saponin A3(A3)could widely inhibit RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants,including Beta,Delta,and Omicron BA.1,XBB and BQ1.1.Furthermore,A3 could potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus in Vero E6 cells,with EC50 of 1.016μM.The mechanism was related to binding with Y453 of RBD determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS)analysis combined with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics(QM/MM)simulations.Interestingly,phosphoproteomics analysis and multi fluorescent immunohistochemistry(mIHC)respectively indicated that A3 also inhibits host inflammation by directly modulating the JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathways and rebalancing the corresponding immune dysregulation.This work supports A3 as a promising broad-spectrum small molecule drug candidate for COVID-19.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses could restrict HBV replication at...Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses could restrict HBV replication at the different steps of viral life cycle. Indeed, IFN-α has been successfully used for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the role of the innate immune response in HBV replication and the mechanism of the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α are not completely explored. In this review, we summarized the currently available knowledge about the IFN-mediated anti-HBV effect in the HBV life cycle and the possible effectors downstream the IFN signaling pathway. The antiviral effect of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in HBV replication is briefly discussed. The strategies exploited by HBV to evade the IFN- and TLR-mediated antiviral actions are summarized.展开更多
Hepatitis B virus(HBV)has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations.Due to its unique life cycle which requires an error-prone reverse transcriptase for replication,it constantly evolves,resulting in...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations.Due to its unique life cycle which requires an error-prone reverse transcriptase for replication,it constantly evolves,resulting in tremendous genetic variation in the form of genotypes,sub-genotypes,and mutations.In recent years,there has been considerable research on the relationship between HBV genetic variation and HBV-related pathogenesis,which has profound implications in the natural history of HBV infection,viral detection,immune prevention,drug treatment and prognosis.In this review,we attempted to provide a brief account of the influence of HBV genotype on the pathogenesis of HBV infection and summarize our current knowledge on the effects of HBV mutations in different regions on HBV-associated pathogenesis,with an emphasis on mutations in the pre S/S proteins in immune evasion,occult HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),mutations in polymerase in relation to drug resistance,mutations in HBV core and e antigen in immune evasion,chronicalization of infection and hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure,and finally mutations in HBV x proteins in HCC.展开更多
Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers, being the third cause of cancer related death worldwide. Even with radical gastrectomy and the latest generation of molecular chemotherapeutics, the...Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers, being the third cause of cancer related death worldwide. Even with radical gastrectomy and the latest generation of molecular chemotherapeutics, the numbers of recurrence and mortality remains high. This is due to its biological heterogeneity based on the interaction between multiple factors, from genomic to environmental factors, diet or infections with various pathogens. Therefore, understanding the molecular characteristics at a genomic level is critical to develop new treatment strategies. Recent advances in GC molecular classification provide the unique opportunity to improve GC therapy by exploiting the biomarkers and developing novel targeted therapy specific to each subtype. This article highlights the molecular characteristics of each subtype of gastric cancer that could be considered in shaping a therapeutic decision, and also presents the completed and ongoing clinical trials addressed to those targets. The implementation of the novel molecular classification system will allow a preliminary patient selection for clinical trials, a mandatory issue if it is desired to test the efficacy of a certain inhibitor to the given target. This will represent a substantial advance as well as a powerful tool for targeted therapy. Nevertheless, translating the scientific results into new personalized treatment opportunities is needed in order to improve clinical care, the survival and quality of life of patients with GC.展开更多
The year 2015 marks 100 years since Dr.Frederick Twort discovered the"filterable lytic factor",which was later independently discovered and named "bacteriophage" by Dr.Felix d’Herelle.On this memo...The year 2015 marks 100 years since Dr.Frederick Twort discovered the"filterable lytic factor",which was later independently discovered and named "bacteriophage" by Dr.Felix d’Herelle.On this memorable centennial,it is exciting to see a special issue published by Virologica Sinica on Phages and Therapy.In this issue,readers will not only fi nd that bacteriophage research is a展开更多
AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the...AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the newborns werevaccinated with 10μg×3 doses of hepatitis Bvaccine and 762 newborns who were HBsAgnegative after primary immunization wereselected for cohort observation from 1986 to1998.Their serum samples were detectedqualitatively and quantitatively for hepatitis Binfecting markers,including HBsAg,anti-HBsand anti-HBc by SPRIA Kits.The annual HBsAgpositive conversion rate was counted by life-table method.RESULTS①The anti-HBs positive rate was94.44% for the babies born to HBsAg negativemothers and 84.21% for those born to HBsAgpositive mothers in the 1st year afterimmunization,and dropped to 51.31% and52.50% in the 12th year respectively.GMT valuewas dropped from 31.62 to 3.13 and 23.99 to 3.65in the 2nd to the 12th year respectively.Therewas a marked drop in GMT at the 3rd to the 5thyear,and in anti-HBs positive rate at the 9th tothe 10th year.②In the period of 12 yearsobservation,the person-year HBsAg positive conversion rates were 0.12%(5/4150.0)innewborns born to HBsAg negative mothers and0.20%(1/508.0)in those born to HBsAgpositive mothers,and none of the HBsAgpositive converted children became HBsAgchronic carriers.Compared with the baselinebefore immunization,the protective rates were97.19% and 95.32% respectively.CONCLUSION The protective efficacy ofplasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine persisted atleast 12 years,and a booster dose seems notnecessary within at least 12 years after theprimary three-doses immunization to newbornsborn to HBsAg negative mothers.展开更多
East Lake(Lake Donghu),located in Wuhan,China,is a typical city freshwater lake that has been experiencing eutrophic conditions and algal blooming during recent years.Marine and fresh water are considered to contain a...East Lake(Lake Donghu),located in Wuhan,China,is a typical city freshwater lake that has been experiencing eutrophic conditions and algal blooming during recent years.Marine and fresh water are considered to contain a large number of viruses.However,little is known about their genetic diversity because of the limited techniques for culturing viruses.In this study,we conducted a viral metagenomic analysis using a high-throughput sequencing technique with samples collected from East Lake in Spring,Summer,Autumn,and Winter.The libraries from four samples each generated 234,669,71,837,12,820,and 34,236 contigs(>90 bp each),respectively.The genetic structure of the viral community revealed a high genetic diversity covering 23 viral families,with the majority of contigs homologous to DNA viruses,including members of Myoviridae,Podoviridae,Siphoviridae,Phycodnaviridae,and Microviridae,which infect bacteria or algae,and members of Circoviridae,which infect invertebrates and vertebrates.The highest viral genetic diversity occurred in samples collected in August,then December and June,and the least diversity in March.Most contigs have low-sequence identities with known viruses.PCR detection targeting the conserved sequences of genes(g20,psbA,psbD,and DNApol)of cyanophages further confirmed that there are novel cyanophages in the East Lake.Our viral metagenomic data provide the first preliminary understanding of the virome in one freshwater lake in China and would be helpful for novel virus discovery and the control of algal blooming in the future.展开更多
Recent studies showed that white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) isolates from different geographic locations share a high genetic similarity except the variable regions in ORF23/24 and ORF14/15,and variable number of tande...Recent studies showed that white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) isolates from different geographic locations share a high genetic similarity except the variable regions in ORF23/24 and ORF14/15,and variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR) within ORF94.In this study,genotyping was performed according to these three variable regions among WSSV isolates collected during 1998/1999 from Southern China.These WSSV isolates contain a deletion of 1168,5657,5898,9316 and 11093 bp,respectively in the variable region ORF23/24 compared with WSSV-TW,and a deletion of 4749 or 5622 bp in the variable region ORF14/15 relative to TH-96-II.Four types of repeat units(RUs)(6,8,9 and 13 RUs) in ORF94 were detected in these isolates,with the shortest 6 RUs as the most prevalent type.Our results provide important information for a better understanding of the spatio-temporal transmission mode and the WSSV genetic evolution lineage.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the expression of programmed death (PD)-1,PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in liver tissues in the context of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Liver biopsies and HCC speci...AIM: To investigate the expression of programmed death (PD)-1,PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in liver tissues in the context of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Liver biopsies and HCC specimens from patients were collected and histologically examined.The expression of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 in biopsy specimens of chronic hepatitis and HCC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.The association between the expression level of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 and clinical and pathological variables was analyzed statistically.RESULTS: Expression of PD-1 was found in liverinfiltrating lymphocytes.In contrast,PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed in non-parenchyma liver cells and tumor cells.The expression of PD-L1 was significantly correlated with hepatitis B virus infection (1.42 ± 1.165 vs 0.50 ± 0.756,P = 0.047) and with the stage of HCC (7.50 ± 2.121 vs 1.75 ± 1.500 vs 3.00 ± 0.001,P = 0.018).PD-1 and PD-Ls were significantly up-regulated in HCC specimens (1.40 ± 1.536 vs 5.71 ± 4.051,P = 0.000;1.05 ± 1.099 vs 4.29 ± 3.885,P = 0.004;1.80 ± 1.473 vs 3.81 ± 3.400,P = 0.020).CONCLUSION: PD-L1 may contribute to negative regulation of the immune response in chronic hepatitis B.PD-1 and PD-Ls may play a role in immune evasion of tumors.展开更多
Ebola virus(EBOV) and Marburg virus(MARV),belonging to the Filoviridae family,emerged four decades ago and caused severe viral hemorrhagic fever in human and other primates.As high as 50-90% mortality,filoviruses can ...Ebola virus(EBOV) and Marburg virus(MARV),belonging to the Filoviridae family,emerged four decades ago and caused severe viral hemorrhagic fever in human and other primates.As high as 50-90% mortality,filoviruses can cause significant threats to public health.However,so far no specific and efficient vaccine has been available,nor have other treatment methods proved to be effective.It is of great importance to detect these pathogens specific,rapidly and sensitively in order to control future filovirus outbreaks.Here,recent progresses in the development of detection and diagnosis methods for EBOV and MARV are summarized.展开更多
A 62-year-old man had chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection and was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. At the time of diagnosis the patient＇s virologic markers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg...A 62-year-old man had chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection and was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. At the time of diagnosis the patient＇s virologic markers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）, antibody to hepatitis B e antigen （anti-HBe） and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen （anti-HBc）, while antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen （anti-HBs） and HBV DNA were negative. Later the patient received chemotherapy for malignancy. However, this was interrupted due to elevated liver enzymes. At the same time HBV DNA became positive. Lamivudine （LMV） therapy was administered immediately. However, the levels of serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin （TB） were still rising. Finally the patient died of fulminant hepatic failure. A sequence revealed HBV genotype C （HBsAg subtype adw） with immune escape mutations, F8L, $34L, F41S, G44V, F93C, V96G, Lll0I, C149Y and F161Y. The high morbidity and mortality of this complication is one of the major obstacles to completing the standard treatment for malignancy in HBV carriers. Therefore, the relative risk of antiviral prophylactic failure should be further assessed and the optimal strategy for antiviral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients with oncologic and hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy should be revised.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970501)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2572022CG01)the National Forestry and Grassland Administration,China。
文摘Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)subtype H5Nx viruses have spread globally and are a major concern for poultry,wild birds,mammals,and even humans(de Vries et al.2015;Zeng et al.2022).The hemagglutinin(HA)genes of H5 subtype viruses have evolved into multiple clades and some of these clades have been further divided into subclades(Cui et al.2022).Clade 2.3.4.4H5N8 HPAI viruses(HPAIVs)have caused several waves of disease outbreaks in wild birds and domestic poultry(Wang et al.2022).
文摘Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFC2300900,2021YFC2301300)Academic Promotion Programme of Shandong First Medical University (2019QL006)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020QH274)Yunnan Key Research and Development Program (202103AQ100001,202102AA310055)Key Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-SW-L11)。
文摘The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.
基金Supported by the Grant Funded by Competitiveness Operational Programme A1.1.4.ID:P_37_798 MYELOAL-EDIAPROT(to Găman MA),No.149/26.10.2016(MySMIS2014+:106774).
文摘Myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs)occur due to the abnormal proliferation of one or more terminal myeloid cell lines in peripheral blood.Subjects suffering from MPNs display a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors,and thrombotic events are often the cause of death in this population of patients.Herein,we provide a brief overview of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome and their epidemiology in MPNs and examine the common molecular mechanisms between dyslipidemia,metabolic syndrome,and MPNs,with a special focus on cardio-vascular risk,atherosclerosis,and thrombotic events.Furthermore,we investigate the impact of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome on the occurrence and survival of thrombosis in MPN patients,as well as the management of dyslipidemia in MPNs,and the impact of MPN treatment on serum lipid concentrations,particularly as side/adverse effects reported in the context of clinical trials.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY20C130006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172018)the State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products(2010DS700124-ZZ1805).
文摘As global temperature rise,the threat of heat stress to rapeseed production is becoming more obvious.Exploring the response characteristics of two important biological pathways,oil accumulation and photosynthesis,to heat stress during B.napus seed filling is helpful in the genetic improvement of heat-tolerant rapeseed.The effects of heat stress on seed oil accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 29 B.napus germplasms with different oil content and environmental sensitivity,including 6 rapeseed varieties which exhibited environmentsensitive/insensitive and with high,medium or low oil content,were tested by whole plant heat stress or the in vitro silique culture system.Both assay exhibited similar trend on oil content of the rapeseed germplasms.The heat effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters F_(v)/F_(m),ETR and Y(Ⅱ)were also consistent.Heat stress significantly decreased oil content,although there was abundant genetic variation on heat tolerance among the genotypes.Correlation analysis showed that the decrease rate of F_(v)/F_(m) of silique heat-stressed B.napus developing seed was positive correlative to the decrease rate of mature seed oil content of the whole plant heat-stressed rapeseed(R=0.9214,P-value<0.01).Overall,the results indicated that heat stress inhibited oil accumulation and photosynthesis in B.napus developing seed.The decrease rate of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F_(v)/F_(m) of heat-stressed developing seed could be used as the index of heat tolerant rapeseed identification.Further,two heat insensitive rapeseed varieties with high oil content were identified.
文摘Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge,which creates a risk for coinfections.chikungunya virus(CHIKV),an arbovirus disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti or A.albopictus,and malaria,a parasitic disease transmitted by Anopheles gambiae,are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries,but their burden and possible coinfections are poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the antibody seropositivity and endemicity of chikungunya and Zika viruses(ZIKV)in three regions of Nigeria.A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted on 871 participants.Samples were collected from outpatients by simple random sampling.Analyses of the samples were performed using recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of antibody serological marker IgG immunoblot with CHIKV VLP(virus like particle),ZIKV NS1 and ZIKV Equad according to manufacturers’instructions and malaria RDT for malaria parasite.There was a significantly higher antibody seropositivity against CHIKV in the central region than in the northern and southern regions(69.5%,291/419),while ZIKV-seropositivity(22.4%,34/152)and CHIKV-ZIKV co-circulating antibody seropositivity(17.8%,27/152)were notably higher in the southern region than in the central and northern regions.This investigation revealed an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity and concealed endemicity of CHIKV and ZIKV in three Nigerian regions.The seropositivity of detectable antibodies differed among the three geographical locations.
文摘Classical Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms(MPNs),i.e.,polycythemia vera,essential thrombocythemia,and primary/secondary myelofibrosis,are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell in which an uncontrolled proliferation of terminally differentiated myeloid cells occurs.MPNs are characterized by mutations in driver genes,the JAK2V617F point mutation being the most commonly detected genetic alteration in these hematological malignancies.Thus,JAK inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy in MPNs,with ruxolitinib being the first JAK inhibitor developed,approved,and prescribed in the management of these blood cancers.However,the use of ruxolitinib has been associated with a potential risk of infection,including opportunistic infections and reactivation of hepatitis B.Here,we briefly describe the association between ruxolitinib treatment in MPNs and hepatitis B reactivation.
基金supported by the China Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Scholars(82325032)Self-Supporting Program of Guangzhou Laboratory(SRPG22-001)。
文摘Bats,notable as the only flying mammals,serve as natural reservoir hosts for various highly pathogenic viruses in humans(e.g.,SARS-CoV and Ebola virus).Furthermore,bats exhibit an unparalleled longevity among mammals relative to their size,particularly the Myotis bats,which can live up to 40 years.However,the mechanisms underlying these distinctive traits remain incompletely understood.In our prior research,we demonstrated that bats exhibit dampened STING-interferon activation,potentially conferring upon them the capacity to mitigate virus-or aging-induced inflammation.To substantiate this hypothesis,we established the first in vivo bat-mouse model for aging studies by integrating Myotis davidii bat STING(MdSTING)into the mouse genome.We monitored the genotypes of these mice and performed a longitudinal comparative transcriptomic analysis on MdSTING and wild-type mice over a 3-year aging process.Blood transcriptomic analysis indicated a reduction in aging-related inflammation in female MdSTING mice,as evidenced by significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,immunopathology,and neutrophil recruitment in aged female MdSTING mice compared to aged wild-type mice in vivo.These results indicated that MdSTING knock-in attenuates the aging-related inflammatory response and may also improve the healthspan in mice in a sex-dependent manner.Although the underlying mechanism awaits further study,this research has critical implications for bat longevity research,potentially contributing to our comprehension of healthy aging in humans.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF0703600).
文摘Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF)is a zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus(CCHFV),which is primarily transmitted by ticks(Lorenzo Juanes et al.2023).It is an emerging disease that occurs sporadically in Africa,Asia,and Europe,with a high morbidity and mortality rate,as high as 30%in humans(Ceylan et al.2013).CCHFV,belonging to genus Nairovirus,family Bunyaviridae,was first identified in the Congo in the 1960s.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:81891010/81891011,81725023,82003614,82173950,31770192,32070187,32161133003 and 82003681)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No:2022T150029).
文摘Currently,human health due to corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been seriously threatened.The coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)spike(S)protein plays a crucial role in virus transmission and several S-based therapeutic approaches have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19.However,the efficacy is compromised by the SARS-CoV-2 evolvement and mutation.Here we report the SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor-binding domain(RBD)inhibitor licorice-saponin A3(A3)could widely inhibit RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants,including Beta,Delta,and Omicron BA.1,XBB and BQ1.1.Furthermore,A3 could potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus in Vero E6 cells,with EC50 of 1.016μM.The mechanism was related to binding with Y453 of RBD determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS)analysis combined with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics(QM/MM)simulations.Interestingly,phosphoproteomics analysis and multi fluorescent immunohistochemistry(mIHC)respectively indicated that A3 also inhibits host inflammation by directly modulating the JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathways and rebalancing the corresponding immune dysregulation.This work supports A3 as a promising broad-spectrum small molecule drug candidate for COVID-19.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China to Pei RJ and Chen XC,Nos.31200135 and 31200699German Research Foundation to Lu MG,Nos.TRR60,GK1045/2 and GK1949
文摘Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major causes of liver diseases, affecting more than 350 million people worldwide. The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses could restrict HBV replication at the different steps of viral life cycle. Indeed, IFN-α has been successfully used for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the role of the innate immune response in HBV replication and the mechanism of the anti-HBV effect of IFN-α are not completely explored. In this review, we summarized the currently available knowledge about the IFN-mediated anti-HBV effect in the HBV life cycle and the possible effectors downstream the IFN signaling pathway. The antiviral effect of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in HBV replication is briefly discussed. The strategies exploited by HBV to evade the IFN- and TLR-mediated antiviral actions are summarized.
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations.Due to its unique life cycle which requires an error-prone reverse transcriptase for replication,it constantly evolves,resulting in tremendous genetic variation in the form of genotypes,sub-genotypes,and mutations.In recent years,there has been considerable research on the relationship between HBV genetic variation and HBV-related pathogenesis,which has profound implications in the natural history of HBV infection,viral detection,immune prevention,drug treatment and prognosis.In this review,we attempted to provide a brief account of the influence of HBV genotype on the pathogenesis of HBV infection and summarize our current knowledge on the effects of HBV mutations in different regions on HBV-associated pathogenesis,with an emphasis on mutations in the pre S/S proteins in immune evasion,occult HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),mutations in polymerase in relation to drug resistance,mutations in HBV core and e antigen in immune evasion,chronicalization of infection and hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure,and finally mutations in HBV x proteins in HCC.
文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers, being the third cause of cancer related death worldwide. Even with radical gastrectomy and the latest generation of molecular chemotherapeutics, the numbers of recurrence and mortality remains high. This is due to its biological heterogeneity based on the interaction between multiple factors, from genomic to environmental factors, diet or infections with various pathogens. Therefore, understanding the molecular characteristics at a genomic level is critical to develop new treatment strategies. Recent advances in GC molecular classification provide the unique opportunity to improve GC therapy by exploiting the biomarkers and developing novel targeted therapy specific to each subtype. This article highlights the molecular characteristics of each subtype of gastric cancer that could be considered in shaping a therapeutic decision, and also presents the completed and ongoing clinical trials addressed to those targets. The implementation of the novel molecular classification system will allow a preliminary patient selection for clinical trials, a mandatory issue if it is desired to test the efficacy of a certain inhibitor to the given target. This will represent a substantial advance as well as a powerful tool for targeted therapy. Nevertheless, translating the scientific results into new personalized treatment opportunities is needed in order to improve clinical care, the survival and quality of life of patients with GC.
基金supported by the Basic Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012CB721102)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant No:KJZD-EW-L02)the Key Laboratory on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety in Wuhan
文摘The year 2015 marks 100 years since Dr.Frederick Twort discovered the"filterable lytic factor",which was later independently discovered and named "bacteriophage" by Dr.Felix d’Herelle.On this memorable centennial,it is exciting to see a special issue published by Virologica Sinica on Phages and Therapy.In this issue,readers will not only fi nd that bacteriophage research is a
文摘AIM To understand the anti-HBs persistenceand the long-term preventive efficacy in ruralnewborns after vaccination with plasma-derivedhepatitis B vaccine.METHODS In the time of expanded program onimmunization(EPI),the newborns werevaccinated with 10μg×3 doses of hepatitis Bvaccine and 762 newborns who were HBsAgnegative after primary immunization wereselected for cohort observation from 1986 to1998.Their serum samples were detectedqualitatively and quantitatively for hepatitis Binfecting markers,including HBsAg,anti-HBsand anti-HBc by SPRIA Kits.The annual HBsAgpositive conversion rate was counted by life-table method.RESULTS①The anti-HBs positive rate was94.44% for the babies born to HBsAg negativemothers and 84.21% for those born to HBsAgpositive mothers in the 1st year afterimmunization,and dropped to 51.31% and52.50% in the 12th year respectively.GMT valuewas dropped from 31.62 to 3.13 and 23.99 to 3.65in the 2nd to the 12th year respectively.Therewas a marked drop in GMT at the 3rd to the 5thyear,and in anti-HBs positive rate at the 9th tothe 10th year.②In the period of 12 yearsobservation,the person-year HBsAg positive conversion rates were 0.12%(5/4150.0)innewborns born to HBsAg negative mothers and0.20%(1/508.0)in those born to HBsAgpositive mothers,and none of the HBsAgpositive converted children became HBsAgchronic carriers.Compared with the baselinebefore immunization,the protective rates were97.19% and 95.32% respectively.CONCLUSION The protective efficacy ofplasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine persisted atleast 12 years,and a booster dose seems notnecessary within at least 12 years after theprimary three-doses immunization to newbornsborn to HBsAg negative mothers.
文摘East Lake(Lake Donghu),located in Wuhan,China,is a typical city freshwater lake that has been experiencing eutrophic conditions and algal blooming during recent years.Marine and fresh water are considered to contain a large number of viruses.However,little is known about their genetic diversity because of the limited techniques for culturing viruses.In this study,we conducted a viral metagenomic analysis using a high-throughput sequencing technique with samples collected from East Lake in Spring,Summer,Autumn,and Winter.The libraries from four samples each generated 234,669,71,837,12,820,and 34,236 contigs(>90 bp each),respectively.The genetic structure of the viral community revealed a high genetic diversity covering 23 viral families,with the majority of contigs homologous to DNA viruses,including members of Myoviridae,Podoviridae,Siphoviridae,Phycodnaviridae,and Microviridae,which infect bacteria or algae,and members of Circoviridae,which infect invertebrates and vertebrates.The highest viral genetic diversity occurred in samples collected in August,then December and June,and the least diversity in March.Most contigs have low-sequence identities with known viruses.PCR detection targeting the conserved sequences of genes(g20,psbA,psbD,and DNApol)of cyanophages further confirmed that there are novel cyanophages in the East Lake.Our viral metagenomic data provide the first preliminary understanding of the virome in one freshwater lake in China and would be helpful for novel virus discovery and the control of algal blooming in the future.
基金supported by the State Key Program for Basic Research Grants (2006CB101801)
文摘Recent studies showed that white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) isolates from different geographic locations share a high genetic similarity except the variable regions in ORF23/24 and ORF14/15,and variable number of tandem repeats(VNTR) within ORF94.In this study,genotyping was performed according to these three variable regions among WSSV isolates collected during 1998/1999 from Southern China.These WSSV isolates contain a deletion of 1168,5657,5898,9316 and 11093 bp,respectively in the variable region ORF23/24 compared with WSSV-TW,and a deletion of 4749 or 5622 bp in the variable region ORF14/15 relative to TH-96-II.Four types of repeat units(RUs)(6,8,9 and 13 RUs) in ORF94 were detected in these isolates,with the shortest 6 RUs as the most prevalent type.Our results provide important information for a better understanding of the spatio-temporal transmission mode and the WSSV genetic evolution lineage.
基金Supported by Grants from the National Mega Research Program of China,No.2008ZX10002-011the National Key Basic Research Program of China,No.2001CB510008,2005CB522901,2007CB512804 and 2009CB522500the Deutsche Forschun-gsgemeinschaft (SFB/Transregio 60)
文摘AIM: To investigate the expression of programmed death (PD)-1,PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in liver tissues in the context of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Liver biopsies and HCC specimens from patients were collected and histologically examined.The expression of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 in biopsy specimens of chronic hepatitis and HCC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.The association between the expression level of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 and clinical and pathological variables was analyzed statistically.RESULTS: Expression of PD-1 was found in liverinfiltrating lymphocytes.In contrast,PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed in non-parenchyma liver cells and tumor cells.The expression of PD-L1 was significantly correlated with hepatitis B virus infection (1.42 ± 1.165 vs 0.50 ± 0.756,P = 0.047) and with the stage of HCC (7.50 ± 2.121 vs 1.75 ± 1.500 vs 3.00 ± 0.001,P = 0.018).PD-1 and PD-Ls were significantly up-regulated in HCC specimens (1.40 ± 1.536 vs 5.71 ± 4.051,P = 0.000;1.05 ± 1.099 vs 4.29 ± 3.885,P = 0.004;1.80 ± 1.473 vs 3.81 ± 3.400,P = 0.020).CONCLUSION: PD-L1 may contribute to negative regulation of the immune response in chronic hepatitis B.PD-1 and PD-Ls may play a role in immune evasion of tumors.
文摘Ebola virus(EBOV) and Marburg virus(MARV),belonging to the Filoviridae family,emerged four decades ago and caused severe viral hemorrhagic fever in human and other primates.As high as 50-90% mortality,filoviruses can cause significant threats to public health.However,so far no specific and efficient vaccine has been available,nor have other treatment methods proved to be effective.It is of great importance to detect these pathogens specific,rapidly and sensitively in order to control future filovirus outbreaks.Here,recent progresses in the development of detection and diagnosis methods for EBOV and MARV are summarized.
基金National Basic Research Priorities Program of China(2011CB106303)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200699)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(HUST:2012QN140)
文摘A 62-year-old man had chronic hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection and was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis. At the time of diagnosis the patient＇s virologic markers were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg）, antibody to hepatitis B e antigen （anti-HBe） and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen （anti-HBc）, while antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen （anti-HBs） and HBV DNA were negative. Later the patient received chemotherapy for malignancy. However, this was interrupted due to elevated liver enzymes. At the same time HBV DNA became positive. Lamivudine （LMV） therapy was administered immediately. However, the levels of serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin （TB） were still rising. Finally the patient died of fulminant hepatic failure. A sequence revealed HBV genotype C （HBsAg subtype adw） with immune escape mutations, F8L, $34L, F41S, G44V, F93C, V96G, Lll0I, C149Y and F161Y. The high morbidity and mortality of this complication is one of the major obstacles to completing the standard treatment for malignancy in HBV carriers. Therefore, the relative risk of antiviral prophylactic failure should be further assessed and the optimal strategy for antiviral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients with oncologic and hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy should be revised.
