Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-sub...Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.展开更多
The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;...The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia,and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions.Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae,the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure.In this study,we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data,and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia,Physalis infinemundi,the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae.We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera(Hyoscyameae sensu stricto),Atropanthe is sister to the clade(Scopolia,Physochlaina,Przewalskia),and together they are sister to the robustly supported AnisoduseHyoscyamus clade.The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene(47.11 Ma,95%HPD:36.75e57.86 Ma),and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene(22.52 Ma,95%HPD:15.19e30.53 Ma),which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae,as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Ferns and lycophytes have remarkably large genomes.However,little is known about how their genome size evolved in fern lineages.To explore the origins and evolution of chromosome numbers and genome size in ferns,we us...Ferns and lycophytes have remarkably large genomes.However,little is known about how their genome size evolved in fern lineages.To explore the origins and evolution of chromosome numbers and genome size in ferns,we used flow cytometry to measure the genomes of 240 species(255 samples)of extant ferns and lycophytes comprising 27 families and 72 genera,of which 228 species(242 samples)represent new reports.We analyzed correlations among genome size,spore size,chromosomal features,phylogeny,and habitat type preference within a phylogenetic framework.We also applied ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression analysis to preference of habitat type and genome size.Using the phylogeny,we conducted ancestral character reconstruction for habitat types and tested whether genome size changes simultaneously with shifts in habitat preference.We found that 2 C values had weak phylogenetic signal,whereas the base number of chromosomes(x)had a strong phylogenetic signal.Furthermore,our analyses revealed a positive correlation between genome size and chromosome traits,indicating that the base number of chromosomes(x),chromosome size,and polyploidization may be primary contributors to genome expansion in ferns and lycophytes.Genome sizes in different habitat types varied significantly and were significantly correlated with habitat types;specifically,multinomial logistic regression indicated that species with larger 2 C values were more likely to be epiphytes.Terrestrial habitat is inferred to be ancestral for both extant ferns and lycophytes,whereas transitions to other habitat types occurred as the major clades emerged.Shifts in habitat types appear be followed by periods of genomic stability.Based on these results,we inferred that habitat type changes and multiple whole-genome duplications have contributed to the formation of large genomes of ferns and their allies during their evolutionary history.展开更多
Tetrahydrocurcumin(THC)is a major metabolite of curcumin and plays an important role in curcumin-induced biological effects.THC is a promising preventive and chemotherapeutic agent for cancer.A series of new pyrazole ...Tetrahydrocurcumin(THC)is a major metabolite of curcumin and plays an important role in curcumin-induced biological effects.THC is a promising preventive and chemotherapeutic agent for cancer.A series of new pyrazole derivatives of THC have been synthesized as potent anticancer agents.Direct condensation of THC with various substituted hydrazines leads to new pyrazole derivatives of THC(1-18).The prepared compounds have been evaluated via in vitro MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assay for their cell proliferation-inhibitory activity against human lung adenocarcinoma(A549),human cervical carcinoma(HeLa)and human breast carcinoma(MCF-7)cells.Most derivatives show significantly higher anticancer activity against all three tested cancer cell lines than the parent compound THC.Several compounds(7,8,12,13 and 15)display promising anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values ranging from 5.8 to 9.3 iM.The most active compound(8)is substituted with 4-bromophenyl group at the pyrazole ring and inhibits the growth of all three tested cancer cell lines with an IC50 values of(8.0 iM,A549),(9.8 iM,HeLa)and(5.8 iM,MCF-7).The obtained compounds can be a good starting point for the development of new lead molecules in the fight against cancer.展开更多
Glochidion(Phyllanthaceae;leafflower trees)is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths(Gracillariidae:Epicephala)in temperate and subtropical Asia,Australia,and the Pacific island...Glochidion(Phyllanthaceae;leafflower trees)is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths(Gracillariidae:Epicephala)in temperate and subtropical Asia,Australia,and the Pacific islands.However,the pollination ecology of Glochidion is not well described from tropical Asia,the region where it is most species-rich at both local(<9 spp.)and regional(~200 spp.)scales.Here we report investigations of pollination biology and species-specificity of five Glochidion species in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia).Through nocturnal observations and fruit dissections,we find that at least three and likely five Glochidion species in Cambodia are pollinated by seed-parasitic leafflower moths.We find no evidence that any of these leafflower moths are non-mutualistic parasites,despite known examples of such parasites of this mutualism elsewhere in Asia.While the presence of a single larva in a fruit results in only a fraction of seeds being consumed,the presence of more than one larva per fruit-a frequent occurrence in some species—can result in almost all seeds within the fruit being infested.Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five different minimally monophyletic leafflower moth clades,each of which pollinates a unique Glochidion host species.Our results indicate that in its center of diversity in tropical Asia this system is an obligate pollination mutualism as previously described at the global margins of its distribution.These findings provide insights into the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity and maintain mutualism stability in plant-insect interactions in this biodiversity hotspot.展开更多
Fruits,as the reproductive organs of many higher plants,are an integral part of a balanced diet,providing rich nutrients and bioactive substances for our health.Over the years,the research on fruit development,quality...Fruits,as the reproductive organs of many higher plants,are an integral part of a balanced diet,providing rich nutrients and bioactive substances for our health.Over the years,the research on fruit development,quality formation and stress response has deepened,which sheds light on the regulatory mechanism and application of fruit quality improvement.Among the many regulatory factors,microRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of short non-coding RNAs,ranging from 20 to 24-nt,which post-transcriptionally regulate target gene expression.miRNAs and their functions have been extensively examined in plants especially in model species,and they play critical roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in response to endogenous developmental signals and external environmental cues,respectively.In fruit crops,the function of miRNAs and their regulation have also been under intensive study.In particular,the novel roles of miRNAs that have not been revealed in the model annual species have been unraveling,which reflect the genetic,physiological,and developmental complexity of gene regulation in fruit crops.Here we review the current research progress achieved,specifically in fruit crops,with a focus on the function of miRNAs in the control of fruit development and quality as well as response to various stresses.The future prospects of miRNAs for quality-targeted fruit breeding are also discussed.展开更多
The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plant...The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plants,size variation of the plastid genome,gene loss,structure changes,and pseudogenes have been frequently observed(Ivanova et al.,2017).Plastid genome has currently shown a wide application in research of phylogeny,populations and biogeography in combination with nucleus genome(Wang et al.,2021).展开更多
Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our un...Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our understanding of China's flora,including the biodiversity and biogeography of Dulong Valley and the Gaoligong Mountains,as well as the vegetation of plateau lakes and wetlands in Southwest China.Professor Heng Li received her Bachelor's degree in Russian from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1956 and immediately joined the Institute of Geography(now Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research),Chinese Academy of Sciences,as a Russian translator.In 1961,Prof.展开更多
Banana is one of the most important crops of the world.Cavendish-type bananas,which have a monospecific Musa acuminata origin(AAA),account for around half of the global banana production,thereby are of great significa...Banana is one of the most important crops of the world.Cavendish-type bananas,which have a monospecific Musa acuminata origin(AAA),account for around half of the global banana production,thereby are of great significance for human societies.However,until now,the high-quality haplotype-resolved reference genome was still undecoded for banana cultivars.Here,we reported the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)and haplotype-resolved reference genome of‘Baxijiao’(Cavendish)consisting of three haploid assemblies.The sizes of the three haploid assemblies were estimated to be 477.16 Mb,477.18 Mb,and 469.57 Mb,respectively.Although with monospecific origins,the three haploid assemblies showed great differences with low levels of sequence collinearity.Several large reciprocal translocations were identified among chromosomes 1,4,and 7.An expansion of gene families that might affect fruit quality and aroma was detected,such as those belonging to sucrose/disaccharide/oligosaccharide catabolic processes,sucrose metabolic process,starch metabolic process,and aromatic compound biosynthetic process.Besides,an expansion of gene families related to anther and pollen development was observed,which could be associated with parthenocarpy and sterility of the Cavendish cultivar.Finally,much fewer resistance genes were identified in‘Baxijiao’than in M.acuminata,particularly in the gene clusters in chromosomes 3 and 10,providing potential targets to explore for molecular analysis of disease resistance in banana.This T2T haplotype-resolved reference genome will thus be a valuable genetic resource for biological studies,molecular breeding,and genetic improvement of banana.展开更多
The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms.The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation,floral morphology,and flower scent traits.Here,a chromosomes...The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms.The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation,floral morphology,and flower scent traits.Here,a chromosomescale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium(Jianlan)is presented.Comparative genomic analysis showed that C.ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events,the most recent of which was shared by all orchids,while the older event was the t event shared by most monocots.The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation,and flower shape mutations in C.ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes.The most abundant floral scent components identi fied included methyl jasmonate,acacia alcohol and linalool,and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C.ensifolium were determined.Furthermore,the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves,while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves.Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversi fication.展开更多
Air pollution adversely affects skin,leading to skin inflammation and premature skin aging.Plant derived antioxidant compounds have been considered to be promising in discovery of effective agents for the protection o...Air pollution adversely affects skin,leading to skin inflammation and premature skin aging.Plant derived antioxidant compounds have been considered to be promising in discovery of effective agents for the protection of skin from the damage by air pollutants.Our previous studies demonstrated that Averrhoa carambola fruit(known as star fruit)is rich in flavonoid C-glycosides with unique structures and potent antioxidant activity.Thus,the star fruit extract(SFE)and main flavonoid C-glycoside components,carambolasides I,J,and P(1-3),carambolaflavone B(4),and isovitexin 2″-O-α-l-rhamnoside(5),were investigated for the activity against air pollutant stress in human epidermis.As a result,SFE and compounds 1-5 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against protein carbonylation in oxidative-stressed stratum corneum with the best activity being shown by compound 3.SFE and compounds 2-5 were also active against engine exhaust-induced protein carbonylation in stratum corneum.When further evaluated,SFE and com-pound 3 significantly inhibited gene expression of the key inflammation mediators IL-1αand COX-2 in PM-stressed keratinocytes.The results indicated that SFE and the flavonoid C-glycosides are potentially effective against air pollutant-induced skin inflammation and premature aging.展开更多
Eight new diarylheptanoids,coriandralpinins A-H(1-8),were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia coriandriodora,an edible plant of the ginger family.Their structures,including the absolute configurations,were establish...Eight new diarylheptanoids,coriandralpinins A-H(1-8),were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia coriandriodora,an edible plant of the ginger family.Their structures,including the absolute configurations,were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations.Compounds 1-8 have a 1,5-O-bridged diarylheptanoid structure featuring polyoxygenated aryl units.When evaluated for intracellular antioxidant activity using t-BHP stressed RAW264.7 mac-rophages,all these compounds scavenged reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a concentration-dependent manner.Compounds 3 and 5 also showed inhibitory activity against NO release in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.Six known flavonols,7,4′-di-O-methylkaempferol,7-O-methylquercetin,7,4′-di-O-methylquercetin,7,3′,4′-tri-O-methylquercetin,kaempferol 3-O-β-d-(6-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)glucopyranoside,and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranuronosylquercetin were also isolated and characterized from the rhizomes.展开更多
Bifenthrin(BF) is an important type I synthetic fluorinated pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide.Previous investigations have indicated that the metabolisms of BF in human cells were through oxidative processes,and cy...Bifenthrin(BF) is an important type I synthetic fluorinated pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide.Previous investigations have indicated that the metabolisms of BF in human cells were through oxidative processes,and cytotoxicity was induced by the oxidative stress.In this study,the protective effects of EGCG,which is a major individual of green tea polyphenols,on the human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I exposed to BF were investigated.The results showed that BF could induce oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity in HFL-I cells.The pretreatment of EGCG at low concentrations significantly recovered the cell viability and morphology,inhibited excess generation of ROS,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and avoided loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.The results suggested that EGCG might eliminate the BF-induced damage in HFL-I cells.展开更多
Medicinal plants are popular and widely used as a major source of herbal drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Ever-growing demands make medicinal plants faced to several problems including efficacy and safety to meet b...Medicinal plants are popular and widely used as a major source of herbal drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Ever-growing demands make medicinal plants faced to several problems including efficacy and safety to meet business requirements, conservation, and artificially assisted breeding. As a powerful molecular tool, microsatellites offer the great potentials for various purposes in plants. This review provides a scenario of microsatellites in medicinal plants including development from genomic or expressed sequence tag libraries, cross-species transferability, genotyping, and potential applications. We emphasized on the authentication of medicinal plants by microsatellite markers.展开更多
Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)and longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide.The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicin...Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)and longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide.The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as popular herbs in the treatment of neural pain,swelling,and cardiovascular disease.The pericarp and seed portions as the by-products of litchi and longan fruits are estimated to be approximately 30%of the dry weight of the whole fruit and are rich in bioactive constituents.In the recent years,many biological activities,such as tyrosinase inhibitory,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,anti-glycated,and anti-cancer activities,as well as memory-increasing effects,have been reported for the litchi and longan pericarp and seed extracts,indicating a potentially significant contribution to human health.With the increasing production of litchi and longan fruits,enhanced utilization of the two fruit by-products for their inherent bioactive constituents in relation to pharmacological effects is urgently needed.This paper reviews the current advances in the extraction,processing,identification,and biological and pharmacological activities of constituents from litchi and longan by-products.Potential utilization of litchi and longan pericarps and seeds in relation to further research is also discussed.展开更多
Despite much research in the field of island biogeography,mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive.Here,we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelag...Despite much research in the field of island biogeography,mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive.Here,we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes in the South China Sea.We found positive plant species-area relationships for both coral and continental archipelagoes.However,our results showed that different mechanisms contributed to similar plant species-area relationships between the two archipelagoes.For coral islands,soil nutrients and spatial distance among communities played major roles in shaping plant community structure and species diversity.By contrast,the direct effect of island area,and to a lesser extent,soil nutrients determined plant species richness on continental islands.Intriguingly,increasing soil nutrients availability(N,P,K)had opposite effects on plant diversity between the two archipelagoes.In summary,the habitat quality effect and dispersal limitation are important for regulating plant diversity on coral islands,whereas the passive sampling effect,and to a lesser extent,the habitat quality effect are important for regulating plant diversity on continental islands.More generally,our findings indicate that island plant species-area relationships are outcomes of the interplay of both niche and neutral processes,but the driving mechanisms behind these relationships depends on the type of islands.展开更多
The field of evolutionary biology has been revolutionized by phylogenomic approaches in the last decades. However, with the ever-increasing size and scope of molecular data collection, conflicting genealogies may be y...The field of evolutionary biology has been revolutionized by phylogenomic approaches in the last decades. However, with the ever-increasing size and scope of molecular data collection, conflicting genealogies may be yielded based on different datasets and analytical approaches, a phenomenon known as cytonuclear discordance(Figure 1A and B).展开更多
The discovery of the enzyme L,L‐diaminopimelate aminotransferase（LL‐DAP‐AT, EC 2.6.1.83） uncovered a unique step in the L‐lysine biosynthesis pathway in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LL‐DAP‐AT has been show...The discovery of the enzyme L,L‐diaminopimelate aminotransferase（LL‐DAP‐AT, EC 2.6.1.83） uncovered a unique step in the L‐lysine biosynthesis pathway in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LL‐DAP‐AT has been shown to play a key role in plant‐pathogen interactions by regulation of the salicylic acid（SA） signaling pathway. Here, a full‐length cDNA of LL‐DAP‐AT named as LjALD1 from Lotus japonicus（Regel）Larsen was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 67% identity with the Arabidopsis aminotransferase AGD2‐LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1（AtALD1） and is predicted to contain the same key elements： a conserved aminotransferase domain and a pyridoxal‐5＇‐phosphate cofactor binding site.Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis showed that LjALD1 was expressed in all L. japonicus tissues tested, being strongest in nodules. Expression was induced in roots that had been infected with the symbiotic rhizobium Mesorhizobium loti or treated with SA agonist benzo‐（1, 2, 3）‐thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic Researchacid. LjALD1 Knockdown exhibited a lower SA content, an increased number of infection threads and nodules, and a slight reduction in nodule size. In addition, compared with wild‐type,root growth was increased and shoot growth was suppressed in LjALD1 RNAi plant lines. These results indicate that LjALD1 may play important roles in plant development and nodulation via SA signaling in L. japonicus.展开更多
The article offers additional floral morphology of a Costaceae species recently described from Yunnan,namely Parahellenia malipoensis Juan Chen,L.Y.Zeng,S.Jin Zeng&N.H.Xia.This species is readily distinguished fro...The article offers additional floral morphology of a Costaceae species recently described from Yunnan,namely Parahellenia malipoensis Juan Chen,L.Y.Zeng,S.Jin Zeng&N.H.Xia.This species is readily distinguished from other Parahellenia species by distinctive morphological characters,such as very small stature,unbranched stems,small and plicate leaf blades,small inflorescences and bract with a soft spine at apex,small flowers,and notably short yellow anther crest ornamented with dark red lines.展开更多
The Asteraceae (Compositae),a large plant family of approximately 24 000-35 000 species,accounts for^10% of all angiosperm species and contributes a lot to plant diversity.The most representative members of the Astera...The Asteraceae (Compositae),a large plant family of approximately 24 000-35 000 species,accounts for^10% of all angiosperm species and contributes a lot to plant diversity.The most representative members of the Asteraceae are the economically important chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum L.)that diversified through reticulate evolution.Biodiversity is typically created by multiple evolutionary mechanisms such as wholegenome duplication 0NGD)or polyploidization and locally repetitive genome expansion.However,the lack of genomic data from chrysanthemum species has prevented an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversification.Here,we used Oxford Nanopore long-read technologyto sequence the diploid Chrysanthemum nankingense genome,which represents one of the progenitor genomes of domesticated chrysanthemums.Our analysis revealed that the evolution of the C.nankingense genome was driven by bursts of repetitive element expansion and WGD events including a recentWGD that distinguishes chrysanthemum from sunflower,which diverged from chrysanthemum approximately 38.8 million years ago.Variations of ornamental and medicinal traits in chrysanthemums are linked to the expansion of candidate gene families by duplication events including paralogous gene duplication.Collectively,our study of the assembled reference genome offers new knowledge and resources to dissect the history and pattern of evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum plants,and also to accelerate their breeding and improvement.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31970232)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB954100).
文摘Dryopteridaceae are the largest fern family and include nearly 20%of extant fern diversity,with 24 currently recognized genera.Recognition and delineation of genera within this family have varied greatly.The three-subfamily classification of Dryopteridaceae was based primarily on molecular phylogenetic relationships but lacked morphological evidence,and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies and genera of Dryopteridaceae are only partially resolved.A comprehensive and robust phylogeny is urgently needed.The heterogeneous morphology of the current members of Dryopteridaceae makes the family and its subfamilies difficult to define by single morphological characteristics or even character combinations.We carried out phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct a highly supported phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae.Our analyses recovered 24 strongly supported clades grouped into seven major clades of Dryopteridaceae.Seven morphological characters including habit,rhizome shape,frond morphology,rachis-costae architecture,appendages on stipe base and lamina,and soral arrangement were found to be informative for identifying different major clades and clades in Dryopteridaceae.Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and morphological analysis,we presented an updated infra-familial classification of Dryopteridaceae with seven subfamilies and 24 genera including four newly proposed subfamilies(Ctenitidoideae,Lastreopsidoideae,Pleocnemioideae,and Polystichopsidoideae).Morphological character combinations of each subfamily are summarized,and a key is provided.Most genera sensu PPG I are recognized,with Stigmatopetris reclassified into Dryopteridoideae and Arthrobotrya considered a synonym of Teratophyllum.A new genus Pseudarachniodes is introduced.This revised classification will serve as a foundational framework for future investigations on taxonomy,biogeography,and diversification of the most species-rich Dryopteridaceae in ferns.
基金We thank Dr.Xiao-Feng Chi and Dr.Ofelia Vargas-Ponce for contributing the whole chloroplast genome sequences of Anisodus tanguticus(Maxim.)Pascher and Physalis philadelphica Lam.before the release in NCBI.This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.5192012)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32070235)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201906515009)。
文摘The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia,and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions.Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae,the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure.In this study,we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data,and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia,Physalis infinemundi,the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae.We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera(Hyoscyameae sensu stricto),Atropanthe is sister to the clade(Scopolia,Physochlaina,Przewalskia),and together they are sister to the robustly supported AnisoduseHyoscyamus clade.The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene(47.11 Ma,95%HPD:36.75e57.86 Ma),and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene(22.52 Ma,95%HPD:15.19e30.53 Ma),which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae,as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 31870188,31800174,31700172,41571056)to Wang,Shen,Wang and XingShanghai Landscaping and City Appearance Administrative Bureau of China,Scientific Research Grants(G182411)to Yan+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number XDA13020603,XDA13020500)to Chen and JianGuangdong Natural Science Foundation(grant number 2015A030308015)to Wang。
文摘Ferns and lycophytes have remarkably large genomes.However,little is known about how their genome size evolved in fern lineages.To explore the origins and evolution of chromosome numbers and genome size in ferns,we used flow cytometry to measure the genomes of 240 species(255 samples)of extant ferns and lycophytes comprising 27 families and 72 genera,of which 228 species(242 samples)represent new reports.We analyzed correlations among genome size,spore size,chromosomal features,phylogeny,and habitat type preference within a phylogenetic framework.We also applied ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression analysis to preference of habitat type and genome size.Using the phylogeny,we conducted ancestral character reconstruction for habitat types and tested whether genome size changes simultaneously with shifts in habitat preference.We found that 2 C values had weak phylogenetic signal,whereas the base number of chromosomes(x)had a strong phylogenetic signal.Furthermore,our analyses revealed a positive correlation between genome size and chromosome traits,indicating that the base number of chromosomes(x),chromosome size,and polyploidization may be primary contributors to genome expansion in ferns and lycophytes.Genome sizes in different habitat types varied significantly and were significantly correlated with habitat types;specifically,multinomial logistic regression indicated that species with larger 2 C values were more likely to be epiphytes.Terrestrial habitat is inferred to be ancestral for both extant ferns and lycophytes,whereas transitions to other habitat types occurred as the major clades emerged.Shifts in habitat types appear be followed by periods of genomic stability.Based on these results,we inferred that habitat type changes and multiple whole-genome duplications have contributed to the formation of large genomes of ferns and their allies during their evolutionary history.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.81172942).
文摘Tetrahydrocurcumin(THC)is a major metabolite of curcumin and plays an important role in curcumin-induced biological effects.THC is a promising preventive and chemotherapeutic agent for cancer.A series of new pyrazole derivatives of THC have been synthesized as potent anticancer agents.Direct condensation of THC with various substituted hydrazines leads to new pyrazole derivatives of THC(1-18).The prepared compounds have been evaluated via in vitro MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)assay for their cell proliferation-inhibitory activity against human lung adenocarcinoma(A549),human cervical carcinoma(HeLa)and human breast carcinoma(MCF-7)cells.Most derivatives show significantly higher anticancer activity against all three tested cancer cell lines than the parent compound THC.Several compounds(7,8,12,13 and 15)display promising anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values ranging from 5.8 to 9.3 iM.The most active compound(8)is substituted with 4-bromophenyl group at the pyrazole ring and inhibits the growth of all three tested cancer cell lines with an IC50 values of(8.0 iM,A549),(9.8 iM,HeLa)and(5.8 iM,MCF-7).The obtained compounds can be a good starting point for the development of new lead molecules in the fight against cancer.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants no.31170217 and 31370268 to S.-X.Luo)the Chinese Academy of Sciences’"The Belt and Road"Master Fellowship Programme for providing P.Chheang a fully funded master’s scholarship。
文摘Glochidion(Phyllanthaceae;leafflower trees)is a genus of trees which is widely reported to be pollinated by leafflower moths(Gracillariidae:Epicephala)in temperate and subtropical Asia,Australia,and the Pacific islands.However,the pollination ecology of Glochidion is not well described from tropical Asia,the region where it is most species-rich at both local(<9 spp.)and regional(~200 spp.)scales.Here we report investigations of pollination biology and species-specificity of five Glochidion species in tropical Southeast Asia(Cambodia).Through nocturnal observations and fruit dissections,we find that at least three and likely five Glochidion species in Cambodia are pollinated by seed-parasitic leafflower moths.We find no evidence that any of these leafflower moths are non-mutualistic parasites,despite known examples of such parasites of this mutualism elsewhere in Asia.While the presence of a single larva in a fruit results in only a fraction of seeds being consumed,the presence of more than one larva per fruit-a frequent occurrence in some species—can result in almost all seeds within the fruit being infested.Multilocus phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are five different minimally monophyletic leafflower moth clades,each of which pollinates a unique Glochidion host species.Our results indicate that in its center of diversity in tropical Asia this system is an obligate pollination mutualism as previously described at the global margins of its distribution.These findings provide insights into the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity and maintain mutualism stability in plant-insect interactions in this biodiversity hotspot.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772371,32071810)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2021A1515011258)。
文摘Fruits,as the reproductive organs of many higher plants,are an integral part of a balanced diet,providing rich nutrients and bioactive substances for our health.Over the years,the research on fruit development,quality formation and stress response has deepened,which sheds light on the regulatory mechanism and application of fruit quality improvement.Among the many regulatory factors,microRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of short non-coding RNAs,ranging from 20 to 24-nt,which post-transcriptionally regulate target gene expression.miRNAs and their functions have been extensively examined in plants especially in model species,and they play critical roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in response to endogenous developmental signals and external environmental cues,respectively.In fruit crops,the function of miRNAs and their regulation have also been under intensive study.In particular,the novel roles of miRNAs that have not been revealed in the model annual species have been unraveling,which reflect the genetic,physiological,and developmental complexity of gene regulation in fruit crops.Here we review the current research progress achieved,specifically in fruit crops,with a focus on the function of miRNAs in the control of fruit development and quality as well as response to various stresses.The future prospects of miRNAs for quality-targeted fruit breeding are also discussed.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270218 and 31970231).
文摘The plastid is widely present in algae and plants with important functions in the process of photosynthesis,carbon fixation,and stress response(Shi et al.,2022).Despite the consistency between plastid genomes in plants,size variation of the plastid genome,gene loss,structure changes,and pseudogenes have been frequently observed(Ivanova et al.,2017).Plastid genome has currently shown a wide application in research of phylogeny,populations and biogeography in combination with nucleus genome(Wang et al.,2021).
文摘Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our understanding of China's flora,including the biodiversity and biogeography of Dulong Valley and the Gaoligong Mountains,as well as the vegetation of plateau lakes and wetlands in Southwest China.Professor Heng Li received her Bachelor's degree in Russian from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1956 and immediately joined the Institute of Geography(now Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research),Chinese Academy of Sciences,as a Russian translator.In 1961,Prof.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32070237,31261140366)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB31000000).
文摘Banana is one of the most important crops of the world.Cavendish-type bananas,which have a monospecific Musa acuminata origin(AAA),account for around half of the global banana production,thereby are of great significance for human societies.However,until now,the high-quality haplotype-resolved reference genome was still undecoded for banana cultivars.Here,we reported the telomere-to-telomere(T2T)and haplotype-resolved reference genome of‘Baxijiao’(Cavendish)consisting of three haploid assemblies.The sizes of the three haploid assemblies were estimated to be 477.16 Mb,477.18 Mb,and 469.57 Mb,respectively.Although with monospecific origins,the three haploid assemblies showed great differences with low levels of sequence collinearity.Several large reciprocal translocations were identified among chromosomes 1,4,and 7.An expansion of gene families that might affect fruit quality and aroma was detected,such as those belonging to sucrose/disaccharide/oligosaccharide catabolic processes,sucrose metabolic process,starch metabolic process,and aromatic compound biosynthetic process.Besides,an expansion of gene families related to anther and pollen development was observed,which could be associated with parthenocarpy and sterility of the Cavendish cultivar.Finally,much fewer resistance genes were identified in‘Baxijiao’than in M.acuminata,particularly in the gene clusters in chromosomes 3 and 10,providing potential targets to explore for molecular analysis of disease resistance in banana.This T2T haplotype-resolved reference genome will thus be a valuable genetic resource for biological studies,molecular breeding,and genetic improvement of banana.
基金The authors acknowledge support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(no.2019YFD1000400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31700618)+2 种基金the Outstanding Young Scientific Research Talent Project of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(no.xjq201910)the Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilizati on Construction Funds(nos.115/118990050,115/KJG18016A)the Furopean Research Council(ERC)under the Furopean Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(grant agreement No 833522).
文摘The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms.The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation,floral morphology,and flower scent traits.Here,a chromosomescale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium(Jianlan)is presented.Comparative genomic analysis showed that C.ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events,the most recent of which was shared by all orchids,while the older event was the t event shared by most monocots.The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation,and flower shape mutations in C.ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes.The most abundant floral scent components identi fied included methyl jasmonate,acacia alcohol and linalool,and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C.ensifolium were determined.Furthermore,the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves,while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves.Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversi fication.
基金supported by an NSFC grant (No.31470423) and a special fund for natural resources affairs (2019KJCX027) from Forest Administration of Guangdong Province,China.
文摘Air pollution adversely affects skin,leading to skin inflammation and premature skin aging.Plant derived antioxidant compounds have been considered to be promising in discovery of effective agents for the protection of skin from the damage by air pollutants.Our previous studies demonstrated that Averrhoa carambola fruit(known as star fruit)is rich in flavonoid C-glycosides with unique structures and potent antioxidant activity.Thus,the star fruit extract(SFE)and main flavonoid C-glycoside components,carambolasides I,J,and P(1-3),carambolaflavone B(4),and isovitexin 2″-O-α-l-rhamnoside(5),were investigated for the activity against air pollutant stress in human epidermis.As a result,SFE and compounds 1-5 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against protein carbonylation in oxidative-stressed stratum corneum with the best activity being shown by compound 3.SFE and compounds 2-5 were also active against engine exhaust-induced protein carbonylation in stratum corneum.When further evaluated,SFE and com-pound 3 significantly inhibited gene expression of the key inflammation mediators IL-1αand COX-2 in PM-stressed keratinocytes.The results indicated that SFE and the flavonoid C-glycosides are potentially effective against air pollutant-induced skin inflammation and premature aging.
基金supported by NSFC Grants(Nos.81172942 and 81872773).
文摘Eight new diarylheptanoids,coriandralpinins A-H(1-8),were isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia coriandriodora,an edible plant of the ginger family.Their structures,including the absolute configurations,were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations.Compounds 1-8 have a 1,5-O-bridged diarylheptanoid structure featuring polyoxygenated aryl units.When evaluated for intracellular antioxidant activity using t-BHP stressed RAW264.7 mac-rophages,all these compounds scavenged reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a concentration-dependent manner.Compounds 3 and 5 also showed inhibitory activity against NO release in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.Six known flavonols,7,4′-di-O-methylkaempferol,7-O-methylquercetin,7,4′-di-O-methylquercetin,7,3′,4′-tri-O-methylquercetin,kaempferol 3-O-β-d-(6-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)glucopyranoside,and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranuronosylquercetin were also isolated and characterized from the rhizomes.
文摘Bifenthrin(BF) is an important type I synthetic fluorinated pyrethroid insecticide and acaricide.Previous investigations have indicated that the metabolisms of BF in human cells were through oxidative processes,and cytotoxicity was induced by the oxidative stress.In this study,the protective effects of EGCG,which is a major individual of green tea polyphenols,on the human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line HFL-I exposed to BF were investigated.The results showed that BF could induce oxidative stress leading to cytotoxicity in HFL-I cells.The pretreatment of EGCG at low concentrations significantly recovered the cell viability and morphology,inhibited excess generation of ROS,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and avoided loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.The results suggested that EGCG might eliminate the BF-induced damage in HFL-I cells.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270340,31200225,30800624)Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(YZ201227)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant NO.KSZD-EW-Z-004)Grant from Zhongning County
文摘Medicinal plants are popular and widely used as a major source of herbal drugs and pharmaceutical compounds. Ever-growing demands make medicinal plants faced to several problems including efficacy and safety to meet business requirements, conservation, and artificially assisted breeding. As a powerful molecular tool, microsatellites offer the great potentials for various purposes in plants. This review provides a scenario of microsatellites in medicinal plants including development from genomic or expressed sequence tag libraries, cross-species transferability, genotyping, and potential applications. We emphasized on the authentication of medicinal plants by microsatellite markers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770726)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0400904)
文摘Litchi(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)and longan(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)fruits have a succulent and white aril with a brown seed and are becoming popular worldwide.The two fruits have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as popular herbs in the treatment of neural pain,swelling,and cardiovascular disease.The pericarp and seed portions as the by-products of litchi and longan fruits are estimated to be approximately 30%of the dry weight of the whole fruit and are rich in bioactive constituents.In the recent years,many biological activities,such as tyrosinase inhibitory,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,anti-glycated,and anti-cancer activities,as well as memory-increasing effects,have been reported for the litchi and longan pericarp and seed extracts,indicating a potentially significant contribution to human health.With the increasing production of litchi and longan fruits,enhanced utilization of the two fruit by-products for their inherent bioactive constituents in relation to pharmacological effects is urgently needed.This paper reviews the current advances in the extraction,processing,identification,and biological and pharmacological activities of constituents from litchi and longan by-products.Potential utilization of litchi and longan pericarps and seeds in relation to further research is also discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC3100405)the Science and Technology Basic Works Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2013FY111200)+2 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Natural Resource Affairs on Ecology and Forestry Construction(GDZZDC20228704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070222)the National Science Foundation of USA(DEB-1342754 and DEB-1856318)。
文摘Despite much research in the field of island biogeography,mechanisms regulating insular diversity remain elusive.Here,we aim to explore mechanisms underlying plant species-area relationships in two tropical archipelagoes in the South China Sea.We found positive plant species-area relationships for both coral and continental archipelagoes.However,our results showed that different mechanisms contributed to similar plant species-area relationships between the two archipelagoes.For coral islands,soil nutrients and spatial distance among communities played major roles in shaping plant community structure and species diversity.By contrast,the direct effect of island area,and to a lesser extent,soil nutrients determined plant species richness on continental islands.Intriguingly,increasing soil nutrients availability(N,P,K)had opposite effects on plant diversity between the two archipelagoes.In summary,the habitat quality effect and dispersal limitation are important for regulating plant diversity on coral islands,whereas the passive sampling effect,and to a lesser extent,the habitat quality effect are important for regulating plant diversity on continental islands.More generally,our findings indicate that island plant species-area relationships are outcomes of the interplay of both niche and neutral processes,but the driving mechanisms behind these relationships depends on the type of islands.
基金supported by South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (QNXM-202301)International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (068GJHZ2022055FN)+1 种基金Department of Science and Technology of Guangzhou (202102080496)Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (2022A0505030007)。
文摘The field of evolutionary biology has been revolutionized by phylogenomic approaches in the last decades. However, with the ever-increasing size and scope of molecular data collection, conflicting genealogies may be yielded based on different datasets and analytical approaches, a phenomenon known as cytonuclear discordance(Figure 1A and B).
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100217)
文摘The discovery of the enzyme L,L‐diaminopimelate aminotransferase（LL‐DAP‐AT, EC 2.6.1.83） uncovered a unique step in the L‐lysine biosynthesis pathway in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, LL‐DAP‐AT has been shown to play a key role in plant‐pathogen interactions by regulation of the salicylic acid（SA） signaling pathway. Here, a full‐length cDNA of LL‐DAP‐AT named as LjALD1 from Lotus japonicus（Regel）Larsen was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 67% identity with the Arabidopsis aminotransferase AGD2‐LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1（AtALD1） and is predicted to contain the same key elements： a conserved aminotransferase domain and a pyridoxal‐5＇‐phosphate cofactor binding site.Quantitative real‐time PCR analysis showed that LjALD1 was expressed in all L. japonicus tissues tested, being strongest in nodules. Expression was induced in roots that had been infected with the symbiotic rhizobium Mesorhizobium loti or treated with SA agonist benzo‐（1, 2, 3）‐thiadiazole‐7‐carbothioic Researchacid. LjALD1 Knockdown exhibited a lower SA content, an increased number of infection threads and nodules, and a slight reduction in nodule size. In addition, compared with wild‐type,root growth was increased and shoot growth was suppressed in LjALD1 RNAi plant lines. These results indicate that LjALD1 may play important roles in plant development and nodulation via SA signaling in L. japonicus.
文摘The article offers additional floral morphology of a Costaceae species recently described from Yunnan,namely Parahellenia malipoensis Juan Chen,L.Y.Zeng,S.Jin Zeng&N.H.Xia.This species is readily distinguished from other Parahellenia species by distinctive morphological characters,such as very small stature,unbranched stems,small and plicate leaf blades,small inflorescences and bract with a soft spine at apex,small flowers,and notably short yellow anther crest ornamented with dark red lines.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0801102)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870198 and 31400278).
文摘The Asteraceae (Compositae),a large plant family of approximately 24 000-35 000 species,accounts for^10% of all angiosperm species and contributes a lot to plant diversity.The most representative members of the Asteraceae are the economically important chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum L.)that diversified through reticulate evolution.Biodiversity is typically created by multiple evolutionary mechanisms such as wholegenome duplication 0NGD)or polyploidization and locally repetitive genome expansion.However,the lack of genomic data from chrysanthemum species has prevented an in-depth analysis of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their diversification.Here,we used Oxford Nanopore long-read technologyto sequence the diploid Chrysanthemum nankingense genome,which represents one of the progenitor genomes of domesticated chrysanthemums.Our analysis revealed that the evolution of the C.nankingense genome was driven by bursts of repetitive element expansion and WGD events including a recentWGD that distinguishes chrysanthemum from sunflower,which diverged from chrysanthemum approximately 38.8 million years ago.Variations of ornamental and medicinal traits in chrysanthemums are linked to the expansion of candidate gene families by duplication events including paralogous gene duplication.Collectively,our study of the assembled reference genome offers new knowledge and resources to dissect the history and pattern of evolution and diversification of chrysanthemum plants,and also to accelerate their breeding and improvement.
