Various biotic and abiotic stresses threaten the cultivation of future agricultural crops.Among these stresses,heat stress is a major abiotic stress that substantially reduces agricultural productivity.Many strategies...Various biotic and abiotic stresses threaten the cultivation of future agricultural crops.Among these stresses,heat stress is a major abiotic stress that substantially reduces agricultural productivity.Many strategies to enhance heat stress tolerance of crops have been developed,among which is grafting.Here,we show that Momordica-grafted cucumber scions have intrinsically enhanced chlorophyll content,leaf area,and net photosynthetic rate under heat stress compared to plants grafted onto cucumber rootstock.To investigate the mechanisms by which Momordica rootstock enhanced cucumber scions heat stress tolerance,comparative proteomic analysis of cucumber leaves in response to rootstock-grafting and/or heat stress was conducted.Seventy-seven differentially accumulated proteins involved in diverse biological processes were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE)in conjunction with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS).The following four main categories of proteins were involved:photosynthesis(42.8%),energy and metabolism(18.2%),defense response(14.3%),and protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis(11.7%).Proteomic analysis revealed that scions grafted onto Momordica rootstocks upregulated more proteins involved in photosynthesis compared to scions grafted onto cucumber rootstocks under heat stress and indicated enhanced photosynthetic capacity when seedlings were exposed to heat stress.Furthermore,the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in plants grafted onto Momordica rootstocks significantly increased in response to heat stress.In addition,increased high-temperature tolerance of plants grafted onto Momordica rootstock was associated with the accumulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1(OEE1).Taken together,the data indicated that Momordica rootstock might alleviate growth inhibition caused by heat stress by improving photosynthesis,providing valuable insight into enhancing heat stress tolerance in the global warming epoch.展开更多
Supercritical carbon dioxide （SC-CO2） extraction was employed to extract oil from Nigella glandulifera Freyn seed in this study. Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to evaluate the effects of the proces...Supercritical carbon dioxide （SC-CO2） extraction was employed to extract oil from Nigella glandulifera Freyn seed in this study. Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to evaluate the effects of the process parameters （pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate） on oil yield of N. glandulifera seed. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The analysis of variance indicated that the linear coefficients of pressure and CO2 flow rate, the quadratic term coefficients of pressure and temperature and the interactions between pressure and temperature, as well as temperature and CO2 flow rate, had significant effects on the oil yield （P〈0.05）. The optimal conditions to obtain the maximum oil yield from N. glandulifera seed were pressure 30.84 MPa, temperature 40.57°C, and CO2 flow rate 22.00 L h-1. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of oil was predicted to be 38.19%. The validation experiment results agreed with the predicted values. The fatty acid composition of N. glandulifera seed oil extracted using SC-CO2 was compared with that of oil obtained by Soxhlet method. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of oil extracted by the two methods were similar. Identification of oil compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） showed that the contents of unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid （48.30%）, oleic acid （22.28%） and saturated fatty acids palmitic acid （16.65%）, stearic acid （4.17%） were the most abundant fatty acids in seed oil from N. glandulifera.展开更多
Mitochondria are the energy sources of plant cells and are involved in regulating cell development.Ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur protein,which is necessary for mitochondrial respiration,is a subunit of...Mitochondria are the energy sources of plant cells and are involved in regulating cell development.Ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur protein,which is necessary for mitochondrial respiration,is a subunit of mitochondrial electron transport chain multimeric enzyme complexes.To better understand the biological function of the ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase iron–sulfur protein,the full-length cDNA of BcRISP1 was cloned;it was found to contain 810 base pairs and encode 269 amino acids.Unusually,high expression of the BcRISP1 gene in the archesporial cell stages was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis of cytoplasmic male sterile lines and maintainer lines.The seed set was affected by the overexpression of BcRISP1,and shorter siliques with lower seed sets were observed in 35S::BcRISP1 Arabidopsis plants.These characteristics may have resulted from the reduced formation of pollen and impaired pollen tube growth.qRT-PCR results revealed that in 35S::BcRISP1 plants,the expression levels of the mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes,COX10 and RIP1,were enhanced,whereas the expression levels of QCR7 and SDH2-1 were reduced.This result implies that overexpression of BcRISP1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants may disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain by affecting the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes and therefore,reducing the seed set.展开更多
The exocyst is a conserved protein complex,and required for vesicles tethering,fusion and polarized exocytosis.Exo70A1,the exocyst subunit,is essential for assembly of the exocyst complex.To better understand potentia...The exocyst is a conserved protein complex,and required for vesicles tethering,fusion and polarized exocytosis.Exo70A1,the exocyst subunit,is essential for assembly of the exocyst complex.To better understand potential roles of Exo70A1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage（Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis）,we obtained the full-length cDNA of Exo70A1 gene,which consisted of 1 917 bp and encoded a protein of 638 amino acids.BlastX showed BcExo70A1 shared 94.9% identity with Brassica oleracea var.acephala（AEI26267.1）,and clustered into a same group with other homologues in B.oleracea var.acephala and Brassica napus.Subcellular localization analysis showed BcExo70A1 was localized to punctate structures in cytosol of onion epithelial cells.Results showed that BcExo70A1 was widely presented in stamens,young stems,petals,unpollinated pistils,roots and leaves of self compatible and incompatible plants.The transcripts of BcExo70A1 in non- heading Chinese cabbage declined during initial 1.5 h after incompatible pollination,while an opposite trend was presented after compatible pollination.Our study reveals that BcExo70A1 could play essential roles in plant growth and development,and is related to the rejection of self pollen in non-heading Chinese cabbage.展开更多
Transglutaminases(TGases),which are widespread cross-linking enzymes in plants,play key roles in photosynthesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses;however,evidence concerning the genetics underlying how TGase improve...Transglutaminases(TGases),which are widespread cross-linking enzymes in plants,play key roles in photosynthesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses;however,evidence concerning the genetics underlying how TGase improves the capability of photosynthesis and the mechanism of TGase-mediated photosynthesis are not clear in this crop species.In this study,we clarified the function of TGase in the regulation of photosynthesis in tomato by comparing wild-type(WT)plants,tgase mutants generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system and TGase-overexpressing(TGaseOE)plants.Our results showed that increasing the transcript level of TGase resulted in an enhanced net photosynthetic rate(Pn),whereas the tgase mutants presented significantly inhibited Pns and CO2 assimilation compared with the WT.Although the total RuBisCO activity was not affected by TGase,the initial and activation status of RuBisCO and the activity of RuBisCO activase(RCA)and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase)in TGaseOE plants were significantly higher than that in WT plants.Except for RuBisCO small subunit(RbcS),the transcription levels of Benson–Calvin cycle-related genes were positively related to the endogenous TGase activity.Furthermore,TGaseOE plants had higher protein levels of RuBisCO large subunit(RbcL)and RCA than did WT plants and showed a reduced redox status by enhancing the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR)and glutathione reductase(GR),which was compromised in TGasedeficient plants.Overall,TGase positively regulated photosynthesis by maintaining the activation states of the Benson–Calvin cycle and inducing changes in cellular redox homeostasis in tomato.展开更多
Non-heading Chinese cabbage （Brassica carnpestris ssp. chinensis Makino） is one of the most important vegetables in eastern China. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 127 doubled haploid （DH） lines, and th...Non-heading Chinese cabbage （Brassica carnpestris ssp. chinensis Makino） is one of the most important vegetables in eastern China. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 127 doubled haploid （DH） lines, and the DH population was derived from a commercial hybrid ＂Hanxiao＂ （lines SW-13 x L-118）. Out of the 614 polyrnorphic markers, 43.49% were not assigned to any of the linkage groups （LGs）. Chi-square tests showed that 42.67% markers were distorted from expected Mendelian segregation ratios, and the direction of distorted segregation was mainly toward the paternal parent L-118. After sequentially removing the markers that had an interval distance smaller than 1 cM from the upper marker, the overall quality of the linkage map was increased. Two hundred and sixty-eight molecular markers were mapped into 10 LGs, which were anchored to the corresponding chromosome of the B. rapa reference map based on com- mon simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. The map covers 973.38 cM of the genome and the average interval distance between markers was 3.63 cM. The number of markers on each LG ranged from 18 （R08） to 64 （R07）, with an average interval distance within a single LG from 1.70 cM （R07） to 6.71 cM （R06）. Among these mapped markers, 169 were sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） molecular markers, 50 were SSR markers and 49 were random amplification polymorphic DNA （RAPD） markers. With further saturation to the LG9 the current map offers a genetic tool for loci analysis for important agronomic traits.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31672199,No.31471869,and No.31401919)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23-B12)+1 种基金the Central Research Institutes of Basic Research Fund(KYZ201738)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Various biotic and abiotic stresses threaten the cultivation of future agricultural crops.Among these stresses,heat stress is a major abiotic stress that substantially reduces agricultural productivity.Many strategies to enhance heat stress tolerance of crops have been developed,among which is grafting.Here,we show that Momordica-grafted cucumber scions have intrinsically enhanced chlorophyll content,leaf area,and net photosynthetic rate under heat stress compared to plants grafted onto cucumber rootstock.To investigate the mechanisms by which Momordica rootstock enhanced cucumber scions heat stress tolerance,comparative proteomic analysis of cucumber leaves in response to rootstock-grafting and/or heat stress was conducted.Seventy-seven differentially accumulated proteins involved in diverse biological processes were identified by two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE)in conjunction with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF/TOF MS).The following four main categories of proteins were involved:photosynthesis(42.8%),energy and metabolism(18.2%),defense response(14.3%),and protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis(11.7%).Proteomic analysis revealed that scions grafted onto Momordica rootstocks upregulated more proteins involved in photosynthesis compared to scions grafted onto cucumber rootstocks under heat stress and indicated enhanced photosynthetic capacity when seedlings were exposed to heat stress.Furthermore,the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in plants grafted onto Momordica rootstocks significantly increased in response to heat stress.In addition,increased high-temperature tolerance of plants grafted onto Momordica rootstock was associated with the accumulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)and oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1(OEE1).Taken together,the data indicated that Momordica rootstock might alleviate growth inhibition caused by heat stress by improving photosynthesis,providing valuable insight into enhancing heat stress tolerance in the global warming epoch.
基金supported by the Public Welfare Industry (Agriculture) Research Program,China (200903018)
文摘Supercritical carbon dioxide （SC-CO2） extraction was employed to extract oil from Nigella glandulifera Freyn seed in this study. Response surface methodology （RSM） was applied to evaluate the effects of the process parameters （pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate） on oil yield of N. glandulifera seed. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The analysis of variance indicated that the linear coefficients of pressure and CO2 flow rate, the quadratic term coefficients of pressure and temperature and the interactions between pressure and temperature, as well as temperature and CO2 flow rate, had significant effects on the oil yield （P〈0.05）. The optimal conditions to obtain the maximum oil yield from N. glandulifera seed were pressure 30.84 MPa, temperature 40.57°C, and CO2 flow rate 22.00 L h-1. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of oil was predicted to be 38.19%. The validation experiment results agreed with the predicted values. The fatty acid composition of N. glandulifera seed oil extracted using SC-CO2 was compared with that of oil obtained by Soxhlet method. The results showed that the fatty acid compositions of oil extracted by the two methods were similar. Identification of oil compounds with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） showed that the contents of unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid （48.30%）, oleic acid （22.28%） and saturated fatty acids palmitic acid （16.65%）, stearic acid （4.17%） were the most abundant fatty acids in seed oil from N. glandulifera.
基金This work was supported by the‘973’Program(2012CB113903)the Priority Academic Program Development of Modern Horticultural Science in Jiangsu Province,the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(BO201300666)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20130673)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301782).
文摘Mitochondria are the energy sources of plant cells and are involved in regulating cell development.Ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase iron-sulfur protein,which is necessary for mitochondrial respiration,is a subunit of mitochondrial electron transport chain multimeric enzyme complexes.To better understand the biological function of the ubiquinol–cytochrome c reductase iron–sulfur protein,the full-length cDNA of BcRISP1 was cloned;it was found to contain 810 base pairs and encode 269 amino acids.Unusually,high expression of the BcRISP1 gene in the archesporial cell stages was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis of cytoplasmic male sterile lines and maintainer lines.The seed set was affected by the overexpression of BcRISP1,and shorter siliques with lower seed sets were observed in 35S::BcRISP1 Arabidopsis plants.These characteristics may have resulted from the reduced formation of pollen and impaired pollen tube growth.qRT-PCR results revealed that in 35S::BcRISP1 plants,the expression levels of the mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes,COX10 and RIP1,were enhanced,whereas the expression levels of QCR7 and SDH2-1 were reduced.This result implies that overexpression of BcRISP1 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants may disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain by affecting the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related genes and therefore,reducing the seed set.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2009CB119001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(KYZ201111)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK2011643)the Scientific Innovation Research of College Graduate of Jiangsu Province,China(CXLX11_0688)
文摘The exocyst is a conserved protein complex,and required for vesicles tethering,fusion and polarized exocytosis.Exo70A1,the exocyst subunit,is essential for assembly of the exocyst complex.To better understand potential roles of Exo70A1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage（Brassica campestris ssp.chinensis）,we obtained the full-length cDNA of Exo70A1 gene,which consisted of 1 917 bp and encoded a protein of 638 amino acids.BlastX showed BcExo70A1 shared 94.9% identity with Brassica oleracea var.acephala（AEI26267.1）,and clustered into a same group with other homologues in B.oleracea var.acephala and Brassica napus.Subcellular localization analysis showed BcExo70A1 was localized to punctate structures in cytosol of onion epithelial cells.Results showed that BcExo70A1 was widely presented in stamens,young stems,petals,unpollinated pistils,roots and leaves of self compatible and incompatible plants.The transcripts of BcExo70A1 in non- heading Chinese cabbage declined during initial 1.5 h after incompatible pollination,while an opposite trend was presented after compatible pollination.Our study reveals that BcExo70A1 could play essential roles in plant growth and development,and is related to the rejection of self pollen in non-heading Chinese cabbage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672199 and 31801902)the China Earmarked Fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-23-B12)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KJQN201928).
文摘Transglutaminases(TGases),which are widespread cross-linking enzymes in plants,play key roles in photosynthesis and abiotic/biotic stress responses;however,evidence concerning the genetics underlying how TGase improves the capability of photosynthesis and the mechanism of TGase-mediated photosynthesis are not clear in this crop species.In this study,we clarified the function of TGase in the regulation of photosynthesis in tomato by comparing wild-type(WT)plants,tgase mutants generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system and TGase-overexpressing(TGaseOE)plants.Our results showed that increasing the transcript level of TGase resulted in an enhanced net photosynthetic rate(Pn),whereas the tgase mutants presented significantly inhibited Pns and CO2 assimilation compared with the WT.Although the total RuBisCO activity was not affected by TGase,the initial and activation status of RuBisCO and the activity of RuBisCO activase(RCA)and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase(FBPase)in TGaseOE plants were significantly higher than that in WT plants.Except for RuBisCO small subunit(RbcS),the transcription levels of Benson–Calvin cycle-related genes were positively related to the endogenous TGase activity.Furthermore,TGaseOE plants had higher protein levels of RuBisCO large subunit(RbcL)and RCA than did WT plants and showed a reduced redox status by enhancing the activity of dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR)and glutathione reductase(GR),which was compromised in TGasedeficient plants.Overall,TGase positively regulated photosynthesis by maintaining the activation states of the Benson–Calvin cycle and inducing changes in cellular redox homeostasis in tomato.
基金supported by the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (No.2006AA10Z1C9)the National Natural Science Foundation (No.30671420)
文摘Non-heading Chinese cabbage （Brassica carnpestris ssp. chinensis Makino） is one of the most important vegetables in eastern China. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 127 doubled haploid （DH） lines, and the DH population was derived from a commercial hybrid ＂Hanxiao＂ （lines SW-13 x L-118）. Out of the 614 polyrnorphic markers, 43.49% were not assigned to any of the linkage groups （LGs）. Chi-square tests showed that 42.67% markers were distorted from expected Mendelian segregation ratios, and the direction of distorted segregation was mainly toward the paternal parent L-118. After sequentially removing the markers that had an interval distance smaller than 1 cM from the upper marker, the overall quality of the linkage map was increased. Two hundred and sixty-eight molecular markers were mapped into 10 LGs, which were anchored to the corresponding chromosome of the B. rapa reference map based on com- mon simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. The map covers 973.38 cM of the genome and the average interval distance between markers was 3.63 cM. The number of markers on each LG ranged from 18 （R08） to 64 （R07）, with an average interval distance within a single LG from 1.70 cM （R07） to 6.71 cM （R06）. Among these mapped markers, 169 were sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） molecular markers, 50 were SSR markers and 49 were random amplification polymorphic DNA （RAPD） markers. With further saturation to the LG9 the current map offers a genetic tool for loci analysis for important agronomic traits.
