In the past 30 years, Chinese enterprises have been a hot topic of discussion and concern among the general public in terms of economic and social status, ownership structure, business mechanism, and management level....In the past 30 years, Chinese enterprises have been a hot topic of discussion and concern among the general public in terms of economic and social status, ownership structure, business mechanism, and management level. Solving the problem of employment for the people is an important prerequisite for their peaceful living and work, as well as a prerequisite and foundation for building a harmonious society. The employment situation of private enterprises has always been of great concern to the outside world, and these two major jobs have always occupied an important position in the employment field of China that cannot be ignored. With the establishment of the market economy system, individual and private enterprises have become important components of the socialist economy, making significant contributions to economic development and social progress. The rapid development of China’s economy, on the one hand, is the embodiment of the superiority of China’s socialist market economic system, and on the other hand, it is the role of the tertiary industry and private enterprises in promoting the national economy. Since the 1990s, China’s private enterprises have become a new economic growth point for local and even national countries, and are one of the important ways to arrange employment and achieve social stability. This paper studies the employment of private enterprises and individuals from the perspective of statistics, extracts relevant data from China statistical Yearbook, uses the relevant knowledge of statistics to process the data, obtains the conclusion and puts forward relevant constructive suggestions.展开更多
This study uses DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province...This study uses DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes.The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types(farmland, grassland and build-up) declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from 0° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on >25° from 1993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics: Patch Density(PD) value, Largest Patch Index(LPI), Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI), Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index(AWMSI) and Contagion Index(CONTAG). The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.展开更多
The Buyi are a socio-linguistic group in Yunnan Province of southwest China that have a long history of using medicinal plants as part of their indigenous medical system.Given the limited written documentation of the ...The Buyi are a socio-linguistic group in Yunnan Province of southwest China that have a long history of using medicinal plants as part of their indigenous medical system.Given the limited written documentation of the Buyi indigenous medical system,the objective of this paper is to document the medicinal plants of the Buyi and associated traditional knowledge and transmission.Field research was conducted in four villages in Lubuge Township of Luoping County in Yunnan Province using ethnobotanical methodologies including participatory observation,semi-structured interviews,key informant interviews,and focus group discussions to elicit information on medicinal plants.In total,120 informants(including 15 key informants who are healers)were interviewed.This study found that a total of 121 medicinal plant species belonging to 64 families are used by the Buyi including by local healers to treat different diseases.Among the medicinal plants recorded in this study,56 species(46%)have not previously been documented in the scientific literature as having medicinal value,highlighting the pressing need for ethnobotanical documentation in indigenous communities.The most frequently used medicinal part was the leaf(24.9%of documented plants),and the most common preparation method was decoction(62.8%of medicinal).Medicinal plants were mainly used to treat rheumatism(12.4%of plants),trauma and injuries(9.6%).The documented plants are also used for other non-medicinal purposes including food,fodder,fencing,and ornamental.In addition,35 of the medicinal plants are considered poisonous and are used by local Buyi healers for medicine.The traditional Buyi beliefs and practices associated with the documented medicinal plants likely contributes to their conservation in the environments and around Buyi communities.This study further highlights that ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Buyi is at risk of disappearing due to increased introduction and use of modern medicine in Buyi communities,livelihood changes,rapid modernization,and urbanization.Research,policy,and community programs are urgently needed to conserve the biocultural diversity associated with the Buyi medical system including ethnobotanical knowledge towards supporting both environmental and human wellbeing.展开更多
Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could ...Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could be critical to the survival of some species.The activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in birds is a key physiological process that determines the onset of reproduction.Could birds change the HPG axis endocrine rhythm under the temperature rising condition?Methods: Using plasma LH level as an indicator of initiation of the reproductive endocrine and artificially controlling temperature, we compared variations in the timing of activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in response to temperature in two Chinese bird species, the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and the Great Tit(Parus major) at both the population and individual levels.Results: At the population level, temperature only significantly influenced LH level in the Eurasian Skylark, and had no significant effect on the LH levels in the Great Tit.Mean LH level of Eurasian Skylarks in the 20 ℃ group was higher than that of those in the 15 ℃ group throughout the experiment.Large individual variations in the timing of peak LH levels were observed in the high and the low temperature groups of both Eurasian Skylarks and Great Tits.Conclusions: These results indicate that the effects of temperature differ among species.Meanwhile, there appears to be a degree of within population polymorphism in the timing of reproductive endocrine axis activation in some species.This polymorphism could provide the variation required for bird populations to cope with the possible change of their food peak under the climate warming condition.展开更多
This study analyses the decoupling relationship between energy-related CO_(2) emissions and economic growth in China from 2000-2017 from the perspective of industrial structure using the LMDI method and Tapio decoupli...This study analyses the decoupling relationship between energy-related CO_(2) emissions and economic growth in China from 2000-2017 from the perspective of industrial structure using the LMDI method and Tapio decoupling model.The decoupling driving force was decomposed into emission,energy intensity,industrial structure,economic activity,and population factors.Studies have shown that the restructuring of China’s industries has not led to a significant increase in CO_(2) emissions.Specifically,from 2000 to 2017,China’s economic development and carbon emissions are generally in a weak decoupling state.Strong decoupling occurred from 2000 to 2001 and from 2013 to 2016.The industrial structure change has a substantial impact on the primary sector(agriculture),followed by the tertiary sector(services),while the impact on the secondary sector(industry)is negligible.The GDP contribution of the primary industry is small,but it is an indispensable guarantee for a country.With the development of agricultural mechanization and technology,human and animal power in this industry has been decreasing year by year,and large-scale planting has improved energy efficiency.The level of technology should be continuously strengthened to promote the decoupling of carbon emissions.The contribution of the secondary industry to GDP is around 40%,but the secondary industry accounts for more than 80%of CO_(2) emissions,mainly caused by the use of fossil energy.In 2017,fossil energy still accounted for about 86.2%of China’s energy consumption,so fossil energy remains the most critical energy source for China’s economic development.Coal,in turn,accounts for the largest share of fossil energy consumption.Therefore,emphasis should be placed on increasing technological innovation and conversion from fossil to non-fossil energy sources.The Chinese government considers the service industry a new engine for sustainable social and economic development.The contribution of the tertiary sector to GDP has increased from 2000 to 2017,followed by resource and environmental problems.Although the current share of CO_(2) emissions directly caused by the tertiary sector is not high,as the tertiary sector continues to grow,plans to reduce the decoupling of carbon emissions from the tertiary sector should be made in advance.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)cell spheroid models combined with mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)enables innovative investigation of in vivo-like biological processes under different physiological and pathological conditions.Her...Three-dimensional(3D)cell spheroid models combined with mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)enables innovative investigation of in vivo-like biological processes under different physiological and pathological conditions.Herein,airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization-MSI(AFADESI-MSI)was coupled with 3D HepG2 spheroids to assess the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of amiodarone(AMI).High-coverage imaging of>1100 endogenous metabolites in hepatocyte spheroids was achieved using AFADESI-MSI.Following AMI treatment at different times,15 metabolites of AMI involved in Ndesethylation,hydroxylation,deiodination,and desaturation metabolic reactions were identified,and according to their spatiotemporal dynamics features,the metabolic pathways of AMI were proposed.Subsequently,the temporal and spatial changes in metabolic disturbance within spheroids caused by drug exposure were obtained via metabolomic analysis.The main dysregulated metabolic pathways included arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism,providing considerable evidence for the mechanism of AMI hepatotoxicity.In addition,a biomarker group of eight fatty acids was selected that provided improved indication of cell viability and could characterize the hepatotoxicity of AMI.The combination of AFADESI-MSI and HepG2 spheroids can simultaneously obtain spatiotemporal information for drugs,drug metabolites,and endogenous metabolites after AMI treatment,providing an effective tool for in vitro drug hepatotoxicity evaluation.展开更多
The corporation law system of the United States is greatly different from the related rules and regulations of China.In this paper,the two sides are compared only in terms of director’s duties to corporation.Because ...The corporation law system of the United States is greatly different from the related rules and regulations of China.In this paper,the two sides are compared only in terms of director’s duties to corporation.Because of the demand of corporation for business specialization,the shareholders of corporation are divorced from the management of corporation affairs,and thus director’s duty of loyalty and duty of care to corporation are especially important for the interests of the corporation.In the stipulation of China for the two duties,however,specific discretion standards are absent,but also unreasonably aggravated duties of director have emerged.By comparing with the corporation law of the United States,the judgment for the reasonable and unreasonable aspects of Chinese corporation law is conducive to improve the duties of director in China.展开更多
Ecosystem services can be enhanced through ecological restoration,industrial structure adjustment,land-use optimization,and agricultural and forestry ecosystem transformation.The ecosystem services in hilly and mounta...Ecosystem services can be enhanced through ecological restoration,industrial structure adjustment,land-use optimization,and agricultural and forestry ecosystem transformation.The ecosystem services in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China are crucially needed to be enhanced since these regions are important ecological functional zones in China.However,due to its large area,it is not possible to simultaneously upgrade the ecosystem services for all areas,and therefore,priority areas need to be selected to individually upgrade the ecosystem service function.In this study,via an approach of combining remote sensing,geographic information system,and spatial statistics,we identify the priority areas that need to be upgraded based on the analysis of ecological sensitivity,importance of ecosystem service function,and decreased degree in ecosystem services.For five counties in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China,only less than 2% of the total area was identified as the first priority area;its land-use compositions were analyzed and recommendations on how to enhance ecosystem service were suggested.This approach overcomes the conflict and contradiction issues associated with identifying priority areas in previous studies and solves the problems of high cost or difficult implementation of priority areas.展开更多
In recent years,rural tourism in China vigorously developed,which promoted economic and social development in rural area. However,serious environmental problems appeared in the development process of rural tourism sin...In recent years,rural tourism in China vigorously developed,which promoted economic and social development in rural area. However,serious environmental problems appeared in the development process of rural tourism since rural tourism lacked effective and comprehensive supervision. These environmental problems included environmental pollution and ecological damage. However,environmental legal system about rural tourism had many problems,such as the lagged legislation,the absence of law enforcement supervision,imperfect judicial system and weak lawabiding awareness. Therefore,it became the solution to solve environmental problems brought by rural tourism in China,and was also the safeguard for promoting sustainable development of rural tourism in China to establish a sound legal system for rural tourism,implement strict law enforcement supervision of rural tourism,build litigation system of environmental public interest and enhance law-abiding awareness of rural tourism.For legal defects of regulating rural tourism and its induced environmental problems in China,we tried to perfect regulation of environmental law for rural tourism in China.展开更多
After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adj...After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.展开更多
Stocking and structural composition of a deciduous broad-leaved forest were determined to predict coarse woody debris quantity by quantifying the empirical relationships between these two attributes.The most ecologica...Stocking and structural composition of a deciduous broad-leaved forest were determined to predict coarse woody debris quantity by quantifying the empirical relationships between these two attributes.The most ecologically significant families by stem density were Salicaceae,Betulaceae,Fagaceae,and Aceraceae.P opulus davidiana was the most dominant species followed by B etula dahurica,Quercus mongolica,and Acer mono.The four species accounted for 69.5%of total stems.Numerous small-diameter species characterized the coarse woody debris showing a reversed J-shaped distribution.The coarse debris of P.davidiana,B.dahurica,and Q.mongolica mainly comprised the 10–20 cm size class,whereas A.mono debris was mainly in the 5–10 cm size class.The spatial patterns of different size classes of coarse woody debris were analyzed using the g-function to determine the size of the tree at its death.The results indicate that the spatial patterns at the 0–50 m scale shifted gradually from an aggregated to a random pattern.For some species,the larger coarse debris might change from an aggregated to a random distribution more easily.Given the importance of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems,its composition and patterns can improve understanding of community structure and dynamics.The aggregation pattern might be due to density dependence and self-thinning effects,as well as by succession and mortality.The four dominant species across the different size classes showed distinct aggregated distribution features at different spatial scales.This suggests a correlation between the dominant species population,size class,and aggregated distribution of coarse woody debris.展开更多
The egg yolks of birds contain most of the maternally derived materials required for embryo development and are an important factor influencing embryo development and offspring viability.Individual variation in egg-la...The egg yolks of birds contain most of the maternally derived materials required for embryo development and are an important factor influencing embryo development and offspring viability.Individual variation in egg-laying date frequently occurs in passerines inhabiting highly seasonal environments.Females laying in early and late stages of the breeding season encounter different environment temperatures and food conditions,which can affect the levels of metabolities in their bodies,thereby altering the transmission of these materials to the eggs.We test a hypothesis that yolk small molecule compounds of Asian Short-toed Lark(Alaudala cheleensis)could vary between early(mid-May)and late(mid-June)broods.Using the UHPLC-MS/MS method,683 compounds belonging to 21 compound groups are detected in the yolks.The contents of 18 compounds are significantly different between early and late broods.Ten differential compounds are significantly higher in the early laid eggs,among whichγ-aminobutyric acid,creatine,prostaglandins,palmitoleic acid,linoleic acid,and trans linoleic acid are related to low environment temperature response.The eggs laid in late stage exhibit significantly higher levels of 5-L-glutamyl-L-alanine andγ-glutamate-leucine,1,3-dimethyluric acid and mannose,which may be attributed to females in the late group consuming more insects.We suggest conducting a comprehensive investigation to reveal the yolk small molecule compounds mediated maternal effects on offspring phenotypes under varying ecological conditions.展开更多
In this paper,ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group within the borders of the People’s Republic of China;human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of intern...In this paper,ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group within the borders of the People’s Republic of China;human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of international human rights laws;legal principles mean the principles that all authoritative organizations,legislative organs,展开更多
The low-cost and efficient elimination of tetracycline from wastewater and to decrease the concentration in soils,sediments,rivers,underground water,or lakes are crucial to human health.Herein,threedimensional porous ...The low-cost and efficient elimination of tetracycline from wastewater and to decrease the concentration in soils,sediments,rivers,underground water,or lakes are crucial to human health.Herein,threedimensional porous carbon nanomaterials were synthesized using glucose and NH_(4)Cl by sugarblowing process at 900℃ and then oxidized under air atmosphere for surface functional group modification.The prepared 3D porous carbon nanomaterials were applied for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions.The sorption isotherms were well simulated by the Langmuir model,with the calculated sorption capacity of 2378 mg·g^(-1) for C-450 at pH=6.5,which was the highest value of today's reported materials.The porous carbon nanomaterials showed high stability at acidic conditions and selectivity in high salt concentrations.The good recycle ability and high removal efficiency of tetracycline from natural groundwater indicated the potential application of the porous carbon nanomaterials in natural environmental antibiotic pollution cleanup.The outstanding sorption properties were attributed to the structures,surface areas and functional groups,strong interactions such as H-bonding,π-π interaction,electrostatic attraction,etc.This paper highlighted the synthesis of porous carbon nanomaterials with high specific surfaces,high sorption capacities,stability,and reusability in organic chemicals'pollution treatment.展开更多
In the development of new drugs products,especially the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients,solubility and oral bioavailability are the main factors which are restricting the development of ...In the development of new drugs products,especially the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients,solubility and oral bioavailability are the main factors which are restricting the development of new drugs,whereas the physicochemical properties of active ingredients are the key element to affecting these factors.Pharmaceutical cocrystal provides an excellent opportunity to develop new drugs with excellent physical and chemical properties such as melting point,solubility,stability and bioavailability while retaining the pharmacological properties of individuals active pharmaceutical ingredients among pharmaceutical cocrystal compounds.Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets,mainly because it contains many active ingredients,like cocrystals thereof with many components.The active ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese herbal medicine have a wide range of pharmacological activities,but most of the active ingredients affect the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients due to their physical and chemical properties such as solubility.Traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystals can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of drugs without changing the internal structure of drugs,so as to provide a new scheme for the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients.This paper reviews the research progress of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystal.The preparation methods of cocrystals are summarized and the advantages of cocrystals are illustrated with examples.展开更多
Myanmar is one of the most biodiverse countries in the Asia-Pacific region due to a wide range of climatic and environmental heterogeneity.Floristic diversity in Myanmar is largely unknown,resulting in a lack of compr...Myanmar is one of the most biodiverse countries in the Asia-Pacific region due to a wide range of climatic and environmental heterogeneity.Floristic diversity in Myanmar is largely unknown,resulting in a lack of comprehensive conservation plans.We developed a database of higher plants in Myanmar derived from herbarium specimens and literature sources,and analyzed patterns of diversity inventories and collection inconsistencies,aiming to provide a baseline floristic data of Myanmar and act as a guide for future research efforts.We collected 1,329,354 records of 16,218 taxa.Results show that the collection densities at the township level was variable,with 5% of townships having no floristic collections.No ecoregion had an average collection density of greater than 1 specimen/km2and the lowest collection density was found in the Kayah-Karen Montane Rainforests,which covered 8% of Myanmar’s total area.The highest sampling densities were found in Mandalay Region,Chin State,and Yangon Region.Despite floristic collections over the past three centuries,knowledge of the distribution of the vast majority of plant taxa remained limited,particularly for gymnosperms,pteridophytes,and bryophytes.More botanical surveys and further analyses are needed to better describe Myanmar’s floristic diversity.An important strategy to promote knowledge of the biodiversity patterns in Myanmar is to improve the collection and digitalization of specimens and to strengthen cooperation among countries.展开更多
1.Figure 2:Repeat title-Incorrect title:(A)Density of sampling per cell.(B)Density of sampling per ecoregion.Terrestrial ecoregions classified into(1)Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests(A)Density of sampling per ce...1.Figure 2:Repeat title-Incorrect title:(A)Density of sampling per cell.(B)Density of sampling per ecoregion.Terrestrial ecoregions classified into(1)Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests(A)Density of sampling per cell.(B)Density of sampling per ecoregion.Terrestrial ecoregions classified into(1)Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests,(2)Eastern Himalayan Alpine Shrub And Meadows.展开更多
Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our un...Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our understanding of China's flora,including the biodiversity and biogeography of Dulong Valley and the Gaoligong Mountains,as well as the vegetation of plateau lakes and wetlands in Southwest China.Professor Heng Li received her Bachelor's degree in Russian from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1956 and immediately joined the Institute of Geography(now Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research),Chinese Academy of Sciences,as a Russian translator.In 1961,Prof.展开更多
Corydalis bungeana Turcz.(CB)is a medicinal herb with significant medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper reviews the progress of research on CB’s botany,quality control,phytochemistry,pharmacology...Corydalis bungeana Turcz.(CB)is a medicinal herb with significant medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper reviews the progress of research on CB’s botany,quality control,phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicity.The plant’s information was gathered from scientific databases such as PubMed,GeenMedical,Springer Link(https://link.springer.com),Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,Pharmacopoeia and Flora.Currently,137 phytochemicals have been identified and isolated from CB,including alkaloids,flavonoids,amino acids,terpenoids,coumarins and organic acids.In addition,many phytochemicals reported various antiinflammatory,antibacterial,antiviral,antitumor,analgesic,hepatoprotective,immunomodulatory,neuromodulatory,and lipid reduction activities.However,the study of its toxicity is still at the preliminary exploration stage and needs further intensive exploration.Herein,we provide an in-depth investigation of the progress of CB to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of activity of CB extracts and its major components,deliver valuable resources and information for further research and rational drug use,and explore the potential research directions and prospects of CB.展开更多
For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707...For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707 led to a growing concern for Scottish national identity.In The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,the famous Scottish-born biographer James Boswell chose to take advantage of Scottish literary heritage as a point of penetration to express his own Scottish national identity with Scotland in literature and Scottish literature.展开更多
文摘In the past 30 years, Chinese enterprises have been a hot topic of discussion and concern among the general public in terms of economic and social status, ownership structure, business mechanism, and management level. Solving the problem of employment for the people is an important prerequisite for their peaceful living and work, as well as a prerequisite and foundation for building a harmonious society. The employment situation of private enterprises has always been of great concern to the outside world, and these two major jobs have always occupied an important position in the employment field of China that cannot be ignored. With the establishment of the market economy system, individual and private enterprises have become important components of the socialist economy, making significant contributions to economic development and social progress. The rapid development of China’s economy, on the one hand, is the embodiment of the superiority of China’s socialist market economic system, and on the other hand, it is the role of the tertiary industry and private enterprises in promoting the national economy. Since the 1990s, China’s private enterprises have become a new economic growth point for local and even national countries, and are one of the important ways to arrange employment and achieve social stability. This paper studies the employment of private enterprises and individuals from the perspective of statistics, extracts relevant data from China statistical Yearbook, uses the relevant knowledge of statistics to process the data, obtains the conclusion and puts forward relevant constructive suggestions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31370480)111 Project (B08044)Minzu University of China (MUC98507-08)
文摘This study uses DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data and remote sensing maps of the study area in 1993, 1999, and 2009 to analyze the slope gradient change of land use patterns in Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou province, China. The land use data were classified into five types, forest, farmland, grassland, water and built-up, the slope gradients were divided into four grades. Indices for analyzing land use features were defined by their proportions, transformation matrixes, land use degree and changes.The results showed that all land use types can be found at every gradient. Generally, with the slope degree increased, the area of forest being augmented as well, while the area of the other land use types(farmland, grassland and build-up) declined. Moreover, a mass of farmland were shifted from other land use types from 0° to 25°, while a quantity of forest were transformed from the other land use types on >25° from 1993 to 2009. In terms of land use degree and changes, the area of farmland and buildup land use types decreased when slope degree increased. Finally, we calculated the five landscape pattern metrics: Patch Density(PD) value, Largest Patch Index(LPI), Shannon's Diversity Index(SHDI), Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index(AWMSI) and Contagion Index(CONTAG). The results of metricsanalysis showed that PD values, SHDI values and CONTA values had a similar variation trend, that is, they decreased when slope degree increased. There was no obvious variation trend on LPI value.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870316,31761143001)Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine(Minzu University of China)of Ministry of Education of China(KLEMZZ201906,KLEM-ZZ201904)+3 种基金Jiansheng Fresh Herb Medicine R&D Foundation(JSYY-20190101-043)Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(2019HJ2096001006)Minzu University of China(Collaborative Innovation Center for Ethnic Minority Development and YLDXXK201819)Ministry of Education of China and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs of China(B08044).
文摘The Buyi are a socio-linguistic group in Yunnan Province of southwest China that have a long history of using medicinal plants as part of their indigenous medical system.Given the limited written documentation of the Buyi indigenous medical system,the objective of this paper is to document the medicinal plants of the Buyi and associated traditional knowledge and transmission.Field research was conducted in four villages in Lubuge Township of Luoping County in Yunnan Province using ethnobotanical methodologies including participatory observation,semi-structured interviews,key informant interviews,and focus group discussions to elicit information on medicinal plants.In total,120 informants(including 15 key informants who are healers)were interviewed.This study found that a total of 121 medicinal plant species belonging to 64 families are used by the Buyi including by local healers to treat different diseases.Among the medicinal plants recorded in this study,56 species(46%)have not previously been documented in the scientific literature as having medicinal value,highlighting the pressing need for ethnobotanical documentation in indigenous communities.The most frequently used medicinal part was the leaf(24.9%of documented plants),and the most common preparation method was decoction(62.8%of medicinal).Medicinal plants were mainly used to treat rheumatism(12.4%of plants),trauma and injuries(9.6%).The documented plants are also used for other non-medicinal purposes including food,fodder,fencing,and ornamental.In addition,35 of the medicinal plants are considered poisonous and are used by local Buyi healers for medicine.The traditional Buyi beliefs and practices associated with the documented medicinal plants likely contributes to their conservation in the environments and around Buyi communities.This study further highlights that ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Buyi is at risk of disappearing due to increased introduction and use of modern medicine in Buyi communities,livelihood changes,rapid modernization,and urbanization.Research,policy,and community programs are urgently needed to conserve the biocultural diversity associated with the Buyi medical system including ethnobotanical knowledge towards supporting both environmental and human wellbeing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31372225)Fund of Minzu University of China(No.ydzxxk201619)"111" Project(2008-B0844)
文摘Background: Global warming caused trophic mismatch has affected the breeding success, and even the survival, of some bird species.The ability of birds to accelerate their reproduction onset in the warmer spring could be critical to the survival of some species.The activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in birds is a key physiological process that determines the onset of reproduction.Could birds change the HPG axis endocrine rhythm under the temperature rising condition?Methods: Using plasma LH level as an indicator of initiation of the reproductive endocrine and artificially controlling temperature, we compared variations in the timing of activation of the reproductive endocrine axis in response to temperature in two Chinese bird species, the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis) and the Great Tit(Parus major) at both the population and individual levels.Results: At the population level, temperature only significantly influenced LH level in the Eurasian Skylark, and had no significant effect on the LH levels in the Great Tit.Mean LH level of Eurasian Skylarks in the 20 ℃ group was higher than that of those in the 15 ℃ group throughout the experiment.Large individual variations in the timing of peak LH levels were observed in the high and the low temperature groups of both Eurasian Skylarks and Great Tits.Conclusions: These results indicate that the effects of temperature differ among species.Meanwhile, there appears to be a degree of within population polymorphism in the timing of reproductive endocrine axis activation in some species.This polymorphism could provide the variation required for bird populations to cope with the possible change of their food peak under the climate warming condition.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China[Grant No.NSFC71972011)Beijing Wuzhou Shitong International Business Consulting Co.[Grant No.202122141024A].
文摘This study analyses the decoupling relationship between energy-related CO_(2) emissions and economic growth in China from 2000-2017 from the perspective of industrial structure using the LMDI method and Tapio decoupling model.The decoupling driving force was decomposed into emission,energy intensity,industrial structure,economic activity,and population factors.Studies have shown that the restructuring of China’s industries has not led to a significant increase in CO_(2) emissions.Specifically,from 2000 to 2017,China’s economic development and carbon emissions are generally in a weak decoupling state.Strong decoupling occurred from 2000 to 2001 and from 2013 to 2016.The industrial structure change has a substantial impact on the primary sector(agriculture),followed by the tertiary sector(services),while the impact on the secondary sector(industry)is negligible.The GDP contribution of the primary industry is small,but it is an indispensable guarantee for a country.With the development of agricultural mechanization and technology,human and animal power in this industry has been decreasing year by year,and large-scale planting has improved energy efficiency.The level of technology should be continuously strengthened to promote the decoupling of carbon emissions.The contribution of the secondary industry to GDP is around 40%,but the secondary industry accounts for more than 80%of CO_(2) emissions,mainly caused by the use of fossil energy.In 2017,fossil energy still accounted for about 86.2%of China’s energy consumption,so fossil energy remains the most critical energy source for China’s economic development.Coal,in turn,accounts for the largest share of fossil energy consumption.Therefore,emphasis should be placed on increasing technological innovation and conversion from fossil to non-fossil energy sources.The Chinese government considers the service industry a new engine for sustainable social and economic development.The contribution of the tertiary sector to GDP has increased from 2000 to 2017,followed by resource and environmental problems.Although the current share of CO_(2) emissions directly caused by the tertiary sector is not high,as the tertiary sector continues to grow,plans to reduce the decoupling of carbon emissions from the tertiary sector should be made in advance.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:21874156)the Chinese Academy of Medical Science(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant No.:2021-1-I2M-028).
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)cell spheroid models combined with mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)enables innovative investigation of in vivo-like biological processes under different physiological and pathological conditions.Herein,airflow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization-MSI(AFADESI-MSI)was coupled with 3D HepG2 spheroids to assess the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of amiodarone(AMI).High-coverage imaging of>1100 endogenous metabolites in hepatocyte spheroids was achieved using AFADESI-MSI.Following AMI treatment at different times,15 metabolites of AMI involved in Ndesethylation,hydroxylation,deiodination,and desaturation metabolic reactions were identified,and according to their spatiotemporal dynamics features,the metabolic pathways of AMI were proposed.Subsequently,the temporal and spatial changes in metabolic disturbance within spheroids caused by drug exposure were obtained via metabolomic analysis.The main dysregulated metabolic pathways included arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism,providing considerable evidence for the mechanism of AMI hepatotoxicity.In addition,a biomarker group of eight fatty acids was selected that provided improved indication of cell viability and could characterize the hepatotoxicity of AMI.The combination of AFADESI-MSI and HepG2 spheroids can simultaneously obtain spatiotemporal information for drugs,drug metabolites,and endogenous metabolites after AMI treatment,providing an effective tool for in vitro drug hepatotoxicity evaluation.
基金The Humanities and Social Science Research Fund Projects of the Ministry of Education for the Youth(No.09YJC820127)
文摘The corporation law system of the United States is greatly different from the related rules and regulations of China.In this paper,the two sides are compared only in terms of director’s duties to corporation.Because of the demand of corporation for business specialization,the shareholders of corporation are divorced from the management of corporation affairs,and thus director’s duty of loyalty and duty of care to corporation are especially important for the interests of the corporation.In the stipulation of China for the two duties,however,specific discretion standards are absent,but also unreasonably aggravated duties of director have emerged.By comparing with the corporation law of the United States,the judgment for the reasonable and unreasonable aspects of Chinese corporation law is conducive to improve the duties of director in China.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0505606)the Top Discipline and First-class University Construction Project(ydzxxk201618)of Minzu University of China。
文摘Ecosystem services can be enhanced through ecological restoration,industrial structure adjustment,land-use optimization,and agricultural and forestry ecosystem transformation.The ecosystem services in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China are crucially needed to be enhanced since these regions are important ecological functional zones in China.However,due to its large area,it is not possible to simultaneously upgrade the ecosystem services for all areas,and therefore,priority areas need to be selected to individually upgrade the ecosystem service function.In this study,via an approach of combining remote sensing,geographic information system,and spatial statistics,we identify the priority areas that need to be upgraded based on the analysis of ecological sensitivity,importance of ecosystem service function,and decreased degree in ecosystem services.For five counties in hilly and mountainous areas of southern China,only less than 2% of the total area was identified as the first priority area;its land-use compositions were analyzed and recommendations on how to enhance ecosystem service were suggested.This approach overcomes the conflict and contradiction issues associated with identifying priority areas in previous studies and solves the problems of high cost or difficult implementation of priority areas.
文摘In recent years,rural tourism in China vigorously developed,which promoted economic and social development in rural area. However,serious environmental problems appeared in the development process of rural tourism since rural tourism lacked effective and comprehensive supervision. These environmental problems included environmental pollution and ecological damage. However,environmental legal system about rural tourism had many problems,such as the lagged legislation,the absence of law enforcement supervision,imperfect judicial system and weak lawabiding awareness. Therefore,it became the solution to solve environmental problems brought by rural tourism in China,and was also the safeguard for promoting sustainable development of rural tourism in China to establish a sound legal system for rural tourism,implement strict law enforcement supervision of rural tourism,build litigation system of environmental public interest and enhance law-abiding awareness of rural tourism.For legal defects of regulating rural tourism and its induced environmental problems in China,we tried to perfect regulation of environmental law for rural tourism in China.
文摘After taking stock of China's four-decade reforms, this paper identifies the cyclical patterns of China's reforms, which consist of an intermediate cycle and three short cycles. The purpose of reform is to adjust the changing relations of production to changing productivity. China has adopted a gradualist approach of reform, and reform cycles have coincided with economic cycles. The cyclical changes of reform are of great significance to comprehensively deepening reforms in the new era: Downward pressures of the economy present the best window period for reform;a new cycle of reform will unveil a new economic cycle as well;the people's support is essential to pushing forward the cyclical movements of reform;and top-down design is essential to deepen reforms on all fronts.
基金supported by The National Science Foundation of China(31770567,31570630)。
文摘Stocking and structural composition of a deciduous broad-leaved forest were determined to predict coarse woody debris quantity by quantifying the empirical relationships between these two attributes.The most ecologically significant families by stem density were Salicaceae,Betulaceae,Fagaceae,and Aceraceae.P opulus davidiana was the most dominant species followed by B etula dahurica,Quercus mongolica,and Acer mono.The four species accounted for 69.5%of total stems.Numerous small-diameter species characterized the coarse woody debris showing a reversed J-shaped distribution.The coarse debris of P.davidiana,B.dahurica,and Q.mongolica mainly comprised the 10–20 cm size class,whereas A.mono debris was mainly in the 5–10 cm size class.The spatial patterns of different size classes of coarse woody debris were analyzed using the g-function to determine the size of the tree at its death.The results indicate that the spatial patterns at the 0–50 m scale shifted gradually from an aggregated to a random pattern.For some species,the larger coarse debris might change from an aggregated to a random distribution more easily.Given the importance of coarse woody debris in forest ecosystems,its composition and patterns can improve understanding of community structure and dynamics.The aggregation pattern might be due to density dependence and self-thinning effects,as well as by succession and mortality.The four dominant species across the different size classes showed distinct aggregated distribution features at different spatial scales.This suggests a correlation between the dominant species population,size class,and aggregated distribution of coarse woody debris.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32071515 to SZ)Graduate Research and Practice Projects of Minzu University of China(BZKY2022042).
文摘The egg yolks of birds contain most of the maternally derived materials required for embryo development and are an important factor influencing embryo development and offspring viability.Individual variation in egg-laying date frequently occurs in passerines inhabiting highly seasonal environments.Females laying in early and late stages of the breeding season encounter different environment temperatures and food conditions,which can affect the levels of metabolities in their bodies,thereby altering the transmission of these materials to the eggs.We test a hypothesis that yolk small molecule compounds of Asian Short-toed Lark(Alaudala cheleensis)could vary between early(mid-May)and late(mid-June)broods.Using the UHPLC-MS/MS method,683 compounds belonging to 21 compound groups are detected in the yolks.The contents of 18 compounds are significantly different between early and late broods.Ten differential compounds are significantly higher in the early laid eggs,among whichγ-aminobutyric acid,creatine,prostaglandins,palmitoleic acid,linoleic acid,and trans linoleic acid are related to low environment temperature response.The eggs laid in late stage exhibit significantly higher levels of 5-L-glutamyl-L-alanine andγ-glutamate-leucine,1,3-dimethyluric acid and mannose,which may be attributed to females in the late group consuming more insects.We suggest conducting a comprehensive investigation to reveal the yolk small molecule compounds mediated maternal effects on offspring phenotypes under varying ecological conditions.
文摘In this paper,ethnic minorities refer to the 55 minorities other than the Han ethnic group within the borders of the People’s Republic of China;human rights mean the human rights connotations within the ken of international human rights laws;legal principles mean the principles that all authoritative organizations,legislative organs,
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22276054)。
文摘The low-cost and efficient elimination of tetracycline from wastewater and to decrease the concentration in soils,sediments,rivers,underground water,or lakes are crucial to human health.Herein,threedimensional porous carbon nanomaterials were synthesized using glucose and NH_(4)Cl by sugarblowing process at 900℃ and then oxidized under air atmosphere for surface functional group modification.The prepared 3D porous carbon nanomaterials were applied for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions.The sorption isotherms were well simulated by the Langmuir model,with the calculated sorption capacity of 2378 mg·g^(-1) for C-450 at pH=6.5,which was the highest value of today's reported materials.The porous carbon nanomaterials showed high stability at acidic conditions and selectivity in high salt concentrations.The good recycle ability and high removal efficiency of tetracycline from natural groundwater indicated the potential application of the porous carbon nanomaterials in natural environmental antibiotic pollution cleanup.The outstanding sorption properties were attributed to the structures,surface areas and functional groups,strong interactions such as H-bonding,π-π interaction,electrostatic attraction,etc.This paper highlighted the synthesis of porous carbon nanomaterials with high specific surfaces,high sorption capacities,stability,and reusability in organic chemicals'pollution treatment.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81973977,No.81273872)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021JCXK02)supported this study.
文摘In the development of new drugs products,especially the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients,solubility and oral bioavailability are the main factors which are restricting the development of new drugs,whereas the physicochemical properties of active ingredients are the key element to affecting these factors.Pharmaceutical cocrystal provides an excellent opportunity to develop new drugs with excellent physical and chemical properties such as melting point,solubility,stability and bioavailability while retaining the pharmacological properties of individuals active pharmaceutical ingredients among pharmaceutical cocrystal compounds.Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has the characteristics of multiple pathways and multiple targets,mainly because it contains many active ingredients,like cocrystals thereof with many components.The active ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese herbal medicine have a wide range of pharmacological activities,but most of the active ingredients affect the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients due to their physical and chemical properties such as solubility.Traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystals can not only improve the physical and chemical properties of drugs without changing the internal structure of drugs,so as to provide a new scheme for the development of traditional Chinese medicine active ingredients.This paper reviews the research progress of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine pharmaceutical cocrystal.The preparation methods of cocrystals are summarized and the advantages of cocrystals are illustrated with examples.
基金supported the Professional Association of the Alliance of International Science Organizations (grant number ANSO-PA-2020-10)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,China (grant number XDA19050404)
文摘Myanmar is one of the most biodiverse countries in the Asia-Pacific region due to a wide range of climatic and environmental heterogeneity.Floristic diversity in Myanmar is largely unknown,resulting in a lack of comprehensive conservation plans.We developed a database of higher plants in Myanmar derived from herbarium specimens and literature sources,and analyzed patterns of diversity inventories and collection inconsistencies,aiming to provide a baseline floristic data of Myanmar and act as a guide for future research efforts.We collected 1,329,354 records of 16,218 taxa.Results show that the collection densities at the township level was variable,with 5% of townships having no floristic collections.No ecoregion had an average collection density of greater than 1 specimen/km2and the lowest collection density was found in the Kayah-Karen Montane Rainforests,which covered 8% of Myanmar’s total area.The highest sampling densities were found in Mandalay Region,Chin State,and Yangon Region.Despite floristic collections over the past three centuries,knowledge of the distribution of the vast majority of plant taxa remained limited,particularly for gymnosperms,pteridophytes,and bryophytes.More botanical surveys and further analyses are needed to better describe Myanmar’s floristic diversity.An important strategy to promote knowledge of the biodiversity patterns in Myanmar is to improve the collection and digitalization of specimens and to strengthen cooperation among countries.
文摘1.Figure 2:Repeat title-Incorrect title:(A)Density of sampling per cell.(B)Density of sampling per ecoregion.Terrestrial ecoregions classified into(1)Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests(A)Density of sampling per cell.(B)Density of sampling per ecoregion.Terrestrial ecoregions classified into(1)Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma Montane Forests,(2)Eastern Himalayan Alpine Shrub And Meadows.
文摘Professor Heng Li(李恒,March 9,1929-January 12,2023)was a legendary plant taxonomist and phytogeographer at the Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Fig.1).She made important contributions to our understanding of China's flora,including the biodiversity and biogeography of Dulong Valley and the Gaoligong Mountains,as well as the vegetation of plateau lakes and wetlands in Southwest China.Professor Heng Li received her Bachelor's degree in Russian from Beijing Foreign Studies University in 1956 and immediately joined the Institute of Geography(now Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research),Chinese Academy of Sciences,as a Russian translator.In 1961,Prof.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82260773)National Key R&D Program:Intergovernmental Cooperation in International Science and Technology Innovation(2022YFE0119300)+1 种基金Central Government Guided Local Scientific and Technological Development Project(2021ZY0015)Science and Technology Young Talents Development Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT22048).
文摘Corydalis bungeana Turcz.(CB)is a medicinal herb with significant medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine.This paper reviews the progress of research on CB’s botany,quality control,phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicity.The plant’s information was gathered from scientific databases such as PubMed,GeenMedical,Springer Link(https://link.springer.com),Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,Pharmacopoeia and Flora.Currently,137 phytochemicals have been identified and isolated from CB,including alkaloids,flavonoids,amino acids,terpenoids,coumarins and organic acids.In addition,many phytochemicals reported various antiinflammatory,antibacterial,antiviral,antitumor,analgesic,hepatoprotective,immunomodulatory,neuromodulatory,and lipid reduction activities.However,the study of its toxicity is still at the preliminary exploration stage and needs further intensive exploration.Herein,we provide an in-depth investigation of the progress of CB to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of activity of CB extracts and its major components,deliver valuable resources and information for further research and rational drug use,and explore the potential research directions and prospects of CB.
基金Graduate Research and Practice Projects of Minzu University of China(Project No.:SZKY2022084).
文摘For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707 led to a growing concern for Scottish national identity.In The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,the famous Scottish-born biographer James Boswell chose to take advantage of Scottish literary heritage as a point of penetration to express his own Scottish national identity with Scotland in literature and Scottish literature.
