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Are local plague endemicity and ecological characteristics of vectors and reservoirs related? A case study in north-east Tanzania 被引量:2
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作者 Anne LAUDISOIT Simon NEERINCKX +2 位作者 Rhodes H.MAKUNDI Herwig LEIRS Boris R.KRASNOV 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 北大核心 2009年第3期200-211,共12页
The pattern of plague endemicity in Tanzania is characterized by continuous re-appearance of the disease in some locations, while in other neighbouring villages the disease has never or seldom been observed. To unders... The pattern of plague endemicity in Tanzania is characterized by continuous re-appearance of the disease in some locations, while in other neighbouring villages the disease has never or seldom been observed. To understand the reasons for this pattern, we studied small mammal and flea species composition, diversity and relative abundances in two plague-endemic and two plague-free locations. We asked (a) whether fleas more abundant in plague-endemic locations differ in their characteristic abundance and the degree of their host specificity from fleas more abundant in plague-free locations and (b) whether hosts most abundant in p/ague-endemic locations differ in the diversity of their flea assemblages from hosts most abundant in p/ague-free locations. We characterized (a) each host species by species richness and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its flea assemblages and (b) each flea species by its mean abundance and size, and degree of taxonomic relatedness of its host spectrum and compared their relative abundances between locations. No significant difference between plague-endemic and plague-free locations in either host density or any variable related to flea abundance or diversity was found. However, there was marginally significant effect of taxonomic distinctness of a flea assemblage barboured by a host on its probability to be more abundant in either plague-endemic or plague-free locations. Furthermore, hosts more abundant in plague-endemic locations tended to harbour closely-related fleas. Finally, while opportunistic and specialist fleas were equally distributed in both sets of locations, fleas exploiting distantly-related hosts were found mainly in plague-free locations during the rainy season. We suggest that the observed patterns might arise due to seasonal and spatial differences in local microclimatic conditions and landscape connectivity [ Current Zoology 55 (3) : 200 - 211, 2009]. 展开更多
关键词 FLEA RODENT Landscape connectivity OPPORTUNISTIC PLAGUE Tanzania
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Phylogeography of the common hamster(Cricetus cricetus):paleoclimatic reconstructions of Late Pleistocene colonization
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作者 Natalia Yu.FEOKTISTOVA Ilya G.MESCHERSKY +4 位作者 Georgy I.SHENBROT Andrey Yu.PUZACHENKO Sergey I.MESCHERSKY Pavel L.BOGOMOLOV Alexey V.SUROV 《Integrative Zoology》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第3期581-599,共19页
INTRODUCTION Anthropogenic activities and associated factors such as climate change and habitat destruction are causing the ongoing sixth mass extinction on Earth,which is a major characteristic of the Anthropocene.Co... INTRODUCTION Anthropogenic activities and associated factors such as climate change and habitat destruction are causing the ongoing sixth mass extinction on Earth,which is a major characteristic of the Anthropocene.Collectively,these factors pose the most serious environmental threat to the existence of civilization because it is irreversible.More than 500 species of mammals were found to be on the brink of extinction and likely to be lost within 20 years(Ceballos et al.2020).One example is the common hamster Cricetus cricetus(Linnaeus,1758).In 2020,this species was classified as Critically Endangered across its global range by the IUCN Red List(Banaszek et al.2020).The protection status of the common hamster was elevated by 4 levels at once—from Least Concern to Critically Endangered.Although the causes behind the dramatic decline of the species are not fully understood,one may suppose it stems from the negative impact of habitat degradation and even climate change(Banaszek et al.2020). 展开更多
关键词 EXTINCTION SUPPOSE IRREVERSIBLE
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Using the movement patterns of reintroduced animals to improve reintroduction success 被引量:3
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作者 Oded BERGER-TAL David SALTZ 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第4期515-526,共12页
Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released int... Despite their importance to conservation, reintroductions are still a risky endeavor and tend to fail, highlighting the need for more efficient post-release monitoring techniques. Reintroduced animals are released into unfamiliar novel environ ments and must explore their surroundings to gain knowledge in order to survive. According to theory, knowledge gain should be followed by subsequent changes to the animal's movement behavior, making movement behavior an excellent indicator of reintroduction progress. We aim to conceptually describe a logical process that will enable the inclusion of behavior (in particular, movement behavior) in management decision-making post-reintroductions, and to do so, we provide four basic components that a manager should look for in the behaviors of released animals. The suggested components are release-site fidelity, recurring locations, proximity to other individuals, and individual variation in movement behavior. These components are by no means the only possible ones available to a manager, but they provide an efficient tool to understanding animals' decision-making based on ecological theory; namely, the exploration-exploitation trade-off that released animals go through, and which underlies their behavior. We demonstrate our conceptual approach using data from two ungulate species reintroduced in Israel: the Persian fallow deer Dama mesopotamica and the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx [Current Zoology 60 (4): 515-526, 2014] . 展开更多
关键词 Adaptive management Arabian oryx Conservation behavior Exploration-exploitation trade-off Persian fallow deer REINTRODUCTIONS
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Seasonal and habitat dependence of fleas parasitic on small mammals in Tanzania 被引量:1
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作者 Anne LAUDISOIT Herwig LEIRS +1 位作者 Rhodes MAKUNDI Boris Ronald KRASNOV 《Integrative Zoology》 SCIE CSCD 2009年第2期196-212,共17页
We investigated host and flea species composition across different habitats during dry and rainy seasons in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania.During both seasons,similarity in flea species composition increas... We investigated host and flea species composition across different habitats during dry and rainy seasons in the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania.During both seasons,similarity in flea species composition increased with an increase in the similarity in host species composition.Nevertheless,between-season within-habitat as well as within-season between-habitat similarity in host species composition was higher than similarity in flea species composition.Ordination of habitats according to their host and flea species composition demonstrated that the pattern of between-habitat similarity in both host and flea species composition varied seasonally.Despite the relatively rich mammal and flea fauna of the study region,the major contribution to variation in species composition between seasons and among habitats was due to a few species only.Flea assemblages on Lophuromys kilonzoi Verheyen et al.,2007 and Praomys delectorum Thomas,1910 in different habitats were equally similar in either season.In contrast,flea assemblages on Mastomys natalensis(Smith,1834)occurring in different habitats were more similar in the dry than in the rainy season,whereas the opposite was the case for fleas on Grammomys sp.In different hosts,the main differences in species composition of flea assemblages between seasons as well as among habitats were due to different flea species.Although our results support the earlier idea that parasite species composition is determined by both host species composition and habitat properties,the former appears to explain variance in flea species composition between localities in the tropics better than between localities in temperate and arid zones. 展开更多
关键词 Africa flea assemblages RODENTS SEASONAL tropical habitats.
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Adaptation to a novel host and performance trade-off in host-generalist and host-specific insect ectoparasites
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作者 Irina S.Khokhlova Luther van der Mescht +2 位作者 Elizabeth M.Warburton Nadezhda A.Stavtseva Boris R.Krasnov 《Insect Science》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2022年第2期567-580,共14页
We investigated the performance trade-offs of fleas(Siphonaptera)while adapting to a novel host using two host generalists(Xenopsylla conformis and Xenopsylla ramesis)and one host specialist(Parapulex chephrenis)maint... We investigated the performance trade-offs of fleas(Siphonaptera)while adapting to a novel host using two host generalists(Xenopsylla conformis and Xenopsylla ramesis)and one host specialist(Parapulex chephrenis)maintained on their principal hosts(Meriones crassus for Xenopsylla and Acomys cahirinus for P.chephrenis).We asked whether,over generations,(i)a host generalist may become a specialist by evolving the ability to exploit a novel host and losing the ability to exploit an original host and(ii)a host specialist can become a generalist by evolving the ability to exploit a novel host without losing the ability to exploit an original host.We established an experimental line of each species on a novel host(Acomys russatus for Xenopsylla and M.crassus for P.chephrenis)and maintained this line on this host during 23 generations.We compared reproductive performance of progenitors of each line and their descendants when they exploited either original or novel host in terms of egg number and size,hatching success,offspring production,and offspring size.We found changes in performance over generations in female offspring size only.Xenopsylla conformis demonstrated a tendency to become a host specialist(increased performance on the novel host with a concomitant decreased performance on the original host),whereas P.chephrenis demonstrated a tendency to become a host generalist(increased performance on the novel host without a concomitant decreased performance on the original host).We conclude that the probability of generalist to specialist transition,and vice versa,is context-dependent and varies between species. 展开更多
关键词 experimental evolution FLEAS GENERALIST performance RODENTS SPECIALIST
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Factors shaping life history traits of two proovigenic parasitoids
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作者 Michal SEGOLI Shucun SUN +1 位作者 Dori ENAVA Jay A.ROSENHEIM 《Integrative Zoology》 SCIE CSCD 2018年第3期297-306,共10页
What shapes the relative investment in reproduction versus survival of organisms is among the key questions in life history.Proovigenic insects mature all their eggs prior to emergence and are short lived,providing a ... What shapes the relative investment in reproduction versus survival of organisms is among the key questions in life history.Proovigenic insects mature all their eggs prior to emergence and are short lived,providing a unique opportunity to quantify their lifetime investments in the different functions.We investigated the initial eggloads and longevity of 2 proovigenic parasitoid wasps:Anagrus erythroneurae and Anagrus daanei,(Hymenoptera:Mymaridae)that develop within leafhopper eggs in both agricultural vineyards and natural riparian habitats in Northern California.We collected Vitis spp.leaves containing developing parasitoids from 3 natural sites(Knight Landing,American River and Putah Creek)and 3 agricultural vineyards(Solano Farm,Davis Campus and Village Homes).We recorded eggloads at parasitoid emergence and female parasitoid longevity with or without honey-feeding.Theory predicts that parasitoids from vineyards(where hosts are abundant)would have higher initial eggloads and lower longevity compared with parasitoids from riparian habitats(where hosts are scarce).Although host density and parasitoid eggloads were,indeed,higher in vineyards than in riparian habitats,parasitoid longevity did not follow the predicted pattern.Longevity without feeding differed among field sites,but it was not affected by habitat type(natural vs agricultural),whereas longevity with feeding was not significantly affected by any of the examined factors.Moreover,longevity was positively,rather than negatively,correlated with eggloads at the individual level,even after correcting for parasitoid body size.The combined results suggest a more complex allocation mechanism than initially predicted,and the possibility of variation in host quality that is independent of size. 展开更多
关键词 Anagrus parasitoids eggload LEAFHOPPERS life-history tradeoffs LONGEVITY
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The effect of pollen source on seed traits and dispersability in the heterocarpic annual Crepis sancta
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作者 Efrat Dener Hagai Shemesh Itamar Giladi 《Journal of Plant Ecology》 SCIE CSCD 2021年第3期425-437,共13页
Aims The evolution and expression of dispersal-related traits are intertwined with those of other life-history functions and are manifested within various physiological constraints.Such a relationship is predicted bet... Aims The evolution and expression of dispersal-related traits are intertwined with those of other life-history functions and are manifested within various physiological constraints.Such a relationship is predicted between inbreeding levels and dispersability,which may be anatomically and ontogenetically linked so that the selection pressures on one may affect the other.While both the effect of inbreeding on reproductive success and on dispersal strategies received much attention,only a few studies considered both simultaneously.Furthermore,such studies often rely on two dichotomic representations of breeding and dispersal:using selfing versus outcrossing as a representation of breeding level,and dispersal ratio as the sole representation of dispersal strategy.Methods Here,we used pollination experiments in the heterocarpic Crepis sancta(Asteraceae)to expand in two different manners on the common practice of using dichotomic representations of breeding and dispersal.First,we used pollination treatments that represent a continuum from selfing through pollination by kin to pollination by a distant neighbor.Second,we measured a whole set of continuous morphological and dispersal-related traits,in addition to measurements of reproductive success and dispersal ratio.Important Findings The proportion of developed capitula and the number of both dispersed and non-dispersed achenes were significantly lower in the self-pollination treatment in comparison to the outcrossed treatments.The effect of pollen sources on dispersal ratio was not statistically significant,though self-pollinated plants rarely produced non-dispersing seeds.Achene's biomass increased with distance between parent plants,but pappus width did not,leading to a nonsignificant effect of pollination on falling velocity.Overall,pollen source affected mainly traits that were associated with reproductive output,but it had no clear effect on predominately dispersal-related traits.Such differences in the response of reproduction and dispersal traits to variation in pollen source suggest that dispersal-related selection is probably weak and/or masked by other forces. 展开更多
关键词 dispersal HETEROCARPY falling velocity POLLINATION inbreeding depression
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Latitudinal gradients in body size and sexual size dimorphism in fleas:males drive Bergmann’s pattern 被引量:1
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作者 Boris R.KRASNOV Elena N.SURKOVA +1 位作者 Georgy I.SHENBROT Irina S.KHOKHLOVA 《Integrative Zoology》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第3期414-426,共13页
We tested for the effects of latitude and geographic range size(GRS)on body size,leg length,and sexual size dimorphism(SSD)across 103 species offleas,taking into account phylogenetic between-species relationships.When ... We tested for the effects of latitude and geographic range size(GRS)on body size,leg length,and sexual size dimorphism(SSD)across 103 species offleas,taking into account phylogenetic between-species relationships.When the data on body size were combined for males and females,the positive correlation between body size and latitude,but not GRS,was revealed.When the analysis was restricted to one sex only,the effect of latitude appeared to be non-significant for females,whereas male body size increased with an increase in latitude.Intraspecific body size variation was not associated with either the latitude or the latitudinal span of the geographic range,independently of which data subset was analyzed.No evidence of association between size-independent tibia length and latitude was found for either females,males,or both sexes combined.The degree of SSD decreased with a decrease in latitude but was not affected by GRS.We conclude that macroecological patterns might be manifested differently in males and females.This should be kept in mind while searching for these patterns. 展开更多
关键词 Bergmann’s rule FLEAS geographic range LATITUDE sexual dimorphism
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What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem 被引量:1
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作者 Nitsan Bar-Shmuel Adi Behar Michal Segoli 《Insect Science》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第3期392-403,共12页
Many insects feed on a low‐nitrogen diet,and the origin of their nitrogen supply is poorly understood.It has been hypothesized that some insects rely on nitrogen‐fixing bacteria(diazotrophs)to supplement their diets... Many insects feed on a low‐nitrogen diet,and the origin of their nitrogen supply is poorly understood.It has been hypothesized that some insects rely on nitrogen‐fixing bacteria(diazotrophs)to supplement their diets.Nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs has been extensively studied and convincingly demonstrated in termites,while evidence for the occurrence and role of nitrogen fixation in the diet of other insects is less conclusive.Here,we summarize the methods to detect nitrogen fixation in insects and review the available evidence for its occurrence(focusing on insects other than termites).We distinguish between three aspects of nitrogen fixation investigations:(i)detecting the presence of potential diazotrophs;(ii)detecting the activity of the nitrogen‐fixing enzyme;and(iii)detecting the assimilation of fixed nitrogen into the insect tissues.We show that although evidence from investigations of the first aspect reveals ample opportunities for interactions with potential diazotrophs in a variety of insects,demonstrations of actual biological nitrogen fixation and the assimilation of fixed nitrogen are restricted to very few insect groups,including wood‐feeding beetles,fruit flies,leafcutter ants,and a wood wasp.We then discuss potential implications for the insect's fitness and for the ecosystem as a whole.We suggest that combining these multiple approaches is crucial for the study of nitrogen fixation in insects,and argue that further demonstrations are desperately needed in order to determine the relative importance of diazotrophs for insect diet and fitness,as well as to evaluate their overall impact on the ecosystem. 展开更多
关键词 biological nitrogen fixation DIAZOTROPHS gut microbiome insect diet
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Social interactions in striped hyena inferred from camera trap data:is it more social than previously thought?
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作者 Jonathan TICHON Jason S.GILCHRIST +2 位作者 Guy ROTEM Paul Ward Orr Spiegel 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第4期345-353,共9页
Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social... Understanding the drivers promoting sociality over solitariness in animal species is imperative for predicting future population trends and informing conservation and management.In this study we investigate the social structure of a desert dwelling population of striped hyena Hyaena hyaena.This species is historically regarded as strictly solitary albeit being the least studied of the extant Hyaenids.Accumulating evidence regarding the frequency of social interactions sug-gests a revision of striped hyena social structure is required.We hypothesized that striped hyena has a social structure that is more complex than expected for a strictly solitary species.For that end,we deployed an array of camera-traps in a remote desert region in Israel,and compared observed frequencies of striped hyena co-occurrence against null models to test whether hyena co-occurred more than expected by chance.Seven adults were(re)captured by our camera-traps in 49 different instances over 83 tracking days.Of these,6 exhibited shared space-use around a scarce,isolated perennial water source.Five of them,co-occurred with other hyena(in 3 instan-ces)significantly more frequent than expected by chance(and that timing suggests reproduction is unlikely to be the driving factor).Our findings substantiate evidence of complex social structure in striped hyena,highlight the importance of a scarce resource in space use and sociality,and provide a baseline for future research of striped hyena social structure.We suggest that similar methods be employed to evaluate social structure in other"solitary species"to better under-stand their social dynamics. 展开更多
关键词 behavioral ecology cluster in space Hyaena hyaena social iteracin striped hyena social structure
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