Owing to the limitation of a large genome size(~13 Gb),the genetic and gene mapping studies on faba bean(Vicia faba L.)are lagging far behind those for other legumes.In this study,we selected three purified faba bean ...Owing to the limitation of a large genome size(~13 Gb),the genetic and gene mapping studies on faba bean(Vicia faba L.)are lagging far behind those for other legumes.In this study,we selected three purified faba bean lines(Yundou 8137,H0003712,and H000572)as parents and constructed two F2 populations.These two F2 populations,namely 167 F2 plants in Pop1(Yundou 8137×H0003712)and 204 F2 plants in Pop2(H000572×Yundou 8137),were genotyped using a targeted next-generation sequencing(TNGS)genotyping platform,and two high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)genetic linkage maps of faba bean were constructed.The map constructed from Pop1 contained 5103 SNPs with a length of 1333.31 cM and an average marker density of 0.26 cM.The map constructed from Pop2 contained 1904 SNPs with a greater length of 1610.61 cM.In these two F2 populations,QTL mapping identified 98 QTLs for 14 agronomic traits related to the flowers,pods,plant types and grains.The two maps were then merged into an integrated genetic linkage map containing 6895 SNPs,with a length of 3324.48 cM.These results not only lay the foundation for fine mapping and map-based cloning of related genes,but can also accelerate the molecular marker-assisted breeding of faba bean.展开更多
A set of 240 introgression lines derived from the advanced backcross population of a cross between a japonica cultivar,Xiushui 09,and an indica breeding line,IR2061,was developed to dissect QTLs affecting cold toleran...A set of 240 introgression lines derived from the advanced backcross population of a cross between a japonica cultivar,Xiushui 09,and an indica breeding line,IR2061,was developed to dissect QTLs affecting cold tolerance (CT) at seedling stage and heat tolerance (HT) at anthesis.Survival rate of seedlings (SRS) and spikelet fertility (SF),the index traits of CT and HT,showed significant differences between the two parents under stresses.A total of four QTLs (qSRS1,qSRS7,qSRS11a and qSRS11b) for CT were identified on chromosomes 1,7,11,and the Xiushui 09 alleles increased SRS at all loci except qSRS7.Four QTLs for SF were identified on chromosomes 4,5,6,and 11.These QTLs could be classified into two major types based on their behaviors under normal and stress conditions.The first was QTL expressed only under normal condition;and the second QTL was apparently stress induced and only expressed under stress.Among them,two QTLs (qSF4 and qSF6) which reduced the trait difference between heat stress and normal conditions must have contributed to HT because of their obvious contribution to trait stability,and the IR2061 allele at the qSF6 and the Xiushui 09 allele at the qSF4 improved HT,respectively.No similar QTL was found between CT at seedling stage and HT at anthesis.Therefore,it is possible to breed a new variety with CT and HT by pyramiding the favorable CT-and HT-improved alleles at above loci from Xiushui 09 and IR2061,respectively,through marker-assisted selection (MAS).展开更多
Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize the...Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize these desirable genes, in this study, two wheat-A. cristatum derivatives II-13 and II-23 were identified and analyzed. We found that the number of root tip cell chromosomes was 44 in both II-13 and II-23, but there were four and six P genome chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively, based on genomic in situ hybridization(GISH). The chromosome configurations of II-13 and II-23 were both 2 n=22 II by the meiotic analysis of pollen mother cells(PMCs) at metaphase I, indicating that there were two and three pairs of P chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively. Notably, wheat chromosome 7 D was absent in derivative line II-13 while II-23 lacked chromosomes 4 B and 7 A based on SSR analysis combining fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis with p As1 and p Sc119.2 as probes. Chromosomes 2 P and 7 P were detected in both II-13 and II-23. Another pair of P genome chromosomes in II-23 was determined to be 4 P based on expressed-sequences tags-sequence tagged sites(EST-STS) markers specific to A. cristatum and FISH with probes p Ac TRT1 and p Acp CR2. Overall, these results suggest that II-13 was a 7 P(7 D) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes and II-23 was a multiple 4 P(4 B), 7 P(7 A) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes. Moreover, we obtained six alien disomic addition lines and five alien disomic substitution lines by backcrossing. These new materials will allow desirable genes from A. cristatum to be used in common wheat.展开更多
Phylogenetic trees based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)among diverse inbreds could provide valuable and intuitive information for breeding and germplasm management in crops.As a result of sequenc...Phylogenetic trees based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)among diverse inbreds could provide valuable and intuitive information for breeding and germplasm management in crops.As a result of sequencing technology developments,a huge amount of whole genome SNP data have become available and affordable for breeders.However,it is a challenge to perform quick and reliable plotting based on the huge amount of SNP data.To meet this goal,a visualization pipeline was developed and demonstrated based on publicly available SNP data from the current important maize inbred lines,including temperate,tropical,sweetcorn,and popcorn.The detailed phylogenetic tree plotted by our pipeline revealed the authentic genetic diversity of these inbreds,which was consistent with several previous reports and indicated that this straightforward pipeline is reliable and could potentially speed up advances in crop breeding.展开更多
Deep-sowing is an important method for avoiding drought stress in crop species,including maize.Identifying candidate genes is the groundwork for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying maize deep-sowing toler...Deep-sowing is an important method for avoiding drought stress in crop species,including maize.Identifying candidate genes is the groundwork for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying maize deep-sowing tolerance.This study evaluated four traits(mesocotyl length at 10 and 20 cm planting depths and seedling emergence rate on days 6 and 12)related to deep-sowing tolerance using a large maize population containing 386 inbred lines genotyped with 0.5 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The genomewide association study detected that 273 SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium(LD)with the genetic basis of maize deep-sowing tolerance.The RNA-sequencing analysis identified 1944 and 2098 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in two comparisons,which shared 281 DEGs.By comparing the genomic locations of the 273 SNPs with those of the 281 DEGs,we identified seven candidate genes,of which GRMZM2G119769 encoded a sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase interactor-like protein.GRMZM2G119769 was selected as the candidate gene because its homologs in other plants were related to organ length,auxin,or light response.Candidate gene association mapping revealed that natural variations in GRMZM2G119769 were related to phenotypic variations in maize mesocotyl length.Gene expression of GRMZM2G119769 was higher in deep-sowing tolerant inbred lines.These results suggest that GRMZM2G119769 is the most likely candidate gene.This study provides information on the deep-sowing tolerance of maize germplasms and identifies candidate genes,which would be useful for further research on maize deep-sowing tolerance.展开更多
The stress-associated protein(SAP) multigene family is conserved in both animals and plants. Its function in some animals and plants are known, but it is yet to be deciphered in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). We identif...The stress-associated protein(SAP) multigene family is conserved in both animals and plants. Its function in some animals and plants are known, but it is yet to be deciphered in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). We identified the wheat gene Ta SAP17-D, a member of the SAP gene family with an AN1/AN1 conserved domain. Subcellular localization indicated that TaS AP17-D localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Expression pattern analyses revealed that TaS AP17-D was highly expressed in seedlings and was involved in Na Cl response, polyethylene glycol(PEG), cold, and exogenous abscisic acid(ABA). Constitutive expression of TaS AP17-D in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress, confirmed by improved multiple physiological indices and significantly upregulated marker genes related to salt stress response. Our results suggest that Ta SAP17-D is a candidate gene that can be used to protect crop plants from salt stress.展开更多
In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase ou...In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase our understanding of the mechanism of shoot architecture formation.In this study,we identified mutant mnd8ynp5 that shows an increased rate of leaf emergence and a larger number of nodes in combination with a dwarfed growth habit from an EMS-treated population of the elite barley cultivar Yangnongpi 5.Using a map-based cloning strategy,the mnd8 gene was narrowed down to a 6.7-kb genomic interval on the long arm of chromosome 5H.Sequence analysis revealed that a C to T single-nucleotide mutation occurred at the first exon(position 953)of HORVU5Hr1G118820,leading to an alanine(Ala)to valine(Val)substitution at the 318th amino acid site.Next,HORVU5Hr1G118820 was defined as the candidate gene of MND8 encoding 514 amino acids and containing two multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE)domains.It is highly homologous to maize Bige1and has a conserved function in the regulation of plant development by controlling the leaf initiation rate.Examination of modern barely varieties showed that Hap-1 was the dominant haplotype and was selected in barley breeding around the world.Collectively,our results indicated that mnd8ynp5 is a novel allele of the HORVU5Hr1G118820 gene that is possibly responsible for the shortened plastochron and many noded dwarf phenotype in barley.展开更多
Stress associated proteins(SAPs) are the A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins which confer to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, TaSAP7-B, including two AN1 domains, was isolated from B genome of wheat(Triticum aestiv...Stress associated proteins(SAPs) are the A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins which confer to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, TaSAP7-B, including two AN1 domains, was isolated from B genome of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Sequencing analysis on TaSAP7-B illustrated one In Del(insertion-deletion) and one SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism) in the promoter region while no diversity was observed in the coding region. On the basis of SNP in the promoter region(–260 bp), a dCAPS(derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) marker SNP-260 was developed for TaSAP7-B. Using a natural population consisting of 262 wheat accessions, significant associations were detected between the marker SNP-260 and agronomic traits, such as plant height(PH), peduncle length(PL), length of penultimate internode(LPI), number of spike per plant(NSP), and 1 000-grain weight(TGW). Two genotypes were identified using marker SNP-260 in the natural population. Among them, the genotypes possessing C allele exhibited a higher TGW and shorter PH than the T genotypes. Hence, base C was considered as the superior allele. The dCAPS marker of TaSAP7-B can be instrumental for marker-assisted selection for high grain size and short plant height.展开更多
1.Introduction Rice is a staple food for 3.2 billion people.The food security threat that shook many Asian countries in 2008 still looms,because farmers are facing the challenge of producing more rice with fewer resou...1.Introduction Rice is a staple food for 3.2 billion people.The food security threat that shook many Asian countries in 2008 still looms,because farmers are facing the challenge of producing more rice with fewer resources of water,land,and inputs.展开更多
Lipid transfer protein(LTP) is a kind of small molecular protein, which is named for its ability to transfer lipid between cell membranes. It has been proved that the protein is involved in the responding to abiotic s...Lipid transfer protein(LTP) is a kind of small molecular protein, which is named for its ability to transfer lipid between cell membranes. It has been proved that the protein is involved in the responding to abiotic stresses. In this study, Ta LTP-s, a genomic sequence of TaLTP was isolated from A genome of wheat(Triticum aestivum L). Sequencing analysis exhibited that there was no diversity in the coding region of Ta LTP-s, but seven single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and 1 bp insertion/deletion(In Del) were detected in the promoter regions of different wheat accessions. Nucleotide diversity(π) in the region was 0.00033, and linkage disequilibrium(LD) extended over almost the entire Ta LTP-s region in wheat. The d CAPS markers based on sequence variations in the promoter regions(SNP-207 and SNP-1696) were developed, and three haplotypes were identified based on those markers. Association analysis between the haplotypes and agronomic traits of natural population consisted of 262 accessions showed that three haplotypes of Ta LTP-s were significantly associated with plant height(PH). Among the three haplotypes, Hap III is considered as the superior haplotype for increasing plant height in the drought stress environments. The G variance at the position of 207 bp could be a superior allele that significantly increased number of spikes per plant(NSP). The functional marker of Ta LTP-s provide a tool for marker-assisted selection regarding to plant height and number of spikelet per plant in wheat.展开更多
Abiotic stress poses a great threat to plant growth and can lead to huge losses in yield.Gene enolase2(ENO2)is important in resistance to abiotic stress in various organisms.ENO2 T-DNA insertion mutant(eno2~–)plants ...Abiotic stress poses a great threat to plant growth and can lead to huge losses in yield.Gene enolase2(ENO2)is important in resistance to abiotic stress in various organisms.ENO2 T-DNA insertion mutant(eno2~–)plants of Arabidopsis thaliana showed complete susceptibility to sodium chloride treatment when were analyzed either as whole plants or by measuring root growth during Na Cl treatment.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR(RT-q PCR)was performed to investigate the expression profile of ENO2 in response to Na Cl stress in Arabidopsis.The transcript level of ENO2 was rapidly elevated in 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl treatment.ENO2 also responded to 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl treatment at the protein level.To illuminate the mechanism underlying ENO2 resistance to salt at the transcriptional level,we studied the wild-type and eno2~–Arabidopsis lines that were treated with 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl for 18 h using 454 GS FLX,which resulted in an expressed sequence tag(EST)dataset.A total of 961 up-regulated and 746 down-regulated differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in the pairwise comparison WT-18 h:eno2~–-18 h.The DEGs were identified and functionally annotated using the databases of Gene Ontology(GO)and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG).The identified unigenes were subjected to GO analysis to determine biological,molecular,and cellular functions.The biological process was enriched in a total of 20 GO terms,the cellular component was enriched in 13 GO terms,and the molecular function was enriched in 11 GO terms.Using KEGG mapping,DEGs with pathway annotations contributed to 115 pathways.The top 3 pathways based on a statistical analysis were biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites(KO01110),plant-pathogen interactions(KO04626),and plant hormone signal transduction(KO04075).Based on these results,ENO2 contributes to increased resistance to abiotic stress.In particular,ENO2 is involved in some of the metabolic stress response pathways in Arabidopsis.Our work also demonstrates that this EST dataset will be a powerful resource for further studies of ENO2,such as functional analyses,investigations of biological roles,and molecular breeding.Additionally,3-phosphoglycerate kinase(PGK),3-phosphoglycerate kinase 1(PGK1),triosephosphate isomerase(TPI),and pyruvate kinase(PK)in glycolysis interactions with ENO2 were verified using the yeast two-hybrid experiment,and ENO2 may regulate the expression of PGK,PGK1,TPI,and PK.Taken together,the results from this study reflects that ENO2 gene has an important role in the response to the high salt stress.展开更多
Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes...Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes have been genetically demonstrated to be involved in the control of plant architecture in wheat thus far.In this study,we characterized an auxinrelated gene in wheat,TaIAA15,and found that its ectopic expression in rice decreased the plant height and increased the leaf angle.Correlation analysis indicated that TaIAA15-3B was associated with plant height(Ph),spike length(SL)and 1000-grain weight(TGW)in wheat,and Hap-II of TaIAA15-3B was the most favored allele and selected by modern breeding in China.This study sheds light on the role of auxin signaling on wheat plant architecture as well as yield related traits.展开更多
Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain numbe...Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.展开更多
Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For ...Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For both technical and regulatory reasons,neither conventional nor transgenic breeding techniques can keep pace with the demand for increased production.In answer to this challenge,CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has been gaining traction in plant biology and crop breeding in recent years.However,there are currently no reports of the successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in pea.We developed a transient transformation system of hairy roots,mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599,to validate the efficiency of a CRISPR/Cas9 system.Further optimization resulted in an efficient vector,PsU6.3-tRNA-PsPDS3-en35S-PsCas9.We used this optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the pea phytoene desaturase(PsPDS)gene,causing albinism,by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.This is the first report of successful generation of gene-edited pea plants by this route.展开更多
Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance(ST) was genetically dissected by phenotyping ...Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance(ST) was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines(ILs) for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL(AB-QTL) analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most(>90%) of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan(HHZ) ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection(MAS) or genome selection.展开更多
Grain number per spike (GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pu...Grain number per spike (GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504, which had a stable and wide adaptability to different ecological regions. By exploring a nested cross design with reciprocals using Pubing 3228 or Pubing 3504 as a common parent and investigating the GNPS phenotypes of F 1 hybrids in 2007-2008 and F 2 populations in 2008-2009 of different cross combinations, the narrow-sense GNPS heritability was up to 49.58 and 52.23%, respectively. Genetic model analysis predictions suggested that GNPS in Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 was mainly controlled by additive genetic effects. Correlation analysis results between GNPS and 1 000- kernel weight (TKW) of F 2 populations showed that TKW was not influenced with the increase of GNPS. The good coordination among three yield components of spike number per plant (SNPP), GNPS, and TKW in the F 2 segregating population implied that selection of good candidate individuals in breeding programs would be relatively straightforward. Overall, our results indicated that Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 are two potential germplasm lines for yield improvement of GNPS in pedigree selection of wheat breeding.展开更多
Stress-associated protein(SAP)has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation,embryo development and response to abiotic stresses.TaSAP1-A1,one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1(TaSAP1)members located on wheat chromoso...Stress-associated protein(SAP)has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation,embryo development and response to abiotic stresses.TaSAP1-A1,one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1(TaSAP1)members located on wheat chromosome 7A was isolated for polymorphism analysis.HapIII of TaSAP1-A1 was found significantly associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in multiple environments.In this study,HapIII also made a positive contribution to TGW in Population 2.The distribution of TaSAP1-A1HapIII was tracked among varieties released in different years and geographical environments of China.The frequency of HapIII showed an increasing trend during the breeding process in two different populations.The HapIII was gradually selected and applied from 6.36%in landraces to 13.50%in modern varieties.These results exhibited that TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was positively selected during wheat breeding,which is beneficial for grain-yield improvement.The preferred HapIII was initially selected and applied in the higher latitude areas of China in accord with the long day season and longer grain filling stage in these areas.Moreover,the frequency of HapIII in recent modern varieties was still quite low(19.29-26.67%).It indicated a high application potential of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII for improving grain yield in wheat breeding.展开更多
Grain number per spike(GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding.A new wheat germplasm Pubing 3504 shows superior features in spike traits.To elucidate the genetic basis of spike and yield related traits in Pubi...Grain number per spike(GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding.A new wheat germplasm Pubing 3504 shows superior features in spike traits.To elucidate the genetic basis of spike and yield related traits in Pubing 3504,282 F2:3 families were generated from the cross Pubing 3504×Jing 4839,and seven spike and yield related traits,including GNPS,spike length(SL),kernel number per spikelet(KPS),spikelet number per spike(SNS),thousand-grain weight(TGW),spike number per plant(SNP),and plant height(HT) were investigated.Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between GNPS and spike-related traits,including KPS,SNS,and SL,especially KPS.A genetic map was constructed using 190 polymorphic simple sequence repeat(SSR),expressed sequence tag(EST)-SSR,and sequencetagged-site(STS) markers.For the seven traits measured,a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTLs) in a single-environment analysis and 25 QTLs in a joint-environment analysis were detected.Additive effects of 70.3%(in a single environment) and 57.6%(in a joint environment) of the QTLs were positively contributed by Pubing 3504 alleles.Five important genomic regions on chromosomes 1 A,4 A,4 B,2 D,and 4 D could be stably detected in different environments.Among these regions,the marker interval Xmag834–Xbarc83 on the short arm of chromosome 1 A was a novel important genomic region that included QTLs controlling GNPS,KPS,SNS,TGW,and SNP with stable environmental repeatability.This genomic region can improve the spike trait and may play a key role in improving wheat yield in the future.We deduced that this genomic region was vital to the high GNPS of Pubing 3504.展开更多
Rice, a staple cereal crop in many parts of the world, has been confronted with multiple environmental stresses including high temperature, negatively impacts the booting as well as anthesis growth stages. The situati...Rice, a staple cereal crop in many parts of the world, has been confronted with multiple environmental stresses including high temperature, negatively impacts the booting as well as anthesis growth stages. The situation is further complicated by the changing climatic conditions, resulting in gradual escalation of temperature as well as changing the rainfall pattern and frequency, thus raising a concern of food security worldwide. The situation can be combat by developing rice varieties with excellent genetics with improved morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, together can minimize the adverse effects of heat stress. Here, several strategies(encompassing genetic and genomic, and mechanisms involved) for mitigating the impact of high temperature on rice have been discussed. Finally, the utilization of genomic knowledge in augmenting the conventional breeding approaches have been comprehensively elaborated to develop heat tolerant germplasm.展开更多
Sharp eyespot,mainly caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis,affects wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production worldwide.In this study,we isolated TaCML36 gene encoding a wheat calmodulin-like protein,and stu...Sharp eyespot,mainly caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis,affects wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production worldwide.In this study,we isolated TaCML36 gene encoding a wheat calmodulin-like protein,and studied its defense role in protection against R.cerealis.Transcription of TaCML36 was significantly elevated by both R.cerealis infection and exogenous ethylene treatment.Transcription was higher in resistant wheat lines than in susceptible ones.There were copies of TaCML36 on chromosomes 5A,5B,and 5D.The TaCML36 protein is composed of 183 amino acids and contains two calcium-binding EFhand domains.Subcellular localization assays in wheat indicated that TaCML36 localizes in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Virus-induced gene silencing and disease assessment indicated that compared to the controls,TaCML36-silenced wheat plants displayed significantly reduced resistance to R.cerealis and had greater fungal biomass,suggesting that knockdown of TaCML36 impaired host resistance.Knockdown of TaCML36 also significantly repressed expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as Chitinase 1,PDF35,and PR17C,the ethylene response factor-encoding gene TaPIE1,and ethylene biosynthesis gene ACO2.Collectively,our results suggest that TaCML36 positively participates in the innate immune response to R.cerealis infection by modulating expression of defense-associated genes possibly in the ethylene signaling pathway.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD1001300 and 2019YFD1001303)the Construction of Molecular Database of Faba Bean and Pea and Identification of Maize Germplasm Project,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China(19200030)+3 种基金the Yunnan Key R&D Program,China(202202AE090003)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-08)the Crop Germplasm Resources Protection(2130135)the Major Agricultural Science and Technology Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-XTCX20190025)。
文摘Owing to the limitation of a large genome size(~13 Gb),the genetic and gene mapping studies on faba bean(Vicia faba L.)are lagging far behind those for other legumes.In this study,we selected three purified faba bean lines(Yundou 8137,H0003712,and H000572)as parents and constructed two F2 populations.These two F2 populations,namely 167 F2 plants in Pop1(Yundou 8137×H0003712)and 204 F2 plants in Pop2(H000572×Yundou 8137),were genotyped using a targeted next-generation sequencing(TNGS)genotyping platform,and two high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)genetic linkage maps of faba bean were constructed.The map constructed from Pop1 contained 5103 SNPs with a length of 1333.31 cM and an average marker density of 0.26 cM.The map constructed from Pop2 contained 1904 SNPs with a greater length of 1610.61 cM.In these two F2 populations,QTL mapping identified 98 QTLs for 14 agronomic traits related to the flowers,pods,plant types and grains.The two maps were then merged into an integrated genetic linkage map containing 6895 SNPs,with a length of 3324.48 cM.These results not only lay the foundation for fine mapping and map-based cloning of related genes,but can also accelerate the molecular marker-assisted breeding of faba bean.
基金funded by the Project of the 863 Program(2010AA101803)the 948 Program of China(2006-G51 and 2010-G2B)
文摘A set of 240 introgression lines derived from the advanced backcross population of a cross between a japonica cultivar,Xiushui 09,and an indica breeding line,IR2061,was developed to dissect QTLs affecting cold tolerance (CT) at seedling stage and heat tolerance (HT) at anthesis.Survival rate of seedlings (SRS) and spikelet fertility (SF),the index traits of CT and HT,showed significant differences between the two parents under stresses.A total of four QTLs (qSRS1,qSRS7,qSRS11a and qSRS11b) for CT were identified on chromosomes 1,7,11,and the Xiushui 09 alleles increased SRS at all loci except qSRS7.Four QTLs for SF were identified on chromosomes 4,5,6,and 11.These QTLs could be classified into two major types based on their behaviors under normal and stress conditions.The first was QTL expressed only under normal condition;and the second QTL was apparently stress induced and only expressed under stress.Among them,two QTLs (qSF4 and qSF6) which reduced the trait difference between heat stress and normal conditions must have contributed to HT because of their obvious contribution to trait stability,and the IR2061 allele at the qSF6 and the Xiushui 09 allele at the qSF4 improved HT,respectively.No similar QTL was found between CT at seedling stage and HT at anthesis.Therefore,it is possible to breed a new variety with CT and HT by pyramiding the favorable CT-and HT-improved alleles at above loci from Xiushui 09 and IR2061,respectively,through marker-assisted selection (MAS).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100102)
文摘Agropyron cristatum, a wild relative of common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), provides many desirable genetic resources for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to cold, drought, and disease. To transfer and utilize these desirable genes, in this study, two wheat-A. cristatum derivatives II-13 and II-23 were identified and analyzed. We found that the number of root tip cell chromosomes was 44 in both II-13 and II-23, but there were four and six P genome chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively, based on genomic in situ hybridization(GISH). The chromosome configurations of II-13 and II-23 were both 2 n=22 II by the meiotic analysis of pollen mother cells(PMCs) at metaphase I, indicating that there were two and three pairs of P chromosomes in II-13 and II-23, respectively. Notably, wheat chromosome 7 D was absent in derivative line II-13 while II-23 lacked chromosomes 4 B and 7 A based on SSR analysis combining fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis with p As1 and p Sc119.2 as probes. Chromosomes 2 P and 7 P were detected in both II-13 and II-23. Another pair of P genome chromosomes in II-23 was determined to be 4 P based on expressed-sequences tags-sequence tagged sites(EST-STS) markers specific to A. cristatum and FISH with probes p Ac TRT1 and p Acp CR2. Overall, these results suggest that II-13 was a 7 P(7 D) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes and II-23 was a multiple 4 P(4 B), 7 P(7 A) substitution line with one pair of additional 2 P chromosomes. Moreover, we obtained six alien disomic addition lines and five alien disomic substitution lines by backcrossing. These new materials will allow desirable genes from A. cristatum to be used in common wheat.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31361140364)the National Major Project for Developing New GM Crops,Ministry of Agriculture,China (2016ZX080009-001)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP) of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to Xie Chuanxiao
文摘Phylogenetic trees based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)among diverse inbreds could provide valuable and intuitive information for breeding and germplasm management in crops.As a result of sequencing technology developments,a huge amount of whole genome SNP data have become available and affordable for breeders.However,it is a challenge to perform quick and reliable plotting based on the huge amount of SNP data.To meet this goal,a visualization pipeline was developed and demonstrated based on publicly available SNP data from the current important maize inbred lines,including temperate,tropical,sweetcorn,and popcorn.The detailed phylogenetic tree plotted by our pipeline revealed the authentic genetic diversity of these inbreds,which was consistent with several previous reports and indicated that this straightforward pipeline is reliable and could potentially speed up advances in crop breeding.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0100903)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-13)the Natural Science Fund of Liaoning Province,China(20170540806)。
文摘Deep-sowing is an important method for avoiding drought stress in crop species,including maize.Identifying candidate genes is the groundwork for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying maize deep-sowing tolerance.This study evaluated four traits(mesocotyl length at 10 and 20 cm planting depths and seedling emergence rate on days 6 and 12)related to deep-sowing tolerance using a large maize population containing 386 inbred lines genotyped with 0.5 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The genomewide association study detected that 273 SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium(LD)with the genetic basis of maize deep-sowing tolerance.The RNA-sequencing analysis identified 1944 and 2098 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in two comparisons,which shared 281 DEGs.By comparing the genomic locations of the 273 SNPs with those of the 281 DEGs,we identified seven candidate genes,of which GRMZM2G119769 encoded a sucrose non-fermenting 1 kinase interactor-like protein.GRMZM2G119769 was selected as the candidate gene because its homologs in other plants were related to organ length,auxin,or light response.Candidate gene association mapping revealed that natural variations in GRMZM2G119769 were related to phenotypic variations in maize mesocotyl length.Gene expression of GRMZM2G119769 was higher in deep-sowing tolerant inbred lines.These results suggest that GRMZM2G119769 is the most likely candidate gene.This study provides information on the deep-sowing tolerance of maize germplasms and identifies candidate genes,which would be useful for further research on maize deep-sowing tolerance.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100605)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program, China (ASTIP)
文摘The stress-associated protein(SAP) multigene family is conserved in both animals and plants. Its function in some animals and plants are known, but it is yet to be deciphered in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). We identified the wheat gene Ta SAP17-D, a member of the SAP gene family with an AN1/AN1 conserved domain. Subcellular localization indicated that TaS AP17-D localized to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. Expression pattern analyses revealed that TaS AP17-D was highly expressed in seedlings and was involved in Na Cl response, polyethylene glycol(PEG), cold, and exogenous abscisic acid(ABA). Constitutive expression of TaS AP17-D in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress, confirmed by improved multiple physiological indices and significantly upregulated marker genes related to salt stress response. Our results suggest that Ta SAP17-D is a candidate gene that can be used to protect crop plants from salt stress.
基金funded by the Open Project Program of State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement,China(XZNKY2021-C-014-K01)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(19KJA560005)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-05)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China。
文摘In higher plants,the shoot apical meristem produces lateral organs in a regular spacing(phyllotaxy)and timing(plastochron).The molecular analysis of mutants associated with phyllotaxy and plastochron would increase our understanding of the mechanism of shoot architecture formation.In this study,we identified mutant mnd8ynp5 that shows an increased rate of leaf emergence and a larger number of nodes in combination with a dwarfed growth habit from an EMS-treated population of the elite barley cultivar Yangnongpi 5.Using a map-based cloning strategy,the mnd8 gene was narrowed down to a 6.7-kb genomic interval on the long arm of chromosome 5H.Sequence analysis revealed that a C to T single-nucleotide mutation occurred at the first exon(position 953)of HORVU5Hr1G118820,leading to an alanine(Ala)to valine(Val)substitution at the 318th amino acid site.Next,HORVU5Hr1G118820 was defined as the candidate gene of MND8 encoding 514 amino acids and containing two multidrug and toxic compound extrusion(MATE)domains.It is highly homologous to maize Bige1and has a conserved function in the regulation of plant development by controlling the leaf initiation rate.Examination of modern barely varieties showed that Hap-1 was the dominant haplotype and was selected in barley breeding around the world.Collectively,our results indicated that mnd8ynp5 is a novel allele of the HORVU5Hr1G118820 gene that is possibly responsible for the shortened plastochron and many noded dwarf phenotype in barley.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0100605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271720)
文摘Stress associated proteins(SAPs) are the A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins which confer to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, TaSAP7-B, including two AN1 domains, was isolated from B genome of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Sequencing analysis on TaSAP7-B illustrated one In Del(insertion-deletion) and one SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism) in the promoter region while no diversity was observed in the coding region. On the basis of SNP in the promoter region(–260 bp), a dCAPS(derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences) marker SNP-260 was developed for TaSAP7-B. Using a natural population consisting of 262 wheat accessions, significant associations were detected between the marker SNP-260 and agronomic traits, such as plant height(PH), peduncle length(PL), length of penultimate internode(LPI), number of spike per plant(NSP), and 1 000-grain weight(TGW). Two genotypes were identified using marker SNP-260 in the natural population. Among them, the genotypes possessing C allele exhibited a higher TGW and shorter PH than the T genotypes. Hence, base C was considered as the superior allele. The dCAPS marker of TaSAP7-B can be instrumental for marker-assisted selection for high grain size and short plant height.
文摘1.Introduction Rice is a staple food for 3.2 billion people.The food security threat that shook many Asian countries in 2008 still looms,because farmers are facing the challenge of producing more rice with fewer resources of water,land,and inputs.
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2011AA100501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31461143024)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Lipid transfer protein(LTP) is a kind of small molecular protein, which is named for its ability to transfer lipid between cell membranes. It has been proved that the protein is involved in the responding to abiotic stresses. In this study, Ta LTP-s, a genomic sequence of TaLTP was isolated from A genome of wheat(Triticum aestivum L). Sequencing analysis exhibited that there was no diversity in the coding region of Ta LTP-s, but seven single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and 1 bp insertion/deletion(In Del) were detected in the promoter regions of different wheat accessions. Nucleotide diversity(π) in the region was 0.00033, and linkage disequilibrium(LD) extended over almost the entire Ta LTP-s region in wheat. The d CAPS markers based on sequence variations in the promoter regions(SNP-207 and SNP-1696) were developed, and three haplotypes were identified based on those markers. Association analysis between the haplotypes and agronomic traits of natural population consisted of 262 accessions showed that three haplotypes of Ta LTP-s were significantly associated with plant height(PH). Among the three haplotypes, Hap III is considered as the superior haplotype for increasing plant height in the drought stress environments. The G variance at the position of 207 bp could be a superior allele that significantly increased number of spikes per plant(NSP). The functional marker of Ta LTP-s provide a tool for marker-assisted selection regarding to plant height and number of spikelet per plant in wheat.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470399 and 31270365)
文摘Abiotic stress poses a great threat to plant growth and can lead to huge losses in yield.Gene enolase2(ENO2)is important in resistance to abiotic stress in various organisms.ENO2 T-DNA insertion mutant(eno2~–)plants of Arabidopsis thaliana showed complete susceptibility to sodium chloride treatment when were analyzed either as whole plants or by measuring root growth during Na Cl treatment.Quantitative real-time RT-PCR(RT-q PCR)was performed to investigate the expression profile of ENO2 in response to Na Cl stress in Arabidopsis.The transcript level of ENO2 was rapidly elevated in 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl treatment.ENO2 also responded to 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl treatment at the protein level.To illuminate the mechanism underlying ENO2 resistance to salt at the transcriptional level,we studied the wild-type and eno2~–Arabidopsis lines that were treated with 300 mmol L^(–1) Na Cl for 18 h using 454 GS FLX,which resulted in an expressed sequence tag(EST)dataset.A total of 961 up-regulated and 746 down-regulated differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in the pairwise comparison WT-18 h:eno2~–-18 h.The DEGs were identified and functionally annotated using the databases of Gene Ontology(GO)and the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG).The identified unigenes were subjected to GO analysis to determine biological,molecular,and cellular functions.The biological process was enriched in a total of 20 GO terms,the cellular component was enriched in 13 GO terms,and the molecular function was enriched in 11 GO terms.Using KEGG mapping,DEGs with pathway annotations contributed to 115 pathways.The top 3 pathways based on a statistical analysis were biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites(KO01110),plant-pathogen interactions(KO04626),and plant hormone signal transduction(KO04075).Based on these results,ENO2 contributes to increased resistance to abiotic stress.In particular,ENO2 is involved in some of the metabolic stress response pathways in Arabidopsis.Our work also demonstrates that this EST dataset will be a powerful resource for further studies of ENO2,such as functional analyses,investigations of biological roles,and molecular breeding.Additionally,3-phosphoglycerate kinase(PGK),3-phosphoglycerate kinase 1(PGK1),triosephosphate isomerase(TPI),and pyruvate kinase(PK)in glycolysis interactions with ENO2 were verified using the yeast two-hybrid experiment,and ENO2 may regulate the expression of PGK,PGK1,TPI,and PK.Taken together,the results from this study reflects that ENO2 gene has an important role in the response to the high salt stress.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0100102 and 2016YFD0100302)。
文摘Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is one of the most important staple crops worldwide.The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.However,only a few auxin-related genes have been genetically demonstrated to be involved in the control of plant architecture in wheat thus far.In this study,we characterized an auxinrelated gene in wheat,TaIAA15,and found that its ectopic expression in rice decreased the plant height and increased the leaf angle.Correlation analysis indicated that TaIAA15-3B was associated with plant height(Ph),spike length(SL)and 1000-grain weight(TGW)in wheat,and Hap-II of TaIAA15-3B was the most favored allele and selected by modern breeding in China.This study sheds light on the role of auxin signaling on wheat plant architecture as well as yield related traits.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171961)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(CAASASTIP-2021-ICS)。
文摘Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.
基金the financial support of the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA-Food Legumes(CARS-08)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP)of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Pea(Pisum sativum L.)is an annual cool-season legume crop.Owing to its role in sustainable agriculture as both a rotation and a cash crop,its global market is expanding and increased production is urgently needed.For both technical and regulatory reasons,neither conventional nor transgenic breeding techniques can keep pace with the demand for increased production.In answer to this challenge,CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has been gaining traction in plant biology and crop breeding in recent years.However,there are currently no reports of the successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology in pea.We developed a transient transformation system of hairy roots,mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599,to validate the efficiency of a CRISPR/Cas9 system.Further optimization resulted in an efficient vector,PsU6.3-tRNA-PsPDS3-en35S-PsCas9.We used this optimized CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit the pea phytoene desaturase(PsPDS)gene,causing albinism,by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.This is the first report of successful generation of gene-edited pea plants by this route.
基金funded by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2012AA101101)the 948 Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, China (2010-G2B)+1 种基金the International Cooperative Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (S2012ZR0160)the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Project (OPP51587)
文摘Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance(ST) was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines(ILs) for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL(AB-QTL) analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most(>90%) of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan(HHZ) ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection(MAS) or genome selection.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB100104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071416)the National High Technology R&D Program of China (2006AA10Z174)
文摘Grain number per spike (GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504, which had a stable and wide adaptability to different ecological regions. By exploring a nested cross design with reciprocals using Pubing 3228 or Pubing 3504 as a common parent and investigating the GNPS phenotypes of F 1 hybrids in 2007-2008 and F 2 populations in 2008-2009 of different cross combinations, the narrow-sense GNPS heritability was up to 49.58 and 52.23%, respectively. Genetic model analysis predictions suggested that GNPS in Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 was mainly controlled by additive genetic effects. Correlation analysis results between GNPS and 1 000- kernel weight (TKW) of F 2 populations showed that TKW was not influenced with the increase of GNPS. The good coordination among three yield components of spike number per plant (SNPP), GNPS, and TKW in the F 2 segregating population implied that selection of good candidate individuals in breeding programs would be relatively straightforward. Overall, our results indicated that Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 are two potential germplasm lines for yield improvement of GNPS in pedigree selection of wheat breeding.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951501)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(2011AA100501)
文摘Stress-associated protein(SAP)has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation,embryo development and response to abiotic stresses.TaSAP1-A1,one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1(TaSAP1)members located on wheat chromosome 7A was isolated for polymorphism analysis.HapIII of TaSAP1-A1 was found significantly associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in multiple environments.In this study,HapIII also made a positive contribution to TGW in Population 2.The distribution of TaSAP1-A1HapIII was tracked among varieties released in different years and geographical environments of China.The frequency of HapIII showed an increasing trend during the breeding process in two different populations.The HapIII was gradually selected and applied from 6.36%in landraces to 13.50%in modern varieties.These results exhibited that TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was positively selected during wheat breeding,which is beneficial for grain-yield improvement.The preferred HapIII was initially selected and applied in the higher latitude areas of China in accord with the long day season and longer grain filling stage in these areas.Moreover,the frequency of HapIII in recent modern varieties was still quite low(19.29-26.67%).It indicated a high application potential of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII for improving grain yield in wheat breeding.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2011CB100104)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(2011AA100101)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31071416)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe National Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period(2013BAD01B02)
文摘Grain number per spike(GNPS) is a major factor in wheat yield breeding.A new wheat germplasm Pubing 3504 shows superior features in spike traits.To elucidate the genetic basis of spike and yield related traits in Pubing 3504,282 F2:3 families were generated from the cross Pubing 3504×Jing 4839,and seven spike and yield related traits,including GNPS,spike length(SL),kernel number per spikelet(KPS),spikelet number per spike(SNS),thousand-grain weight(TGW),spike number per plant(SNP),and plant height(HT) were investigated.Correlation analysis indicated significant positive correlations between GNPS and spike-related traits,including KPS,SNS,and SL,especially KPS.A genetic map was constructed using 190 polymorphic simple sequence repeat(SSR),expressed sequence tag(EST)-SSR,and sequencetagged-site(STS) markers.For the seven traits measured,a total of 37 quantitative trait loci(QTLs) in a single-environment analysis and 25 QTLs in a joint-environment analysis were detected.Additive effects of 70.3%(in a single environment) and 57.6%(in a joint environment) of the QTLs were positively contributed by Pubing 3504 alleles.Five important genomic regions on chromosomes 1 A,4 A,4 B,2 D,and 4 D could be stably detected in different environments.Among these regions,the marker interval Xmag834–Xbarc83 on the short arm of chromosome 1 A was a novel important genomic region that included QTLs controlling GNPS,KPS,SNS,TGW,and SNP with stable environmental repeatability.This genomic region can improve the spike trait and may play a key role in improving wheat yield in the future.We deduced that this genomic region was vital to the high GNPS of Pubing 3504.
文摘Rice, a staple cereal crop in many parts of the world, has been confronted with multiple environmental stresses including high temperature, negatively impacts the booting as well as anthesis growth stages. The situation is further complicated by the changing climatic conditions, resulting in gradual escalation of temperature as well as changing the rainfall pattern and frequency, thus raising a concern of food security worldwide. The situation can be combat by developing rice varieties with excellent genetics with improved morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, together can minimize the adverse effects of heat stress. Here, several strategies(encompassing genetic and genomic, and mechanisms involved) for mitigating the impact of high temperature on rice have been discussed. Finally, the utilization of genomic knowledge in augmenting the conventional breeding approaches have been comprehensively elaborated to develop heat tolerant germplasm.
基金funded by the National “Key Sci-Tech” Project (2016ZX08002-001-004)
文摘Sharp eyespot,mainly caused by the soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis,affects wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production worldwide.In this study,we isolated TaCML36 gene encoding a wheat calmodulin-like protein,and studied its defense role in protection against R.cerealis.Transcription of TaCML36 was significantly elevated by both R.cerealis infection and exogenous ethylene treatment.Transcription was higher in resistant wheat lines than in susceptible ones.There were copies of TaCML36 on chromosomes 5A,5B,and 5D.The TaCML36 protein is composed of 183 amino acids and contains two calcium-binding EFhand domains.Subcellular localization assays in wheat indicated that TaCML36 localizes in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.Virus-induced gene silencing and disease assessment indicated that compared to the controls,TaCML36-silenced wheat plants displayed significantly reduced resistance to R.cerealis and had greater fungal biomass,suggesting that knockdown of TaCML36 impaired host resistance.Knockdown of TaCML36 also significantly repressed expression of pathogenesis-related genes such as Chitinase 1,PDF35,and PR17C,the ethylene response factor-encoding gene TaPIE1,and ethylene biosynthesis gene ACO2.Collectively,our results suggest that TaCML36 positively participates in the innate immune response to R.cerealis infection by modulating expression of defense-associated genes possibly in the ethylene signaling pathway.
