This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of avian coccidiosis and its associated various risk factors such as age,type of birds and season in a private veterinary clinic in Bukuru,Plateau State Ngeria.A tota...This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of avian coccidiosis and its associated various risk factors such as age,type of birds and season in a private veterinary clinic in Bukuru,Plateau State Ngeria.A total of 9406 cases during 2013–2017 were analysed and 1556 of them were positive for coccidiosis.There are several reports on the prevalence of avian coccidiosis by previous researchers;however,in this study we evaluated the prevalence of avian coccidiosis in the study area and its economic impacts.Total prevalence of 12.14%in 2013,18.78%in 2014,18.21%in 2015,16.82%in 2016 and 19.07%in 2017 were reported.An overall prevalence of 85.02%was recorded.The average prevalence of coccidiosis based on this five years study is 17%.The association between coccidiosis and age of the birds was determined and age 5-8 weeks becomes most effective period with wet season having high percentage prevalence of coccidiosis.Based on the type of birds,coccidiosis is prevalence almost in equal proportion in both broilers and layers.The losses caused by avian coccidiosis could be both direct and indirect components which may include the cost of control measures,inadequate good hygiene practices,production losses and lack of prophylaxis treatment.The control of avian coccidiosis can be achieved through good sanitary measures by avoiding water spillage on the pen floor,overcrowded stocking density,the use of prophylaxis-anticoccidials and proper good vaccination practices.展开更多
Antibiotics are among the most often used medications in human healthcare and agriculture.Overusing these substances can lead to complications such as increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria or a toxic effect whe...Antibiotics are among the most often used medications in human healthcare and agriculture.Overusing these substances can lead to complications such as increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria or a toxic effect when administering large amounts.To solve these problems,new solutions in antibacterial therapy are needed.The use of natural products in medicine has been known for centuries.Some of them have antibacterial activity,hence the idea to combine their activity with commercial antibiotics to reduce the latter's use.This review presents collected information on natural compounds(terpenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,tannins,sulfoxides,and mycotoxins),of which various drug interactions have been observed.Many of the indicated compounds show synergistic or additive interactions with antibiotics,which suggests their potential for use in antibacterial therapy,reducing the toxicity of the antibiotics used and the risk of further development of bacterial resistance.Unfortunately,there are also compounds which interact antagonistically,potentially hindering the therapy of bacterial infection.Depending on its mechanism of action,each compound can behave differently in combination with different antibiotics and when acting against various bacterial strains.展开更多
Zoonosis is used to describe disease that has the potential to naturally transmit from vertebrate animal to man.This can also go vice versa whereby disease can transmit from man to animal which is known as reverse zoo...Zoonosis is used to describe disease that has the potential to naturally transmit from vertebrate animal to man.This can also go vice versa whereby disease can transmit from man to animal which is known as reverse zoonosis[1].Over the last decade,about 75%of zoonotic pathogens have been documented in human arising from animals or animal products[2].In the developing countries,about 20%of human sickness and death are due to endemic zoonosis[3].展开更多
Dear Editor,Bacteriophages(otherwise called phages)are a type of virus that infect bacteria.This viral type has found useful applications in the control of bacterial pathogens in foods and food processing environments...Dear Editor,Bacteriophages(otherwise called phages)are a type of virus that infect bacteria.This viral type has found useful applications in the control of bacterial pathogens in foods and food processing environments.In addition,phages may be useful to prevent colonization and shedding of bacteria into the surrounding environment.展开更多
Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reaso...Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reasonable number of antioxidant compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. This paper investigates the anti-oxidant potential of two different varieties of Banana peels (Dwarf cavandish and Musa omini). The peels were extracted with two different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) using the soxhlet extractor. The results show that ethanolic extracts have higher phenolics and flavonoid contents (336.83 - 383.83 mgGAE/100g, 242.83 - 252.82 mgRutin/100g) compared to the methanolic extracts of the same banana varieties (299.42 - 344 mgGAE/100g, 240.77 - 241.23 mgRutin/100g). However methanolic extracts exhibit higher DPPH Antioxidants Activity (30.82% - 51.66%) compared to ethanolic extracts (25.44% - 30.27%). This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were also involved in inhibiting the DPPH Radicals. It was also observed that at any concentration between 0.5 - 2.5 mg, ethanol extracts of both dwarf cavandish and musa omini had higher reducing power than the other two varieties.展开更多
Effects a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate [AMS] has on Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) were tested. Equal amounts of AIV samples and of the AMS were mixed, kept one hour at room temperature before centrifuging. The...Effects a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate [AMS] has on Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) were tested. Equal amounts of AIV samples and of the AMS were mixed, kept one hour at room temperature before centrifuging. The supernatants were remeasured and tested for, viral titre, Mean Death Time (MDT) and Mortality Rate of chicken Embryos (EMR). Volumes of the viral samples reduced at rate of 23.4% ± 5.48%. Viral titres reduced significantly (P < 0.01) from HA, 73 ± 32.72 to 1.4 ± 0.43. Also, EMR of infected chicken embryos reduced from 100% to 65%, while MDT of those that died,increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 76 ± 4.38 to 136 ±18.93 hours. When incubation with AMS was repeated on portions of an AIV sample, MDT increased from 64 to 104 hours with the portion incubated once. AIV portions on which incubation with AMS was repeated could not kill chicken embryos.展开更多
Nematodes of the Anisakidae family are important parasites that can cause anisakiasis--human parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract. Allergic symptoms can arise as secondary immune response after infection by l...Nematodes of the Anisakidae family are important parasites that can cause anisakiasis--human parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract. Allergic symptoms can arise as secondary immune response after infection by living parasite. In the life cycle of these parasites, intermediate, definitive and paratenic hosts （fish） might occur. In most cases, human anisakiasis is caused by consumption of fish which are infected with the larvae of the Anisakidae family. The purpose of the article was to assess the definitive host, the geographical spread of the parasites and the risk associated with consumption of raw fish and fishery products. Furthermore, this article describes symptoms and treatment of anisakiasis and kinds of preventive measures that can be taken to prevent anisakiasis.展开更多
The effect of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) on the immune responses and serum proteins was investigated in six-week-old ducks and chickens. Results showed that weight loss was markedly significant (p < 0...The effect of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) on the immune responses and serum proteins was investigated in six-week-old ducks and chickens. Results showed that weight loss was markedly significant (p < 0.05) from days 3 - 21 (PI) in chickens and mild (p < 0.05) on days 3 and 15 PI in ducks. The antibody response obtained showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in infected chickens (IC) than those of the infected ducks (ID). While the total serum protein and serum globulin increased significantly (p < 0.05) in IC on days 7 and 14 PI, they decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in ID only on day 21 PI. The immune responses and serum protein values in this experiment X-ray showed less susceptibility of ducks when compared with the chickens. This may be related to marked anorexia and severe dehydration observed in the latter consequent upon serum concentration. Ducks could be maintaining the endemicity of Newcastle disease (ND) as reservoir host.展开更多
The control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria from inception is predicated on effective biosecurity by stamping out policy but outbreaks of the disease continued to re-occur with altered clinico-p...The control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria from inception is predicated on effective biosecurity by stamping out policy but outbreaks of the disease continued to re-occur with altered clinico-pathologic manifestations. This study undertook the qualitative assessment of the clinico-pathological features of HPAI H5N1 during the 2021/2022 outbreaks in commercial poultry and peri-domestic birds in northern Nigeria. A total of 22 commercial poultry farms with 53,932 laying chickens and 3 households with 120 backyard broiler chickens, 18 indigenous chickens, 10 peafowls and 9 geese were investigated for HPAI. The clinico-pathologic manifestations observed in commercial poultry were subtle compared to previous presentations of the disease except in the peafowls, geese, broilers and indigenous chickens. The interspecies mortality rates significantly varied from 1.6% to 19.6% for laying chickens and 33.3% to 100% for broilers, indigenous chickens, geese and peafowls. Based on the history of sudden and high mortality, clinical signs and post mortem lesions observed, three diseases;HPAI, very virulent Newcastle disease and fowl cholera were drawn out as differential diagnoses. However, a tentative diagnosis of HPAI was made and samples were sent to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria for confirmatory diagnosis. Results of the laboratory tests conducted on the samples using one step flu A screening and duplex real time RT-PCR, and virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs confirmed HPAI H5N1 in twenty-five farms. It is concluded that the continuous though, irregular outbreaks of HPAI and emerging clinico-pathologic manifestations are pointers to failure of control and that the disease may become endemic. It is recommended that government should review its policy on the control of HPAI to include the adoption of zoned vaccination with close monitoring.展开更多
The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing ...The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.展开更多
The hematological and serum biochemical profiles of apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this research. One hundred and seven exotic breed of dogs were examined from Oc...The hematological and serum biochemical profiles of apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this research. One hundred and seven exotic breed of dogs were examined from October</span><span style="font-family:""> - </span><span style="font-family:"">December, 2018. The results from physical, clinical examinations and parasitological examinations were used to determine ap</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:"">parently healthy exotic breed of dogs which were used in this study. The parameters measured were rectal temperature, parasitaemia, hematology which included red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin content;total white blood cell count, including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, and platelets;serum biochemical parameters also included Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride, using standard methods. Data generated from the study were statistically analyzed using students t</span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:"">test one-way analysis of variance while the level of significance </span><span style="font-family:"">was </span><span style="font-family:"">measured at p < 0.05. From this study, hematological and serum biochemical values were comparable to and not different from those reported for dogs in available literature, but the upper and lower reference limits (minimum and maximum values) were different for most parameters. Sex-related significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred only in WBC and total protein while age-related significant difference occurred only in total protein and urea level. Breed affected the MCHC and total bilirubin level which was evident in higher MCHC level in Neapolitan mastiff than Alsatian breed while total bilirubin was higher in Alsatian breed than Bull mastiff (p < 0.05). The present study has presented preliminary information on the range of hematological and serum biochemistry profile of exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria which may be useful to biomedical researchers and veterinary clinicians.展开更多
There are several reports on the utilisation of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets due to its essential bioactive compounds yet,little is known about its influence on Japanese quail eggs and meat qualities.Hence,the ne...There are several reports on the utilisation of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets due to its essential bioactive compounds yet,little is known about its influence on Japanese quail eggs and meat qualities.Hence,the need to examine performance,eggs and meat qualities of Japanese quail hens fed M.oleifera leaf.To achieve this,240 Japanese quail chicks were allocated to three dietary treatments:D1:control,0.0%(without M.oleifera leaf meal),D2:(0.5%M.oleifera leaf meal)and D3:(1%M.oleifera leaf meal).Data on performance,carcass,organs,eggs and meat qualities were collected and subjected to ANOVA at 0.05.Results revealed that feed consumption was lowest(2,701g)in D1 and highest(2,800g)in D2,carcass weight varied from 100-100.67g,thigh weight(12.66-13.58g)and breast weight was highest(40.41g)in D3.Liver weight was lowest(3.25g)in D1,kidney was largest(0.91g)in D3 whereas,the heart,gizzard and spleen weights ranged from 1.00-1.16g,3.08-3.50g and 0.04-0.08g,respectively.In the eggs,crude protein(10.94%),crude fat(6.71%),ash(1.36%),high-density lipoprotein(96.12mg/100g)and low-density lipoprotein(120.67mg/100g)were highest in D1.Total cholesterol(364.08mg/100g)and triglycerides(147.27mg/100g)were least in D1 and the caloric value varied from 1.46-1.47kcal/g.In the meat,crude protein(17.14%)and energy value(1.96kcal/g)were best in D2 but,crude fat(12.62%),ash(2.85%)and carbohydrates(1.31%)were superior in D3.In both eggs and meat,no crude fibre(0.0%)was detected.In any case,all the parameter values were within the normal ranges given in healthy Japanese quails at similar age.Consequently,addition of M.oleifera leaf meal at 1.0%to Japanese quail diets might not depress performance,affect carcass quality,cause organs dysfunctions but may improve nutritional quality of the eggs and meat.展开更多
Background: Eclampsia, the occurrence of generalized convulsion(s) in association with signs of preeclampsia [PE] (hypertension and proteinuria) in pregnancy has remained a significant public threat in Nigeria, contri...Background: Eclampsia, the occurrence of generalized convulsion(s) in association with signs of preeclampsia [PE] (hypertension and proteinuria) in pregnancy has remained a significant public threat in Nigeria, contributing to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in some selected hospitals in Kaduna State, between April 2014 and November 2015. Subjects and Methods: Blood (3 mls) was collected into an ethylenediaminetetraaccetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer tube from third trimester women diagnosed with eclampsia (EC;n = 38) and healthy pregnant controls (PC;n = 38)—age and parity matched and healthy non-pregnant controls (NPC;n = 38)—age matched. T Cell subpopulations and Complete Blood Count levels were measured by Sysmex, Auto blood analyzer and flow cytometry respectively. Participants with smear positive malaria, seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), any other clinical infection or refused consent were excluded from this study. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Result: Overall, results showed a depressed (mean ± Standard deviation (SD): CD3+ T cell (65.6 ± 15.5%;1225.5 ± 401.5 cell/μL), CD4+ T cell (36.1 ± 8.7%;657.1 ± 189.9 cell/μL), and a low CD4/CD8 value in women with EC (1.4 ± 0.5) and PC (1.5 ± 0.3) compared to NPC (1.9 ± 0.6) control (p < 05), while the total white blood cell count, and differential percentage neutrophils count were noted to be elevated among the eclamptic women (9.8 ± 4.9 × 109/L;70.3 ± 12.0%) compared to PC (6.9 ± 3.6 × 109/L;64.6 ± 8.1%) and NPC (5.6 ± 2.0 × 109/L;48.5 ± 10.7%), p < 0.05. Conclusion: Eclampsia was associated with significantly depressed CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte, and increased percentage differential neutrophil counts.展开更多
This was a comparative cross-sectional study of eclamptic and normal healthy pregnant women conducted in kaduna State, Nigeria to determine Pregnancy Specific beta-1 Glycoprotein (PSG-1) levels in the peripheral blood...This was a comparative cross-sectional study of eclamptic and normal healthy pregnant women conducted in kaduna State, Nigeria to determine Pregnancy Specific beta-1 Glycoprotein (PSG-1) levels in the peripheral blood of third trimester women with eclampsia (EC;n = 38), normal healthy pregnant and non pregnant women controls (PC;n = 25 and NPC;n = 25 respectively), age and parity matched, attending labour rooms/wards and Antenatal Clinics (ANC) of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria and four other Hospitals in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Participants with smear positive malaria, seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or any other known clinical infection were excluded from this study. Pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein levels were estimated using Quantikine ELISA kits. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 (Chicago, USA) and Graph pad Prism 6.0. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation while Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine the significant differences. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. The mean serum level of PSG-1 in EC was 2.53 ± 0.11 pg/ml, PC;2.56 ± 0.03 pg/ml) and NPC;0.62 ± 0.20 pg/ml. There was no significant difference between EC and PC (P > 0.05). Pregnant women (with and without EC) had significantly higher mean serum values compared to NPC p < 0.05. While pregnancy was associated with high levels of PSG-1, the study did not support the hypothesis of low PSG-1 level in EC. A longitudinal study to capture changes in PSG-I levels in the course of pregnancy as they manifest is recommended.展开更多
1.Introduction,West Nile virus(WNV)is an important arbovirus that affects both animals and humans.It is a flavivirus member of the Flaviviridae family and is primarily spread by Culex mosquitoes.The main enzootic cycl...1.Introduction,West Nile virus(WNV)is an important arbovirus that affects both animals and humans.It is a flavivirus member of the Flaviviridae family and is primarily spread by Culex mosquitoes.The main enzootic cycle of WNV occurs between birds and mosquitoes,with horses and humans serving as dead-end hosts.Although most human infections are inapparent,the virus can cause flu-like malaise(20%)and severe neuroinvasive disorders(<1%),and there is no specific treatment or approved human vaccines.展开更多
Dear Editor,Since 2004,high pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)due to H5N1 virus among others has caused a major veterinary health crisis,resulting in the loss of millions of poultry through death or culling in several c...Dear Editor,Since 2004,high pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)due to H5N1 virus among others has caused a major veterinary health crisis,resulting in the loss of millions of poultry through death or culling in several countries in Asia,the Middle East,Europe,Africa and North America(Alexander2007;Lee et al.2016).展开更多
Global perception and consciousness of the threat of bioterrorism seem to have diminished in recent past following achievements in decades of global fight against deadly infectious diseases such as plague and smallpox...Global perception and consciousness of the threat of bioterrorism seem to have diminished in recent past following achievements in decades of global fight against deadly infectious diseases such as plague and smallpox.However,with recent advancement in biotechnology and the arrival on the scene of amoral and rogue states as well as terrorist groups,there is a justifiably heightened global apprehension that bacteria,viruses,and toxicogenic fungi can be weaponized and used to cause great harm to humans and agricultural biodiversity.We now have on our hands the dilemma of dual-use ofbiotechnology.This review brings to the fore an aspect of microbial forensics-bioagent source-tracing(attribution)that is very key in mounting an appropriate response to the evident threat ofbioterrorism.This article places a little more emphasis on the bioagent Yersinia pestis,and the technique of whole-genome sequence typing adjudged the most effective technique for building databases for bioterrorism-associated agents and public health important pathogens.The need for international sharing of data and databases of bio-agents is emphasized,as this would enable global applicability of bio-agent source-tracing in cases ofbioterrorism.展开更多
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of avian coccidiosis and its associated various risk factors such as age,type of birds and season in a private veterinary clinic in Bukuru,Plateau State Ngeria.A total of 9406 cases during 2013–2017 were analysed and 1556 of them were positive for coccidiosis.There are several reports on the prevalence of avian coccidiosis by previous researchers;however,in this study we evaluated the prevalence of avian coccidiosis in the study area and its economic impacts.Total prevalence of 12.14%in 2013,18.78%in 2014,18.21%in 2015,16.82%in 2016 and 19.07%in 2017 were reported.An overall prevalence of 85.02%was recorded.The average prevalence of coccidiosis based on this five years study is 17%.The association between coccidiosis and age of the birds was determined and age 5-8 weeks becomes most effective period with wet season having high percentage prevalence of coccidiosis.Based on the type of birds,coccidiosis is prevalence almost in equal proportion in both broilers and layers.The losses caused by avian coccidiosis could be both direct and indirect components which may include the cost of control measures,inadequate good hygiene practices,production losses and lack of prophylaxis treatment.The control of avian coccidiosis can be achieved through good sanitary measures by avoiding water spillage on the pen floor,overcrowded stocking density,the use of prophylaxis-anticoccidials and proper good vaccination practices.
文摘Antibiotics are among the most often used medications in human healthcare and agriculture.Overusing these substances can lead to complications such as increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria or a toxic effect when administering large amounts.To solve these problems,new solutions in antibacterial therapy are needed.The use of natural products in medicine has been known for centuries.Some of them have antibacterial activity,hence the idea to combine their activity with commercial antibiotics to reduce the latter's use.This review presents collected information on natural compounds(terpenes,alkaloids,flavonoids,tannins,sulfoxides,and mycotoxins),of which various drug interactions have been observed.Many of the indicated compounds show synergistic or additive interactions with antibiotics,which suggests their potential for use in antibacterial therapy,reducing the toxicity of the antibiotics used and the risk of further development of bacterial resistance.Unfortunately,there are also compounds which interact antagonistically,potentially hindering the therapy of bacterial infection.Depending on its mechanism of action,each compound can behave differently in combination with different antibiotics and when acting against various bacterial strains.
文摘Zoonosis is used to describe disease that has the potential to naturally transmit from vertebrate animal to man.This can also go vice versa whereby disease can transmit from man to animal which is known as reverse zoonosis[1].Over the last decade,about 75%of zoonotic pathogens have been documented in human arising from animals or animal products[2].In the developing countries,about 20%of human sickness and death are due to endemic zoonosis[3].
基金Research University Grant Scheme(RUGSgrant number 9329400)University Putra Malaysia,partly funded the research
文摘Dear Editor,Bacteriophages(otherwise called phages)are a type of virus that infect bacteria.This viral type has found useful applications in the control of bacterial pathogens in foods and food processing environments.In addition,phages may be useful to prevent colonization and shedding of bacteria into the surrounding environment.
文摘Fruit wastes which are perishable pose a big problem to pollution monitoring agencies;however these problems can be reduced by utilizing the high value compounds present in the food waste. Banana peels contain a reasonable number of antioxidant compounds such as gallocatechin and dopamine. This paper investigates the anti-oxidant potential of two different varieties of Banana peels (Dwarf cavandish and Musa omini). The peels were extracted with two different solvents (Methanol and Ethanol) using the soxhlet extractor. The results show that ethanolic extracts have higher phenolics and flavonoid contents (336.83 - 383.83 mgGAE/100g, 242.83 - 252.82 mgRutin/100g) compared to the methanolic extracts of the same banana varieties (299.42 - 344 mgGAE/100g, 240.77 - 241.23 mgRutin/100g). However methanolic extracts exhibit higher DPPH Antioxidants Activity (30.82% - 51.66%) compared to ethanolic extracts (25.44% - 30.27%). This implies that antioxidative compounds other than phenolics and flavonoids were also involved in inhibiting the DPPH Radicals. It was also observed that at any concentration between 0.5 - 2.5 mg, ethanol extracts of both dwarf cavandish and musa omini had higher reducing power than the other two varieties.
文摘Effects a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate [AMS] has on Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) were tested. Equal amounts of AIV samples and of the AMS were mixed, kept one hour at room temperature before centrifuging. The supernatants were remeasured and tested for, viral titre, Mean Death Time (MDT) and Mortality Rate of chicken Embryos (EMR). Volumes of the viral samples reduced at rate of 23.4% ± 5.48%. Viral titres reduced significantly (P < 0.01) from HA, 73 ± 32.72 to 1.4 ± 0.43. Also, EMR of infected chicken embryos reduced from 100% to 65%, while MDT of those that died,increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 76 ± 4.38 to 136 ±18.93 hours. When incubation with AMS was repeated on portions of an AIV sample, MDT increased from 64 to 104 hours with the portion incubated once. AIV portions on which incubation with AMS was repeated could not kill chicken embryos.
文摘Nematodes of the Anisakidae family are important parasites that can cause anisakiasis--human parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract. Allergic symptoms can arise as secondary immune response after infection by living parasite. In the life cycle of these parasites, intermediate, definitive and paratenic hosts （fish） might occur. In most cases, human anisakiasis is caused by consumption of fish which are infected with the larvae of the Anisakidae family. The purpose of the article was to assess the definitive host, the geographical spread of the parasites and the risk associated with consumption of raw fish and fishery products. Furthermore, this article describes symptoms and treatment of anisakiasis and kinds of preventive measures that can be taken to prevent anisakiasis.
文摘The effect of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) on the immune responses and serum proteins was investigated in six-week-old ducks and chickens. Results showed that weight loss was markedly significant (p < 0.05) from days 3 - 21 (PI) in chickens and mild (p < 0.05) on days 3 and 15 PI in ducks. The antibody response obtained showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in infected chickens (IC) than those of the infected ducks (ID). While the total serum protein and serum globulin increased significantly (p < 0.05) in IC on days 7 and 14 PI, they decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in ID only on day 21 PI. The immune responses and serum protein values in this experiment X-ray showed less susceptibility of ducks when compared with the chickens. This may be related to marked anorexia and severe dehydration observed in the latter consequent upon serum concentration. Ducks could be maintaining the endemicity of Newcastle disease (ND) as reservoir host.
文摘The control of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Nigeria from inception is predicated on effective biosecurity by stamping out policy but outbreaks of the disease continued to re-occur with altered clinico-pathologic manifestations. This study undertook the qualitative assessment of the clinico-pathological features of HPAI H5N1 during the 2021/2022 outbreaks in commercial poultry and peri-domestic birds in northern Nigeria. A total of 22 commercial poultry farms with 53,932 laying chickens and 3 households with 120 backyard broiler chickens, 18 indigenous chickens, 10 peafowls and 9 geese were investigated for HPAI. The clinico-pathologic manifestations observed in commercial poultry were subtle compared to previous presentations of the disease except in the peafowls, geese, broilers and indigenous chickens. The interspecies mortality rates significantly varied from 1.6% to 19.6% for laying chickens and 33.3% to 100% for broilers, indigenous chickens, geese and peafowls. Based on the history of sudden and high mortality, clinical signs and post mortem lesions observed, three diseases;HPAI, very virulent Newcastle disease and fowl cholera were drawn out as differential diagnoses. However, a tentative diagnosis of HPAI was made and samples were sent to the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria for confirmatory diagnosis. Results of the laboratory tests conducted on the samples using one step flu A screening and duplex real time RT-PCR, and virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs confirmed HPAI H5N1 in twenty-five farms. It is concluded that the continuous though, irregular outbreaks of HPAI and emerging clinico-pathologic manifestations are pointers to failure of control and that the disease may become endemic. It is recommended that government should review its policy on the control of HPAI to include the adoption of zoned vaccination with close monitoring.
文摘The discovery of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites and its incrimination as the principal cause of malaria in humans has continued to excite researchers towards inventing possible easier methods of diagnosing and identifying these pathological agents in order to mitigate, control and eliminate its continuous scourge to humanity. Currently, three diagnostic methods have been proposed, but agreements as to whether the level of parasitaemia in an individual could connote likely confirmations in the three methods <em>i.e.</em> gold standard, RDTs’ and PCR/NESTED PCR, have continued to be a subject of debate. To lay to rest the debate as reported in many studies, we collected blood samples from 100 symptomatic patients who reported to the Jos-Nigeria hospital and using the gold standard methods, we were able to confirm that 30 (30%) samples out of the 100 blood samples collected were positive to P.<em> falciparum</em>, chiefly recorded among duffy-negative Africans. Excited with our findings, we prepared the thick blood films for each sample and used it to estimate the levels of parasitaemia (parasites density) per μl of blood (<em>i.e.</em> 1+;2+;3+ and 4+) per 100 high power fields (|HPF). We then subjected the individually confirmed parasite density samples to the other two methods <em>i.e.</em> Rapid Diagnostic Test (one-step RTD and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDT) and to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR). Interestingly, of the 30 positive samples, 18 (60%) were confirmed positive to the one-step and optimal-IT<span style="white-space:nowrap;">®</span> RDTS, while 3 (30%) out of the 10 (100%) samples of various parasite density subjected to molecular assay (PCR and the nested PCR) were positive to only P. <em>falciparum</em>. Statistical analysis of variance based on single factor computed using SPSS indicates a no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the parasitaemia levels of the four groups/categories of patients;<em>i.e.</em> variance ratio of 0.011976 calculated was less than F-critical (2.816466) at 5% (0.05). Whereas gold standard could be considered as the optimal method, for the PCR/NESTED PCR, the sensitivity is dependent on high level of parasitaemia.
文摘The hematological and serum biochemical profiles of apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this research. One hundred and seven exotic breed of dogs were examined from October</span><span style="font-family:""> - </span><span style="font-family:"">December, 2018. The results from physical, clinical examinations and parasitological examinations were used to determine ap</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span><span style="font-family:"">parently healthy exotic breed of dogs which were used in this study. The parameters measured were rectal temperature, parasitaemia, hematology which included red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin content;total white blood cell count, including eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, and platelets;serum biochemical parameters also included Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride, using standard methods. Data generated from the study were statistically analyzed using students t</span><span style="font-family:"">-</span><span style="font-family:"">test one-way analysis of variance while the level of significance </span><span style="font-family:"">was </span><span style="font-family:"">measured at p < 0.05. From this study, hematological and serum biochemical values were comparable to and not different from those reported for dogs in available literature, but the upper and lower reference limits (minimum and maximum values) were different for most parameters. Sex-related significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred only in WBC and total protein while age-related significant difference occurred only in total protein and urea level. Breed affected the MCHC and total bilirubin level which was evident in higher MCHC level in Neapolitan mastiff than Alsatian breed while total bilirubin was higher in Alsatian breed than Bull mastiff (p < 0.05). The present study has presented preliminary information on the range of hematological and serum biochemistry profile of exotic breed of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria which may be useful to biomedical researchers and veterinary clinicians.
文摘There are several reports on the utilisation of Moringa oleifera in poultry diets due to its essential bioactive compounds yet,little is known about its influence on Japanese quail eggs and meat qualities.Hence,the need to examine performance,eggs and meat qualities of Japanese quail hens fed M.oleifera leaf.To achieve this,240 Japanese quail chicks were allocated to three dietary treatments:D1:control,0.0%(without M.oleifera leaf meal),D2:(0.5%M.oleifera leaf meal)and D3:(1%M.oleifera leaf meal).Data on performance,carcass,organs,eggs and meat qualities were collected and subjected to ANOVA at 0.05.Results revealed that feed consumption was lowest(2,701g)in D1 and highest(2,800g)in D2,carcass weight varied from 100-100.67g,thigh weight(12.66-13.58g)and breast weight was highest(40.41g)in D3.Liver weight was lowest(3.25g)in D1,kidney was largest(0.91g)in D3 whereas,the heart,gizzard and spleen weights ranged from 1.00-1.16g,3.08-3.50g and 0.04-0.08g,respectively.In the eggs,crude protein(10.94%),crude fat(6.71%),ash(1.36%),high-density lipoprotein(96.12mg/100g)and low-density lipoprotein(120.67mg/100g)were highest in D1.Total cholesterol(364.08mg/100g)and triglycerides(147.27mg/100g)were least in D1 and the caloric value varied from 1.46-1.47kcal/g.In the meat,crude protein(17.14%)and energy value(1.96kcal/g)were best in D2 but,crude fat(12.62%),ash(2.85%)and carbohydrates(1.31%)were superior in D3.In both eggs and meat,no crude fibre(0.0%)was detected.In any case,all the parameter values were within the normal ranges given in healthy Japanese quails at similar age.Consequently,addition of M.oleifera leaf meal at 1.0%to Japanese quail diets might not depress performance,affect carcass quality,cause organs dysfunctions but may improve nutritional quality of the eggs and meat.
文摘Background: Eclampsia, the occurrence of generalized convulsion(s) in association with signs of preeclampsia [PE] (hypertension and proteinuria) in pregnancy has remained a significant public threat in Nigeria, contributing to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in some selected hospitals in Kaduna State, between April 2014 and November 2015. Subjects and Methods: Blood (3 mls) was collected into an ethylenediaminetetraaccetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer tube from third trimester women diagnosed with eclampsia (EC;n = 38) and healthy pregnant controls (PC;n = 38)—age and parity matched and healthy non-pregnant controls (NPC;n = 38)—age matched. T Cell subpopulations and Complete Blood Count levels were measured by Sysmex, Auto blood analyzer and flow cytometry respectively. Participants with smear positive malaria, seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), any other clinical infection or refused consent were excluded from this study. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Result: Overall, results showed a depressed (mean ± Standard deviation (SD): CD3+ T cell (65.6 ± 15.5%;1225.5 ± 401.5 cell/μL), CD4+ T cell (36.1 ± 8.7%;657.1 ± 189.9 cell/μL), and a low CD4/CD8 value in women with EC (1.4 ± 0.5) and PC (1.5 ± 0.3) compared to NPC (1.9 ± 0.6) control (p < 05), while the total white blood cell count, and differential percentage neutrophils count were noted to be elevated among the eclamptic women (9.8 ± 4.9 × 109/L;70.3 ± 12.0%) compared to PC (6.9 ± 3.6 × 109/L;64.6 ± 8.1%) and NPC (5.6 ± 2.0 × 109/L;48.5 ± 10.7%), p < 0.05. Conclusion: Eclampsia was associated with significantly depressed CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte, and increased percentage differential neutrophil counts.
文摘This was a comparative cross-sectional study of eclamptic and normal healthy pregnant women conducted in kaduna State, Nigeria to determine Pregnancy Specific beta-1 Glycoprotein (PSG-1) levels in the peripheral blood of third trimester women with eclampsia (EC;n = 38), normal healthy pregnant and non pregnant women controls (PC;n = 25 and NPC;n = 25 respectively), age and parity matched, attending labour rooms/wards and Antenatal Clinics (ANC) of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria and four other Hospitals in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Participants with smear positive malaria, seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or any other known clinical infection were excluded from this study. Pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein levels were estimated using Quantikine ELISA kits. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 (Chicago, USA) and Graph pad Prism 6.0. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation while Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine the significant differences. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. The mean serum level of PSG-1 in EC was 2.53 ± 0.11 pg/ml, PC;2.56 ± 0.03 pg/ml) and NPC;0.62 ± 0.20 pg/ml. There was no significant difference between EC and PC (P > 0.05). Pregnant women (with and without EC) had significantly higher mean serum values compared to NPC p < 0.05. While pregnancy was associated with high levels of PSG-1, the study did not support the hypothesis of low PSG-1 level in EC. A longitudinal study to capture changes in PSG-I levels in the course of pregnancy as they manifest is recommended.
文摘1.Introduction,West Nile virus(WNV)is an important arbovirus that affects both animals and humans.It is a flavivirus member of the Flaviviridae family and is primarily spread by Culex mosquitoes.The main enzootic cycle of WNV occurs between birds and mosquitoes,with horses and humans serving as dead-end hosts.Although most human infections are inapparent,the virus can cause flu-like malaise(20%)and severe neuroinvasive disorders(<1%),and there is no specific treatment or approved human vaccines.
文摘Dear Editor,Since 2004,high pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)due to H5N1 virus among others has caused a major veterinary health crisis,resulting in the loss of millions of poultry through death or culling in several countries in Asia,the Middle East,Europe,Africa and North America(Alexander2007;Lee et al.2016).
文摘Global perception and consciousness of the threat of bioterrorism seem to have diminished in recent past following achievements in decades of global fight against deadly infectious diseases such as plague and smallpox.However,with recent advancement in biotechnology and the arrival on the scene of amoral and rogue states as well as terrorist groups,there is a justifiably heightened global apprehension that bacteria,viruses,and toxicogenic fungi can be weaponized and used to cause great harm to humans and agricultural biodiversity.We now have on our hands the dilemma of dual-use ofbiotechnology.This review brings to the fore an aspect of microbial forensics-bioagent source-tracing(attribution)that is very key in mounting an appropriate response to the evident threat ofbioterrorism.This article places a little more emphasis on the bioagent Yersinia pestis,and the technique of whole-genome sequence typing adjudged the most effective technique for building databases for bioterrorism-associated agents and public health important pathogens.The need for international sharing of data and databases of bio-agents is emphasized,as this would enable global applicability of bio-agent source-tracing in cases ofbioterrorism.
