Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent bioc...Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.展开更多
In this editorial I comment on the article“Network pharmacological and molecular docking study of the effect of Liu-Wei-Bu-Qi capsule on lung cancer”published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cas...In this editorial I comment on the article“Network pharmacological and molecular docking study of the effect of Liu-Wei-Bu-Qi capsule on lung cancer”published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023 November 6;11(31):7593-7609.Almost all living forms are able to manufacture particular chemicals-metabolites that enable them to differentiate themselves from one another and to overcome the unique obstacles they encounter in their natural habitats.Numerous methods for chemical warfare,communication,nutrition acquisition,and stress prevention are made possible by these specialized metabolites.Metabolomics is a popular technique for collecting direct mea-surements of metabolic activity from many biological systems.However,con-fusing metabolite identification is a typical issue,and biochemical interpretation is frequently constrained by imprecise and erroneous genome-based estimates of enzyme activity.Metabolite annotation and gene integration uses a biochemical reaction network to obtain a metabolite-gene association so called metabologe-nomics.This network uses an approach that emphasizes metabolite-gene consensus via biochemical processes.Combining metabolomics and genomics data is beneficial.Furthermore,computer networking proposes that using meta-bolomics data may improve annotations in sequenced species and provide testable hypotheses for specific biochemical processes.CONCLUSION The genome and metabolites of biological organisms are not fully characterized with current technologies.However,increasing high-throughput metabolomics and genomics data provide promising generation of paired data sets to understand the molecular mechanism of biochemical processes as well as determining targets for pharmaceutical drug design.Contemporary network infrastructures to integrate omics analysis can provide molecular mechanism of biochemical pathways.Furthermore,clinical data may be integrated to gene expression–metabolite expression by system genetics approach.Calculating pair-wise correlations and weighted correlation network analysis provide the basis of this integration[11-13].The occurrence of strong correlations between classified metabolites and co-expression transcripts implies either various roles of metabolites or linkages between metabolic pathways and the immune system.展开更多
Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-tran...Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-translocation-associated (ZFTA, ST-EPN-ZFTA), exhibits the expression of a fusion protein comprising ZFTA and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), an effector transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (ZFTA-RELA). The expression of ZFTA-RELA results in the hyperactivation of the oncogenic NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the development of ST-EPN-ZFTA. To identify inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by the expression of ZFTA-RELA, we used a doxycycline-inducible ZFTA-RELA-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line and found that extracts of the fungus Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. We identified eight compounds [aszonapyrone A (2), sartorypyrone A (3), epiheveadride (4), acetylaszonalenin (5), (R)-benzodiazepinedione (6), aszonalenin (7), sartorypyrone E (8) and (Z, Z)-N,N’-(1,2-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-formamide (9)] from N. spinosa IFM 47025 culture extract using a variety of chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were identified through the analysis of various instrumental data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS, and optical rotation). The NF-κB responsive reporter assay indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited inhibitory activity. We further evaluated the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the expression of endogenous NF-κB responsive genes (CCND1, L1CAM, ICAM1, and TNF) and found that compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 2, which may serve as a lead compound for the development of a novel therapy for ST-EPN-ZFTA.展开更多
Yogurt is a traditional dairy product well known in all the regions of the world. In Cameroon, the most popularly known type is “kossam” also called curdled milk. Kossam is a set of milk based beverage from northern...Yogurt is a traditional dairy product well known in all the regions of the world. In Cameroon, the most popularly known type is “kossam” also called curdled milk. Kossam is a set of milk based beverage from northern Cameroon presenting great symbolic, economic and social values for local population [1]. 150 Kossam samples were collected from neighborhoods of PK8, Bonamoussadi, Nyalla, cite des palmier, Deido and Bedi community and later on reconstituted into 50 different samples of 350 mL, each containing 1/3 of 3 individual samples. They were analyzed for their physiochemical properties such as: PH, titratable acidity, density, brix and dry matter using most at times the standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods with slight modifications and results compared to a licensed brand sold in the Cameroonian market. The results of the study showed that, the physico-chemical properties of the locally made yogurts were different within the different samples. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the levels of the parameters analyzed in the different yogurt samples (p −1 Kg/L), Brix (8˚ - 24˚B), Dornic (23˚ - 160˚D). others contents per 100 g fresh matter are as follows: dry matter (average mean of 16.54%). Hence, the significant variations in the physico-chemical properties of kossam are a call for concern since as it impacts on the health of the population consuming this product.展开更多
According to the World Health Organization, diabetes affects approximately 347 million people worldwide. Its management is not within the reach of all social classes, therefore medicinal plants are still the first res...According to the World Health Organization, diabetes affects approximately 347 million people worldwide. Its management is not within the reach of all social classes, therefore medicinal plants are still the first resort for many populations in Africa. The biological material used in this study was the trunk bark of Guibourtia tessmannii. 50 g of trunk bark powder were decocted in 500 ml of distilled water for 5 minutes were carried out. The method used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) was an organometallic bio-reduction of silver nitrate salts mediated by various secondary metabolites contained in the plant extract. The study of the toxicity acute was conducted according to guideline 423 of the OECD protocol. The pharmacological activities were each carried out with 28 female rats divided into 7 groups of four rats. It was a question for the hypoglycemic activity of administering various doses of silver nanoparticles and other substances to the rats thirty minutes after the carbohydrate intake and for the anti-hyperglycemic activity of administering the same substances to the rats thirty minutes before the carbohydrate intake. The extraction yield was 8.76%. Only the alkaloid test was negative. After acute toxicity study, the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. Blood sugar tests revealed that glibenclamide 5 mg/kg, which is the reference molecule, lowered blood sugar more than the other treatments applied in the other batches. It was followed by treatment with silver nanoparticles at a dose of 400 μg/kg in both tests. It was therefore concluded that silver nanoparticles from G. tessmannii are good for the formulation of improved traditional medicines and bring up their afficacity .展开更多
Pneumonia, a respiratory infection induces acute or chronic inflammation, characterized by increased activity of lymphocytes and neutrophils, thus generating oxygen-free radicals that decrease the endogenous antioxida...Pneumonia, a respiratory infection induces acute or chronic inflammation, characterized by increased activity of lymphocytes and neutrophils, thus generating oxygen-free radicals that decrease the endogenous antioxidants defence system. The aim of this experimental study focused on the capacity of nontoxic aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. subsp. suaveolens to regulate free reactive species and protein inflammation generated by infectious disease. The phytochemical screenings of G. suaveolens extracts were carried out according to precipitation and colorimetric methods. The total antioxidant and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium Chloride ethanolic methods. The efficiency of G. suaveolens extracts on free radicals was evaluated using DPPH<sup>•</sup>, ABTS<sup>+•</sup>, and FRAP methods. The anti-inflammatory properties of extracts were evaluated according to in vitro protein (BSA) denaturation, Proteinase Inhibitory Action, and Red Blood Cell Membrane stabilization assays. The G. suaveolens aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts were used for the acute toxicity assessment according to the OECD protocol. The obtained results showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and sterols as secondary metabolites families in G. suaveolens extracts. The highest contents of total antioxidants and flavonoids were highlighted in the hydroethanolic extract. However, it’s the G. suaveolens aqueous extract that showed the best free radical DPPH<sup>•</sup> and ABTS<sup>+•</sup> scavenging activities (SC<sub>50</sub>) of 11.06 μg/mL and 15.16 μg/mL respectively. The highest ferric-reducing activity was found in G. suaveolens ethanolic extract with 866.23 μg EGA/mg of dry weight. The hydroethanolic extract has shown a high anti-inflammatory activity through BSA denaturation and erythrocyte membrane haemolysis with inhibitory concentrations 50 (IC<sub>50</sub>) of 48.63 and 59.22 μg/mL respectively. In contrast, proteinase inhibitory activity revealed a better potential of IC<sub>50</sub> (34.19 μg/mL) for the ethanolic extract. In oral acute toxicity, all treated groups revealed neither mortality nor any significant alteration in behaviour and locomotion. The lethal dose 50 (LD<sub>50</sub>) of G. suaveolens extracts was >5000 mg/kg. These results suggest that G. suaveolens stem-barks extracts may serve as therapeutic sources to prevent inflammation induced by oxidative stress, an important feature of infectious diseases.展开更多
Many anticancer drugs have an impaired bioavailability and poor brain penetration because they are substrates to drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein.Elacridar is a strong inhi...Many anticancer drugs have an impaired bioavailability and poor brain penetration because they are substrates to drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein.Elacridar is a strong inhibitor of these two drug efflux pumps and therefore has great potential to improve oral absorption and brain penetration of many anticancer drugs.Currently,a clinical formulation of elacridar is unavailable and therefore the pharmaceutical development of a drug product is highly warranted.This also necessitates the availability of an analytical method for its quality control.A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar as the active pharmaceutical ingredient.The analytical method was validated for linearity,accuracy,precision,selectivity,carry-over,stability of stock and reference solutions,stability of the final extract,stability-indicating capability and impurity testing.We found that elacridar is unstable in aqueous solutions that are exposed to light because a hydroxylation product of elacridar is formed.Therefore,sample solutions with elacridar must be protected from light.展开更多
Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.Recent studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and might accelerate Alzheimer’s disease ...Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.Recent studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and might accelerate Alzheimer’s disease progression.Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system with important roles in the structural and functional maintenance of the blood-brain barrier.For example,astrocytic cove rage around endothelial cells with perivascular endfeet and secretion of homeostatic soluble factors are two major underlying mechanisms of astrocytic physiological functions.Astrocyte activation is often observed in Alzheimer’s disease patients,with astrocytes expressing a high level of glial fibrillary acid protein detected around amyloid-beta plaque with the elevated phagocytic ability for amyloid-beta.Structural alte rations in Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes including swollen endfeet,somata shrinkage and possess loss contribute to disruption in vascular integrity at capillary and arte rioles levels.In addition,Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes are skewed into proinflammatory and oxidative profiles with increased secretions of vasoactive mediators inducing endothelial junction disruption and immune cell infiltration.In this review,we summarize the findings of existing literature on the relevance of astrocyte alte ration in response to amyloid pathology in the context of blood-brain barrier dysfunction.First,we briefly describe the physiological roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier maintenance.Then,we review the clinical evidence of astrocyte pathology in Alzheimer’s disease patients and the preclinical evidence in animal and cellular models.We further discuss the structural changes of blood-brain barrier that correlates with Alzheimer’s disease astrocyte.Finally,we evaluate the roles of soluble factors secreted by Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes,providing potential molecular mechanisms underlying blood-brain barrier modulation.We conclude with a perspective on investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting astrocytes for blood-brain barrier protection in Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. Th...Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. The antioxidant activities, contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic rice husk extract were evaluated. The highest antioxidant activities were found in the variety PES1CMU, with 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as 679.66 and 4.16 mmol/(L·g) trolox equivalent, respectively, ferric reducing antioxidant power as 0.87 mmol/(L·g) Fe2+, total phenolic content as 29.90 mmol/(L·g) gallic acid and total flavonoid content as 12.16 mg/g catechin equivalent. Polyphenol compounds were identified mainly by standard polyphenols using the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the highest contents of phytic acid, o-coumaric acid, naringin and kaempferol. The non-glutenous and wetland ecotypes of rice husk samples were the richest in antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents characterized by using principal component analysis. The glutenous rice husk contained higher antioxidant activities than the rest. Interestingly, quercetin is a significant phenolic compound that positively correlated with the overall antioxidant activities of rice husk. This finding will be relevant for future application of rice husk antioxidant components in the production of functional ingredients as well as for the food and pharmaceutical industries.展开更多
Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the forms of hypertensive diseases that occur during pregnancy. Early-onset preeclampsia (EOP), which occurred before 34 weeks, proved to be the deadliest. Indeed, it is charact...Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the forms of hypertensive diseases that occur during pregnancy. Early-onset preeclampsia (EOP), which occurred before 34 weeks, proved to be the deadliest. Indeed, it is characterized by a poor maternal and fetal prognosis. EOP has a disparate incidence in the world varying between 0.9% and 31%. Several risks factors are associated with the occurrence of EOP, which is responsible of several adverse obstetrical outcomes. Complications can affect up to 85% of pregnant women with EOP, especially when EOP appears very early, before 28 or even 25 weeks’ gestation. Objectives: To determine frequency of EOP at the University Clinics of Kinshasa, to describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women with EOP and to identify its risks factors and its association adverse obstetrical outcomes. Methods: The study will be a cross-sectional analytical study in University Clinics of Kinshasa from January 2016 to December 2022. The minimal size will be 119. Our study population will consist of pregnant women who consult for antenatal best care and are neonates in our Clinic. Result will be presented as percentage proportion. Comparison and proportion means between groups will be made using Student’s test and Pearson’s chi-square test, respectively. Our test will be statistically significant for a p-value ≤ than less 0.05. Data will be collected and analysed anonymously and confidentiality. Conclusion: We believe that our study should enable us to identify profile of gestational carriers at risk of EOP in our environment, as well as prognosis associated with this entity, with a view to arousing particular interest in EOP.展开更多
Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including...Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results: Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concen-tration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida:Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725μg GAE/g. Conclusions: The IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.展开更多
A simple,selective,sensitive,precise,simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of serum samples and commercial tablet formulation containing hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil and irbesartan ...A simple,selective,sensitive,precise,simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of serum samples and commercial tablet formulation containing hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil and irbesartan are reported.Good chromatographic separation was achieved using a μ-Bondapak,C18 column(15 cm×4.6 mm,5 μm),and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.2% acetic acid aqueous solution(50∶50,v/v)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The ultraviolet detector was set at a wavelength of 260 nm.Hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan were eluted at 1.2,3.8,and 4.4 min,respectively.No extraneous materials were found to interfere.The method uses protein precipitation with acetonitrile for the preparation of serum sample.The linear ranges for hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan were 6.25-18.75,20-60,and 75-225 ng/mL,respectively.The recoveries of hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan in spiked samples were all greater than 98%,and their relative standard deviations were less than 2.0%.The limits of detection were 1,2,and 2 ng/mL for hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan,respectively,and the limits of quantification were 3 ng/mL,which allow their determination at the expected serum concentration levels.展开更多
Objective: To determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand. Met...Objective: To determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand. Methods: The essential oils of the specified spices and aromatic herbs were obtained by hydro-distillation, and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant assays were based on the scavenging effects of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals as well as the lipid oxidation inhibition of β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was evaluated by the dopachrome method. Broth microdilution technique was performed for the purposes of studying microbial growth inhibition against the isolated bacterial strains. Results: The essential oils of Elsholtzia stachyodes, Coleus amboinicus(I) and Trachyspermum ammi presented a high degree of potency in DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene bleaching assays. The Trachyspermum ammi oil, which mainly contained thymol(49.04%) and p-cymene(22.06%), proved to be the most effective in terms of antibacterial activity. The major compositions of Coleus amboinicus(I) were carvacrol(51.57%), γ-terpinene(18.04%) and p-cymene(7.81%); while thymol(43.76%) and γ-terpinene(24.61%) were identified as the major components of Elsholtzia stachyodes oil, with p-cymene(6.73%) being identified as a minor constituent. Moreover, Cuminum cyminum oil containing cuminaldehyde(49.07%) and Elsholtzia communis oil composed with geranial(44.74%) and neral(35.27%) as the major components displayed a specific ability for the inhibition of the mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. Conclusions: The results indicated that these bioactive essential oils obtained from indigenous herbs are of significant interest as alternative raw materials in food, cosmetic and medicinal products.展开更多
Glutinous rice starch(GRS) is commonly produced in the Northeast of Thailand. GRS is a biopolymer which is widely used in the food industry but not yet commonly applied within the pharmaceutical industry as an alterna...Glutinous rice starch(GRS) is commonly produced in the Northeast of Thailand. GRS is a biopolymer which is widely used in the food industry but not yet commonly applied within the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative resource. GRS exhibits a branch chain structure which is not feasible to fabricate as nanofiber. Therefore, combining GRS with polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) in hybrid form can be a potential platform to produce GRS-PVA nanofibers.Smooth nanofibers of 2%(w/v) GRS combined with 8%(w/v) PVA were fabricated by an electrospinning process. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) revealed an average diameter size of the GRS-PVA nanofibers equal to 191 ± 25 nm. A highly water soluble model drug,Chlorpheniramine maleate(CPM), was incorporated into the GRS-PVA electrospun fibers to prove a drug delivery carrier concept and drug release control of the nanofibers. The GRSPVA nanofibers exhibited a biphasic CPM release in which approximately 60% of the drug immediately released in 10 min, and it reached 90% drug release in 120 min. This study demonstrated a potential application of GRS combining with PVA as an oral drug delivery carrier.Therefore, it can be a promised step that expands the application GRS in pharmaceuticals and related areas.展开更多
Antioxidant-the word itself is magic.Using the antioxidant concept as a spearhead in proposed mechanisms for staving off so-called"free-radical"reactions,the rush is on to mine claims for the latest and most...Antioxidant-the word itself is magic.Using the antioxidant concept as a spearhead in proposed mechanisms for staving off so-called"free-radical"reactions,the rush is on to mine claims for the latest and most effective combination of free-radical scavenging compounds.We must acknowledge that such"radicals"have definitively been shown to damage all biochemical components such as DNA/HNA,carbohydrates,unsaturated lipids,proteins,and micronutrients such as carotenoids(alpha and beta carotene,lycopene),vitamins A,B_6,B_(12),and folate.Defense strategies against such aggressive radical species include enzymes,antioxidants that occur naturally in the body(glutathione,uric acid,ubiquinol-10,and others)and radical scavenging nutrients,such as vitamins A,C,and E,and carotenoids.This paper will present a brief discussion of some well-and little-known herbs that may add to the optimization of antioxidant status and therefore offer added preventive values for overall health.It is important to state at the outset that antioxidants vary widely in their free-radical quenching effects and each may be individually attracted to specific cell sites.Further evidence of the specialized nature of the carotenoids is demonstrated by the appearance of two carotenoids in the macula region of the retina where beta-carotene is totally展开更多
Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel o...Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol(MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites(primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and reducing power capacity(RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content(TPC), and total flavonoid content(TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC_(50):(27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC_(50) value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were(25.107 ±0.744) μg/mL,(241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and(372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu(124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.展开更多
Eleven important medicinal plants generally used by the people of Turkey for the treatment of common cold have been studied for their mineral contents.Eleven minor and major elements(essential,non-essential and toxic)...Eleven important medicinal plants generally used by the people of Turkey for the treatment of common cold have been studied for their mineral contents.Eleven minor and major elements(essential,non-essential and toxic)were identified in the Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.,Althaea officinalis L.,Verbascum phlomoides L.,Euphorbia chamaesyce L.,Zizyphus jujube Miller,Peganum harmala L.,Arum dioscoridis Sm.,Sambucus nigra L.,Piper longum L.,Tussilago farfara L.and Elettaria cardamomum Maton by employing flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry and electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Microwave digestion procedure for total concentration was applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of medicinal plants.Plant based biological certified reference materials(CRMs)served as standards for quantification.These elements are found to be present in varying concentrations in the studied plants.The baseline data presented in this work can be used in understanding the role of essential,non-essential and toxic elements in nutritive,preventive and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds(i.e. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) on the production of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors such as pyocy...Objective: To investigate the effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds(i.e. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) on the production of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors such as pyocyanin, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) isolates.Methods: Fourteen clinical P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from urine samples and P. aeruginosa PA01 strain were included in the study. The antibacterial effects of phenolic compounds were screened by well diffusion assay. Pyocyanin and biofilm activity were measured from culture supernatants and the absorbance values were measured using a spectrophotometer. Swarming plates supplemented with phenolic acids were point inoculated with P. aeruginosa strains and the ability to swarm was determined by measuring the distance of swarming from the central inoculation site.Results: Tested phenolic compounds reduced the production of pyocyanin and biofilm formation without affecting growth compared to untreated cultures. Moreover, these compounds blocked about 50% of biofilm production and swarming motility in P. aeruginosa isolates.Conclusions: We may suggest that if swarming and consecutive biofilm formation could be inhibited by the natural products as shown in our study, the bacteria could not attach to the surfaces and produce chronic infections. Antimicrobials and natural products could be combined and the dosage of antimicrobials could be reduced to overcome antimicrobial resistance and drug side effects.展开更多
Background Influenza vaccination has been clinically shown to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, but the economic perspectives can provide important data to make inform...Background Influenza vaccination has been clinically shown to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, but the economic perspectives can provide important data to make informed decisions. This study aimed to perform the economic evaluation of lifelong annual influenza vaccination for cardiovascular events and well-established pneumonia prevention. Methods Lifetime costs, life-expectancy, and quality-adjusted live years (QALYs) were estimated beyond one-year cycle length of a six-health states Markov model condition on whether a hospitalization for ACS, stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, no hospitalizations occurred, or death. The comparison of three age-groups of 40-49, 50-65, and 〉 65 years scenario was performed. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net monetary benefit (NMB) were presented as a societal perspective in 2016. The model robustness was determined by one-way and prob- abilistic sensitivity analyses. Results The influenza vaccination was cost-effective in all age-groups, by dominant ICERs (lower cost with higher effectiveness) which was completely lower than acceptable willingness-to-pay threshold of Thailand [160,000 THB (4,466.8 USD) per QALYs], with a great incremental value of NMB. Especially, the 50-year-old-and- above scenario was shown as the most benefit at 129,092 THB (3,603.9 USD) for each patient. Conclusions The annually additional influenza vaccination to standard treatment in ACS was cost-effective in all age-groups, which should be considered in clinical practice and health-policy making process.展开更多
Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xan...Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb.Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Agar-well diffusion assay was used to study the antimicrobial activity and also broth-micro dilution techniques were examined for minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) against four bacterial strains and yeast.Results: The gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed monoterpenes predominantly(88.53%) in the rhizome oil of Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. Sesquiterpenes(50.10%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil of C. glans, while monoterpenes(45.55%) and sesquiterpenes(45.81%) were found in C. aeruginosa with a significant amount. The major components of C. aeruginosa were characterized as camphor(29.39%) and germacrone(21.21%). Germacrone(15.76%), b-pinene(9.97%)and camphor(9.96%) were found as major compounds in the rhizome oils of C. glans while a-terpinolene(24.86%) and p-cymen-7-ol(12.17%) were found as major compositions in Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. The essential oils were tested against four bacterial strains and yeast. As a result, the rhizome oil of C. aeruginosa exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus [inhibition zone(21.94 ± 0.24) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL],Bacillus cereus [inhibition zone(20.83 ± 0.36) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL], and Candida albicans [inhibition zone(11.60 ± 0.30) mm, MIC 250 μg/mL].Conclusions: The essential oils from three Curcuma species possessed greater activity against the gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results suggest that the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Curcuma spp. might be a potential source of natural antimicrobial substances.展开更多
基金supported by the grants from University of Macao,China,Nos.MYRG2022-00221-ICMS(to YZ)and MYRG-CRG2022-00011-ICMS(to RW)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2023A1515010034(to YZ)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.
文摘In this editorial I comment on the article“Network pharmacological and molecular docking study of the effect of Liu-Wei-Bu-Qi capsule on lung cancer”published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases 2023 November 6;11(31):7593-7609.Almost all living forms are able to manufacture particular chemicals-metabolites that enable them to differentiate themselves from one another and to overcome the unique obstacles they encounter in their natural habitats.Numerous methods for chemical warfare,communication,nutrition acquisition,and stress prevention are made possible by these specialized metabolites.Metabolomics is a popular technique for collecting direct mea-surements of metabolic activity from many biological systems.However,con-fusing metabolite identification is a typical issue,and biochemical interpretation is frequently constrained by imprecise and erroneous genome-based estimates of enzyme activity.Metabolite annotation and gene integration uses a biochemical reaction network to obtain a metabolite-gene association so called metabologe-nomics.This network uses an approach that emphasizes metabolite-gene consensus via biochemical processes.Combining metabolomics and genomics data is beneficial.Furthermore,computer networking proposes that using meta-bolomics data may improve annotations in sequenced species and provide testable hypotheses for specific biochemical processes.CONCLUSION The genome and metabolites of biological organisms are not fully characterized with current technologies.However,increasing high-throughput metabolomics and genomics data provide promising generation of paired data sets to understand the molecular mechanism of biochemical processes as well as determining targets for pharmaceutical drug design.Contemporary network infrastructures to integrate omics analysis can provide molecular mechanism of biochemical pathways.Furthermore,clinical data may be integrated to gene expression–metabolite expression by system genetics approach.Calculating pair-wise correlations and weighted correlation network analysis provide the basis of this integration[11-13].The occurrence of strong correlations between classified metabolites and co-expression transcripts implies either various roles of metabolites or linkages between metabolic pathways and the immune system.
文摘Ependymoma is a rare and chemotherapy-resistant brain tumor, which has resulted in a delay in the development of drugs to treat it. A subclass of supratentorial ependymomas (ST-EPN), designated ST-EPN-zinc finger-translocation-associated (ZFTA, ST-EPN-ZFTA), exhibits the expression of a fusion protein comprising ZFTA and v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA), an effector transcription factor of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (ZFTA-RELA). The expression of ZFTA-RELA results in the hyperactivation of the oncogenic NF-κB signaling pathway, which ultimately leads to the development of ST-EPN-ZFTA. To identify inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by the expression of ZFTA-RELA, we used a doxycycline-inducible ZFTA-RELA-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line and found that extracts of the fungus Neosartorya spinosa IFM 47025 exhibited NF-κB inhibitory activity. We identified eight compounds [aszonapyrone A (2), sartorypyrone A (3), epiheveadride (4), acetylaszonalenin (5), (R)-benzodiazepinedione (6), aszonalenin (7), sartorypyrone E (8) and (Z, Z)-N,N’-(1,2-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-formamide (9)] from N. spinosa IFM 47025 culture extract using a variety of chromatographic techniques. The structures of these compounds were identified through the analysis of various instrumental data (1D, 2D-NMR, MS, and optical rotation). The NF-κB responsive reporter assay indicated that compounds 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 exhibited inhibitory activity. We further evaluated the inhibitory activity of these compounds against the expression of endogenous NF-κB responsive genes (CCND1, L1CAM, ICAM1, and TNF) and found that compound 2 showed significant inhibitory activity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action of compound 2, which may serve as a lead compound for the development of a novel therapy for ST-EPN-ZFTA.
文摘Yogurt is a traditional dairy product well known in all the regions of the world. In Cameroon, the most popularly known type is “kossam” also called curdled milk. Kossam is a set of milk based beverage from northern Cameroon presenting great symbolic, economic and social values for local population [1]. 150 Kossam samples were collected from neighborhoods of PK8, Bonamoussadi, Nyalla, cite des palmier, Deido and Bedi community and later on reconstituted into 50 different samples of 350 mL, each containing 1/3 of 3 individual samples. They were analyzed for their physiochemical properties such as: PH, titratable acidity, density, brix and dry matter using most at times the standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods with slight modifications and results compared to a licensed brand sold in the Cameroonian market. The results of the study showed that, the physico-chemical properties of the locally made yogurts were different within the different samples. Analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in the levels of the parameters analyzed in the different yogurt samples (p −1 Kg/L), Brix (8˚ - 24˚B), Dornic (23˚ - 160˚D). others contents per 100 g fresh matter are as follows: dry matter (average mean of 16.54%). Hence, the significant variations in the physico-chemical properties of kossam are a call for concern since as it impacts on the health of the population consuming this product.
文摘According to the World Health Organization, diabetes affects approximately 347 million people worldwide. Its management is not within the reach of all social classes, therefore medicinal plants are still the first resort for many populations in Africa. The biological material used in this study was the trunk bark of Guibourtia tessmannii. 50 g of trunk bark powder were decocted in 500 ml of distilled water for 5 minutes were carried out. The method used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) was an organometallic bio-reduction of silver nitrate salts mediated by various secondary metabolites contained in the plant extract. The study of the toxicity acute was conducted according to guideline 423 of the OECD protocol. The pharmacological activities were each carried out with 28 female rats divided into 7 groups of four rats. It was a question for the hypoglycemic activity of administering various doses of silver nanoparticles and other substances to the rats thirty minutes after the carbohydrate intake and for the anti-hyperglycemic activity of administering the same substances to the rats thirty minutes before the carbohydrate intake. The extraction yield was 8.76%. Only the alkaloid test was negative. After acute toxicity study, the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. Blood sugar tests revealed that glibenclamide 5 mg/kg, which is the reference molecule, lowered blood sugar more than the other treatments applied in the other batches. It was followed by treatment with silver nanoparticles at a dose of 400 μg/kg in both tests. It was therefore concluded that silver nanoparticles from G. tessmannii are good for the formulation of improved traditional medicines and bring up their afficacity .
文摘Pneumonia, a respiratory infection induces acute or chronic inflammation, characterized by increased activity of lymphocytes and neutrophils, thus generating oxygen-free radicals that decrease the endogenous antioxidants defence system. The aim of this experimental study focused on the capacity of nontoxic aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts of Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. subsp. suaveolens to regulate free reactive species and protein inflammation generated by infectious disease. The phytochemical screenings of G. suaveolens extracts were carried out according to precipitation and colorimetric methods. The total antioxidant and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium Chloride ethanolic methods. The efficiency of G. suaveolens extracts on free radicals was evaluated using DPPH<sup>•</sup>, ABTS<sup>+•</sup>, and FRAP methods. The anti-inflammatory properties of extracts were evaluated according to in vitro protein (BSA) denaturation, Proteinase Inhibitory Action, and Red Blood Cell Membrane stabilization assays. The G. suaveolens aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic extracts were used for the acute toxicity assessment according to the OECD protocol. The obtained results showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and sterols as secondary metabolites families in G. suaveolens extracts. The highest contents of total antioxidants and flavonoids were highlighted in the hydroethanolic extract. However, it’s the G. suaveolens aqueous extract that showed the best free radical DPPH<sup>•</sup> and ABTS<sup>+•</sup> scavenging activities (SC<sub>50</sub>) of 11.06 μg/mL and 15.16 μg/mL respectively. The highest ferric-reducing activity was found in G. suaveolens ethanolic extract with 866.23 μg EGA/mg of dry weight. The hydroethanolic extract has shown a high anti-inflammatory activity through BSA denaturation and erythrocyte membrane haemolysis with inhibitory concentrations 50 (IC<sub>50</sub>) of 48.63 and 59.22 μg/mL respectively. In contrast, proteinase inhibitory activity revealed a better potential of IC<sub>50</sub> (34.19 μg/mL) for the ethanolic extract. In oral acute toxicity, all treated groups revealed neither mortality nor any significant alteration in behaviour and locomotion. The lethal dose 50 (LD<sub>50</sub>) of G. suaveolens extracts was >5000 mg/kg. These results suggest that G. suaveolens stem-barks extracts may serve as therapeutic sources to prevent inflammation induced by oxidative stress, an important feature of infectious diseases.
文摘Many anticancer drugs have an impaired bioavailability and poor brain penetration because they are substrates to drug efflux pumps such as P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein.Elacridar is a strong inhibitor of these two drug efflux pumps and therefore has great potential to improve oral absorption and brain penetration of many anticancer drugs.Currently,a clinical formulation of elacridar is unavailable and therefore the pharmaceutical development of a drug product is highly warranted.This also necessitates the availability of an analytical method for its quality control.A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the pharmaceutical quality control of products containing elacridar as the active pharmaceutical ingredient.The analytical method was validated for linearity,accuracy,precision,selectivity,carry-over,stability of stock and reference solutions,stability of the final extract,stability-indicating capability and impurity testing.We found that elacridar is unstable in aqueous solutions that are exposed to light because a hydroxylation product of elacridar is formed.Therefore,sample solutions with elacridar must be protected from light.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund (Macao SAR)(120015/2019/ASC,0023/2020/AFJ,0035/2020/AGJ)the University of Macao Research Grant (MYRG2022-00248-ICMS)(all to MPMH)。
文摘Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease.Recent studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and might accelerate Alzheimer’s disease progression.Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system with important roles in the structural and functional maintenance of the blood-brain barrier.For example,astrocytic cove rage around endothelial cells with perivascular endfeet and secretion of homeostatic soluble factors are two major underlying mechanisms of astrocytic physiological functions.Astrocyte activation is often observed in Alzheimer’s disease patients,with astrocytes expressing a high level of glial fibrillary acid protein detected around amyloid-beta plaque with the elevated phagocytic ability for amyloid-beta.Structural alte rations in Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes including swollen endfeet,somata shrinkage and possess loss contribute to disruption in vascular integrity at capillary and arte rioles levels.In addition,Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes are skewed into proinflammatory and oxidative profiles with increased secretions of vasoactive mediators inducing endothelial junction disruption and immune cell infiltration.In this review,we summarize the findings of existing literature on the relevance of astrocyte alte ration in response to amyloid pathology in the context of blood-brain barrier dysfunction.First,we briefly describe the physiological roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier maintenance.Then,we review the clinical evidence of astrocyte pathology in Alzheimer’s disease patients and the preclinical evidence in animal and cellular models.We further discuss the structural changes of blood-brain barrier that correlates with Alzheimer’s disease astrocyte.Finally,we evaluate the roles of soluble factors secreted by Alzheimer’s disease astrocytes,providing potential molecular mechanisms underlying blood-brain barrier modulation.We conclude with a perspective on investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting astrocytes for blood-brain barrier protection in Alzheimer’s disease.
基金supported by Fundamental Fund 2022the Office of Research Administration,Chiang Mai University,Thailand。
文摘Rice production generates a significant amount of agricultural waste. This study aimed to give results related to the existence of antioxidant phenols in agricultural waste of selected Northern Thai rice varieties. The antioxidant activities, contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethanolic rice husk extract were evaluated. The highest antioxidant activities were found in the variety PES1CMU, with 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as 679.66 and 4.16 mmol/(L·g) trolox equivalent, respectively, ferric reducing antioxidant power as 0.87 mmol/(L·g) Fe2+, total phenolic content as 29.90 mmol/(L·g) gallic acid and total flavonoid content as 12.16 mg/g catechin equivalent. Polyphenol compounds were identified mainly by standard polyphenols using the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, with the highest contents of phytic acid, o-coumaric acid, naringin and kaempferol. The non-glutenous and wetland ecotypes of rice husk samples were the richest in antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents characterized by using principal component analysis. The glutenous rice husk contained higher antioxidant activities than the rest. Interestingly, quercetin is a significant phenolic compound that positively correlated with the overall antioxidant activities of rice husk. This finding will be relevant for future application of rice husk antioxidant components in the production of functional ingredients as well as for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
文摘Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the forms of hypertensive diseases that occur during pregnancy. Early-onset preeclampsia (EOP), which occurred before 34 weeks, proved to be the deadliest. Indeed, it is characterized by a poor maternal and fetal prognosis. EOP has a disparate incidence in the world varying between 0.9% and 31%. Several risks factors are associated with the occurrence of EOP, which is responsible of several adverse obstetrical outcomes. Complications can affect up to 85% of pregnant women with EOP, especially when EOP appears very early, before 28 or even 25 weeks’ gestation. Objectives: To determine frequency of EOP at the University Clinics of Kinshasa, to describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of pregnant women with EOP and to identify its risks factors and its association adverse obstetrical outcomes. Methods: The study will be a cross-sectional analytical study in University Clinics of Kinshasa from January 2016 to December 2022. The minimal size will be 119. Our study population will consist of pregnant women who consult for antenatal best care and are neonates in our Clinic. Result will be presented as percentage proportion. Comparison and proportion means between groups will be made using Student’s test and Pearson’s chi-square test, respectively. Our test will be statistically significant for a p-value ≤ than less 0.05. Data will be collected and analysed anonymously and confidentiality. Conclusion: We believe that our study should enable us to identify profile of gestational carriers at risk of EOP in our environment, as well as prognosis associated with this entity, with a view to arousing particular interest in EOP.
基金funded by Directorate of Research and Humanity Engagement (DRPM), Universitas Indonesia via grant “Hibah PITTA 2017” with No. 328/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/ 2017
文摘Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results: Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concen-tration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida:Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725μg GAE/g. Conclusions: The IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.
文摘A simple,selective,sensitive,precise,simultaneous high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of serum samples and commercial tablet formulation containing hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil and irbesartan are reported.Good chromatographic separation was achieved using a μ-Bondapak,C18 column(15 cm×4.6 mm,5 μm),and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.2% acetic acid aqueous solution(50∶50,v/v)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The ultraviolet detector was set at a wavelength of 260 nm.Hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan were eluted at 1.2,3.8,and 4.4 min,respectively.No extraneous materials were found to interfere.The method uses protein precipitation with acetonitrile for the preparation of serum sample.The linear ranges for hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan were 6.25-18.75,20-60,and 75-225 ng/mL,respectively.The recoveries of hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan in spiked samples were all greater than 98%,and their relative standard deviations were less than 2.0%.The limits of detection were 1,2,and 2 ng/mL for hydrochlorothiazide,olmesartan medoxomil,and irbesartan,respectively,and the limits of quantification were 3 ng/mL,which allow their determination at the expected serum concentration levels.
基金supported by the grants from the Utilization and Genetic Conservation of Local Plants in Complementation to the Plant Germplasm Conservation Project of H.R.H.Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhornd(No.270363)
文摘Objective: To determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand. Methods: The essential oils of the specified spices and aromatic herbs were obtained by hydro-distillation, and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant assays were based on the scavenging effects of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals as well as the lipid oxidation inhibition of β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was evaluated by the dopachrome method. Broth microdilution technique was performed for the purposes of studying microbial growth inhibition against the isolated bacterial strains. Results: The essential oils of Elsholtzia stachyodes, Coleus amboinicus(I) and Trachyspermum ammi presented a high degree of potency in DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene bleaching assays. The Trachyspermum ammi oil, which mainly contained thymol(49.04%) and p-cymene(22.06%), proved to be the most effective in terms of antibacterial activity. The major compositions of Coleus amboinicus(I) were carvacrol(51.57%), γ-terpinene(18.04%) and p-cymene(7.81%); while thymol(43.76%) and γ-terpinene(24.61%) were identified as the major components of Elsholtzia stachyodes oil, with p-cymene(6.73%) being identified as a minor constituent. Moreover, Cuminum cyminum oil containing cuminaldehyde(49.07%) and Elsholtzia communis oil composed with geranial(44.74%) and neral(35.27%) as the major components displayed a specific ability for the inhibition of the mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. Conclusions: The results indicated that these bioactive essential oils obtained from indigenous herbs are of significant interest as alternative raw materials in food, cosmetic and medicinal products.
基金the Graduate School, the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand for their financial supportsthe support and encouragement from the Excellent Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University
文摘Glutinous rice starch(GRS) is commonly produced in the Northeast of Thailand. GRS is a biopolymer which is widely used in the food industry but not yet commonly applied within the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative resource. GRS exhibits a branch chain structure which is not feasible to fabricate as nanofiber. Therefore, combining GRS with polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) in hybrid form can be a potential platform to produce GRS-PVA nanofibers.Smooth nanofibers of 2%(w/v) GRS combined with 8%(w/v) PVA were fabricated by an electrospinning process. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) revealed an average diameter size of the GRS-PVA nanofibers equal to 191 ± 25 nm. A highly water soluble model drug,Chlorpheniramine maleate(CPM), was incorporated into the GRS-PVA electrospun fibers to prove a drug delivery carrier concept and drug release control of the nanofibers. The GRSPVA nanofibers exhibited a biphasic CPM release in which approximately 60% of the drug immediately released in 10 min, and it reached 90% drug release in 120 min. This study demonstrated a potential application of GRS combining with PVA as an oral drug delivery carrier.Therefore, it can be a promised step that expands the application GRS in pharmaceuticals and related areas.
基金Supported by Institute of Pharmacy,Bandelkhand University.Jhansi U.Pa,India(Grant number.BU/PHARM/02-13)
文摘Antioxidant-the word itself is magic.Using the antioxidant concept as a spearhead in proposed mechanisms for staving off so-called"free-radical"reactions,the rush is on to mine claims for the latest and most effective combination of free-radical scavenging compounds.We must acknowledge that such"radicals"have definitively been shown to damage all biochemical components such as DNA/HNA,carbohydrates,unsaturated lipids,proteins,and micronutrients such as carotenoids(alpha and beta carotene,lycopene),vitamins A,B_6,B_(12),and folate.Defense strategies against such aggressive radical species include enzymes,antioxidants that occur naturally in the body(glutathione,uric acid,ubiquinol-10,and others)and radical scavenging nutrients,such as vitamins A,C,and E,and carotenoids.This paper will present a brief discussion of some well-and little-known herbs that may add to the optimization of antioxidant status and therefore offer added preventive values for overall health.It is important to state at the outset that antioxidants vary widely in their free-radical quenching effects and each may be individually attracted to specific cell sites.Further evidence of the specialized nature of the carotenoids is demonstrated by the appearance of two carotenoids in the macula region of the retina where beta-carotene is totally
文摘Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol(MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites(primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and reducing power capacity(RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content(TPC), and total flavonoid content(TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC_(50):(27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC_(50) value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were(25.107 ±0.744) μg/mL,(241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and(372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu(124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.
基金Financial support from the Unit of the Scientific Research Projects of Innü University(Grant no:2008/34)
文摘Eleven important medicinal plants generally used by the people of Turkey for the treatment of common cold have been studied for their mineral contents.Eleven minor and major elements(essential,non-essential and toxic)were identified in the Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.,Althaea officinalis L.,Verbascum phlomoides L.,Euphorbia chamaesyce L.,Zizyphus jujube Miller,Peganum harmala L.,Arum dioscoridis Sm.,Sambucus nigra L.,Piper longum L.,Tussilago farfara L.and Elettaria cardamomum Maton by employing flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry and electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Microwave digestion procedure for total concentration was applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of medicinal plants.Plant based biological certified reference materials(CRMs)served as standards for quantification.These elements are found to be present in varying concentrations in the studied plants.The baseline data presented in this work can be used in understanding the role of essential,non-essential and toxic elements in nutritive,preventive and therapeutic properties of medicinal plants.
基金Supported by a grant from the Marmara University Scientific Research Fund(Project No.:SAG-B-110412-0079)
文摘Objective: To investigate the effects of plant-derived phenolic compounds(i.e. caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and vanillic acid) on the production of quorum sensing regulated virulence factors such as pyocyanin, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) isolates.Methods: Fourteen clinical P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from urine samples and P. aeruginosa PA01 strain were included in the study. The antibacterial effects of phenolic compounds were screened by well diffusion assay. Pyocyanin and biofilm activity were measured from culture supernatants and the absorbance values were measured using a spectrophotometer. Swarming plates supplemented with phenolic acids were point inoculated with P. aeruginosa strains and the ability to swarm was determined by measuring the distance of swarming from the central inoculation site.Results: Tested phenolic compounds reduced the production of pyocyanin and biofilm formation without affecting growth compared to untreated cultures. Moreover, these compounds blocked about 50% of biofilm production and swarming motility in P. aeruginosa isolates.Conclusions: We may suggest that if swarming and consecutive biofilm formation could be inhibited by the natural products as shown in our study, the bacteria could not attach to the surfaces and produce chronic infections. Antimicrobials and natural products could be combined and the dosage of antimicrobials could be reduced to overcome antimicrobial resistance and drug side effects.
文摘Background Influenza vaccination has been clinically shown to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, but the economic perspectives can provide important data to make informed decisions. This study aimed to perform the economic evaluation of lifelong annual influenza vaccination for cardiovascular events and well-established pneumonia prevention. Methods Lifetime costs, life-expectancy, and quality-adjusted live years (QALYs) were estimated beyond one-year cycle length of a six-health states Markov model condition on whether a hospitalization for ACS, stroke, heart failure, pneumonia, no hospitalizations occurred, or death. The comparison of three age-groups of 40-49, 50-65, and 〉 65 years scenario was performed. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net monetary benefit (NMB) were presented as a societal perspective in 2016. The model robustness was determined by one-way and prob- abilistic sensitivity analyses. Results The influenza vaccination was cost-effective in all age-groups, by dominant ICERs (lower cost with higher effectiveness) which was completely lower than acceptable willingness-to-pay threshold of Thailand [160,000 THB (4,466.8 USD) per QALYs], with a great incremental value of NMB. Especially, the 50-year-old-and- above scenario was shown as the most benefit at 129,092 THB (3,603.9 USD) for each patient. Conclusions The annually additional influenza vaccination to standard treatment in ACS was cost-effective in all age-groups, which should be considered in clinical practice and health-policy making process.
基金supported by the grants from the Biodiversity-Based Economy Development Office Public Organization -National Research Council of Thailand(Grant number.R000012298)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,the Faculty of Pharmacy and the Graduate School,Chiang Mai University,Chiang Mai,Thailand
文摘Objective: To investigate chemical constituents and new antimicrobial agents among essential oils from the rhizomes of Curcuma aeruginosa(C. aeruginosa) Roxb., Curcuma glans K. Larsen & J. Mood and Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza Roxb.Methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Agar-well diffusion assay was used to study the antimicrobial activity and also broth-micro dilution techniques were examined for minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) against four bacterial strains and yeast.Results: The gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis showed monoterpenes predominantly(88.53%) in the rhizome oil of Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. Sesquiterpenes(50.10%) was the most abundant component in the essential oil of C. glans, while monoterpenes(45.55%) and sesquiterpenes(45.81%) were found in C. aeruginosa with a significant amount. The major components of C. aeruginosa were characterized as camphor(29.39%) and germacrone(21.21%). Germacrone(15.76%), b-pinene(9.97%)and camphor(9.96%) were found as major compounds in the rhizome oils of C. glans while a-terpinolene(24.86%) and p-cymen-7-ol(12.17%) were found as major compositions in Curcuma cf. xanthorrhiza. The essential oils were tested against four bacterial strains and yeast. As a result, the rhizome oil of C. aeruginosa exhibited potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus [inhibition zone(21.94 ± 0.24) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL],Bacillus cereus [inhibition zone(20.83 ± 0.36) mm, MIC 125 μg/mL], and Candida albicans [inhibition zone(11.60 ± 0.30) mm, MIC 250 μg/mL].Conclusions: The essential oils from three Curcuma species possessed greater activity against the gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) than gram-negative bacteria(Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results suggest that the essential oils from the fresh rhizome of Curcuma spp. might be a potential source of natural antimicrobial substances.