Cymbidium(Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae),with around 60 species,is widely-distributed across Southeast Asia,providing a nice system for studying the processes that underlie patterns of biodiversity in the region.However,...Cymbidium(Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae),with around 60 species,is widely-distributed across Southeast Asia,providing a nice system for studying the processes that underlie patterns of biodiversity in the region.However,phylogenetic relationships of Cymbidium have not been well resolved,hampering investigations of species diversification and the biogeographical history of this genus.In this study,we construct a plastome phylogeny of 56 Cymbidium species,with four well-resolved major clades,which provides a framework for biogeographical and diversification rate analyses.Molecular dating and biogeographical analyses show that Cymbidium likely originated in the region spanning northern IndoBurma to the eastern Himalayas during the early Miocene(~21.10 Ma).It then rapidly diversified into four major clades in East Asia within approximately a million years during the middle Miocene.Cymbidium spp.migration to the adjacent regions(Borneo,Philippines,and Sulawesi)primarily occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene period.Our analyses indicate that the net diversification rate of Cymbidium has decreased since its origin,and is positively associated with changes in temperature and monsoon intensity.Favorable hydrothermal conditions brought by monsoon intensification in the early Miocene possibly contributed to the initial rapid diversification,after which the net diversification rate was reduced with the cooling climate after the middle Miocene.The transition from epiphytic to terrestrial habits may have enabled adaptation to cooler environments and colonization of northern niches,yet without a significant effect on diversification rates.This study provides new insights into how monsoon activity and temperature changes affected the diversification dynamics of plants in Southeast Asia.展开更多
The aquatic plant Nymphaea,a model genus of the early flowering plant lineage Nymphaeales and family Nymphaeaceae,has been extensively studied.However,the availability of chloroplast genome data for this genus is inco...The aquatic plant Nymphaea,a model genus of the early flowering plant lineage Nymphaeales and family Nymphaeaceae,has been extensively studied.However,the availability of chloroplast genome data for this genus is incomplete,and phylogenetic relationships within the order Nymphaeales remain controversial.In this study,12 chloroplast genomes of Nymphaea were assembled and analyzed for the first time.These genomes were 158,290-160,042 bp in size and contained 113 non-repeat genes,including 79 protein-coding genes,30 tRNA genes,and four rRNA genes.We also report on codon usage,RNA editing sites,microsatellite structures,and new repetitive sequences in this genus.Comparative genomics revealed that expansion and contraction of IR regions can lead to changes in the gene numbers.Additionally,it was observed that the highly variable regions of the chloroplast genome were mainly located in intergenic regions.Furthermore,the phylogenetic tree showed the order Nymphaeales was divided into three families,and the genus Nymphaea can be divided into five(or three)subgenera,with the subgenus Nymphaea being the oldest.The divergence times of nymphaealean taxa were analyzed,with origins of the order Nymphaeales and family Nymphaeaceae being about 194 and 131 million years,respectively.The results of the phylo-genetic analysis and estimated divergence times will be useful for future evolutionary studies of basal angiosperm lineages.展开更多
The Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain(LBD)genes encode highly conserved plant-specific LOB domain proteins which regulate growth and development in various species.However,members of the LBD gene family have yet to be i...The Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain(LBD)genes encode highly conserved plant-specific LOB domain proteins which regulate growth and development in various species.However,members of the LBD gene family have yet to be identified in Brassica rapa var.rapa.In the present study,fifty-nine LBD genes were identified and distributed on 10 chromosomes.The BrrLBD proteins are predicted to encode hydrophobic polypeptides between 118 and 394 amino acids in length and with molecular weights ranging from 13.31 to 44.24 kDa;the theoretical pi for these proteins varies from 4.83 to 9.68.There were 17 paralogous gene pairs in the BrrLBD family,suggesting that the amplification of the BrrLBD gene family involved largescale gene duplication events.Members of the BrrLBD family were divided into 7 subclades(class I a to e,class II a and b).Analysis of gene structure and conserved domains revealed that most BrrLBD genes of the same subclade had similar gene structures and protein motifs.The expression profiles of 59 BrrLBD genes were determined through Quantitative Real-time fluorescent PCR(qRT-PCR).Most BrrLBD genes in the same subclade had similar gene expression profiles.However,the expression patterns of 7 genes differed from their duplicates,indicating that although the gene function of most BrrLBD genes has been conserved,some BrrLBD genes may have undergone evolutionary change.展开更多
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were est...Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods.Compound 2 was identified to be a trinortriterpenoid,and derived for the first time from a natural source.In this paper we reveal for the first time its comprehensive spectral data and NMR spectral assignment.Compound 4 showed anti-angiogenic activity with an IC_(50) value of 5.66μM in a zebrafish model,and compounds 5 and 6 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 cell line with IC_(50) values of 12.12 and 6.45μM,respectively.展开更多
Cysteine-rich polycomb-like(CPP)is a small gene family in plants,which plays key role in plant development and stress response.Although CPP transcription factors have been characterized in several other plant species,...Cysteine-rich polycomb-like(CPP)is a small gene family in plants,which plays key role in plant development and stress response.Although CPP transcription factors have been characterized in several other plant species,a genome-wide characterization of the CPP gene family has been absent in Camellia sinensis.In this study,we totally identified 7,8,and 8 non-redundant CsCPP genes in three published genomes,including Camellia sinensis var.assamica cv.Yunkang-10(CSA-YK10),Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Biyun(CSS-BY)and Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Shuchazao(CSS-SCZ).CPP proteins from tea tree and other plant species were classified into three groups,which were further divided into four subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships.Most CPP genes in the same subgroup had similar gene structures and conserved motifs.The cis-acting elements analysis indicated that CPP genes might be involved in plant growth,development and stress responses.Analysis of gene expression using qRT-PCR experiments validated that CPP genes exhibited different expression patterns across the examined tissues.All the genes were expressed differentially in a range of tissues,indicating that CPPs were involved in a range of developmental and physiological processes.This study has obtained new insights into the evolution and function of the CPP gene family in the growth and development of tea plants,and also provide candidate genes for further functional characterization in tea tree.展开更多
Southwestern China is abundant in a large species diversity of grasses and Brachypodium sylvaticum var. breviglume is unquestionably appropriate to serve as an ideal model to investigate the adaptation, evolution and ...Southwestern China is abundant in a large species diversity of grasses and Brachypodium sylvaticum var. breviglume is unquestionably appropriate to serve as an ideal model to investigate the adaptation, evolution and diversification of grasses in this region. In this study, a total of 37 microsatellite markers were screened and genetic variation was estimated for 100 individuals from the five natural populations of the species. Our results showed that seven of them were polymorphic for the five studied populations, while the other thirty were monomorphic. These seven SSR loci exhibited a high level of genetic diversity among populations, i.e. allele number varied from 5 to 24, with an average of 13.29;expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.439 to 0.561, with an average of 0.488;percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) ranged from 85.71% to 100%, with an average of 97. 14%. The FCA and UPGMA analyses revealed that the five populations were divided into three clusters. Our results indicate that these newly characterized SSR markers are useful for the exploration of genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the B. sylvaticum var. breviglume populations in Yunnan, China.展开更多
In 1998, a revolutionary system of angiosperm classification, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system was published. Meanwhile, another new system of classification of angiosperms, the eight-class system was proposed by...In 1998, a revolutionary system of angiosperm classification, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system was published. Meanwhile, another new system of classification of angiosperms, the eight-class system was proposed by C.Y. Wu and colleagues based on long term work on the flora of China. The Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae project was initiated in 1959 and completed by 2004. It is the largest Flora so far completed in the world, including 31 228 species of vascular plants, or one-eighth of the global plant diversity. The English-language and updated Flora of China （FOC） is an international joint effort initiated in 1988 and accelerated in 1998. Up to now, 15 of the 24 volumes of the FOC have been published. Based on the floristic data, the composition, characteristics, floristic divisions and affinities of the flora of China have been studied by Wu and colleagues since 1965. In the past 10 years, analyses of the available floristic data have been very productive. The East Asiatic Floristic Kingdom was proposed in 1998. All 346 families of angiosperms in China, according to the eight-class system of classification, were comprehensively discussed by using knowledge of current and historical distribution of seed plants in the world, together with some morphological and molecular data. A scheme of distribution patterns or areal-types of families and genera of seed plants in China was modified and elucidated, together with a proposed scheme of areal-types of the world. Molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical studies of angiosperms in China in the past 10 years also witnessed a progressive development. Integration of morphological and molecular data and fossil evidence revealed some significant results. Eastern Asia, which used to be regarded as an important center of survival during the ice age, is likely an important center of diversification of angiosperms.展开更多
Oligopeptide transporters(OPTs) encode integral membrane-localized proteins and have a broad range of substrate transport capabilities. Here, 28 BrrOPT genes were identified in the turnip. Phylogenetic analyses reveal...Oligopeptide transporters(OPTs) encode integral membrane-localized proteins and have a broad range of substrate transport capabilities. Here, 28 BrrOPT genes were identified in the turnip. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two well-supported clades in the OPT family, containing 15 BrrOPTs and 13 BrrYSLs.The exon/intron structure of OPT clade are conserved but the yellow stripe-like(YSL) clade was different.The exon/intron of the YSL clade possesses structural differences, whereas the YSL class motifs structure are conserved. The OPT genes are distributed unevenly among the chromosomes of the turnip genome.Phylogenetic and chromosomal distribution analyses revealed that the expansion of the OPT gene family is mainly attributable to segmental duplication. For the expression profiles at different developmental stages, a comprehensive analysis provided insights into the possible functional divergence among members of the paralog OPT gene family. Different expression levels under a variety of ion deficiencies also indicated that the OPT family underwent functional divergence during long-term evolution.Furthermore. BrrOPT8.1, BrrYSL1.2, BrrYSL1.3, BrrYSL6 and BrrYSL9 responded to Fe(Ⅱ) treatments and BrrYSL7 responded to calcium treatments, BrrYSL6 responded to multiple treatments in root, suggesting that turnip OPTs may be involved in mediating cross-talk among different ion deficiencies. Our data provide important information for further functional dissection of BrrOPTs, especially in transporting metal ions and nutrient deficiency stress adaptation.展开更多
Manganese(Mn)contamination limits the production and quality of crops,and affects human health by disrupting the food chain.Arabis paniculata is a pioneer species of Brassicaceae found in mining areas,and has the abil...Manganese(Mn)contamination limits the production and quality of crops,and affects human health by disrupting the food chain.Arabis paniculata is a pioneer species of Brassicaceae found in mining areas,and has the ability to accumulate heavy metals.However,little is known about the genetic mechanisms of Mn tolerance in A.paniculata.In this study,we found that Mn tolerance and ability to accumulate Mn were higher in A.paniculata than in Arabidopsis thaliana.The mechanisms underlying the response and recovery of A.paniculata to Mn toxicity were further investigated using transcriptome analysis.A total of 69,862,281 base pair clean reads were assembled into 61,627 high-quality unigenes,of which 41,591(67.5%)and 39,297(63.8%)were aligned in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)and Gene Ontology(GO),respectively.In response to Mn toxicity,genes were expressed in twelve distinct patterns,which can be divided into four general categories:initial,stable,dose-dependent,and lineage.Genes that were differentially expressed during Mn response and recovery belong to several dominant KEGG pathways.An early response to Mn toxicity in A.paniculata includes the upregulation of genes involved in glutathione metabolism.ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporter proteins were up-regulated during the entire response phase,and genes involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism were upregulated during the late phase of the Mn response.Genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway were differentially expressed in the repair process after Mn treatment.These findings reveal ideal material and genetic resources for phytoremediation in Mn-contaminated areas and highlight new knowledge and theoretical perspectives on the mechanisms of Mn tolerance.展开更多
Although great accomplishments of in situ conservation have been made during the last decade throughout the world, there is an urgent need to conduct more targeted research to explore many basic questions about crop w...Although great accomplishments of in situ conservation have been made during the last decade throughout the world, there is an urgent need to conduct more targeted research to explore many basic questions about crop wild relatives (CWR) in situ conservation such as how to better identify and manage the target in situ conservation populations of CWR. In this study, we performed an extensive field investigation of 201 natural populations or habitats of O. rufipogon, a seriously endangered wild progenitor of cultivated rice in China. Our updated information suggests that: 1) the majority of the natural populations have been extinct throughout China, which leads to serious fragmentation of the population system as a whole;and 2) the survived populations have become small in size and thus fragmented within the population as a result of the loss of subpopulations. To assess the relationships between the biodiversity education and conservation of wild rice, we employed participatory approaches in the field investigation. Our data indicate that the continuous rapid decline of biodiversity education seemed closely related to the extinction of wild rice germplasm. These findings imply the potential necessity and huge challenge for making in situ conservation plans in the future. By means of our understanding of ecogeography, sociology and culture, and population genetics of the species, we propose a strategy for selecting in situ conservation locations as well as priority sites for establishing in situ conservation practices in China.展开更多
Pseudogenes are important resources for investigation of genome evolution and genomic diversity because they are nonfunctional but have regulatory effects that influence plant adaptation and diversification.However,fe...Pseudogenes are important resources for investigation of genome evolution and genomic diversity because they are nonfunctional but have regulatory effects that influence plant adaptation and diversification.However,few systematic comparative analyses of pseudogenes in closely related species have been conducted.Here,we present a turnip(Brassica rapa ssp.rapa)genome sequence and characterize pseudogenes among diploid Brassica species/subspecies.The results revealed that the number of pseudogenes was greatest in Brassica oleracea(CC genome),followed by B.rapa(AA genome)and then Brassica nigra(BB genome),implying that pseudogene differences emerged after species differentiation.In Brassica AA genomes,pseudogenes were distributed asymmetrically on chromosomes because of numerous chromosomal insertions/rearrangements,which contributed to the diversity among subspecies.Pseudogene differences among subspecies were reflected in the flavor-related glucosinolate(GSL)pathway.Specifically,turnip had the highest content of pungent substances,probably because of expansion of the methylthioalkylmalate synthase-encoding gene family in turnips;these genes were converted into pseudogenes in B.rapa ssp.pekinensis(Chiifu).RNA interference-based silencing of the gene encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase 2,which is also associated with flavor and anticancer substances in the GSL pathway,resulted in increased abundance of anticancer compounds and decreased pungency of turnip and Chiifu.These findings revealed that pseudogene differences between turnip and Chiifu influenced the evolution of flavor-associated GSL metabolism-related genes,ultimately resulting in the different flavors of turnip and Chiifu.展开更多
Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9...Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.展开更多
The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-...The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)and Hi-C technologies to anchor the～1.47-Gb genome assembly into 18 pseudochromosomes.The chromosome-based genome analysis enabled us to establish a model of spurge chromosome evolution,since the common paleopolyploid event occurred before the split of Hevea and Manihot.We show recent and rapid bursts of the three Hevea-specific LTR-retrotransposon families during the last 10 million years,leading to the massive expansion by～65.88%(～970 Mbp)of the whole rubber tree genome since the divergence from Manihot.We identify large-scale expansion of genes associated with whole rubber biosynthesis processes,such as basal metabolic processes,ethylene biosynthesis,and the activation of polysaccharide and glycoprotein lectin,which are important properties for latex production.A map of genomic variation between the cultivated and wild rubber trees was obtained,which contains～15.7 million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms.We identified hundreds of candidate domestication genes with drastically lowered genomic diversity in the cultivated but not wild rubber trees despite a relatively short domestication history of rubber tree,some of which are involved in rubber biosynthesis.This genome assembly represents key resources for future rubber tree research and breeding,providing novel targets for improving plant biotic and abiotic tolerance and rubber production.展开更多
Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global d...Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.展开更多
Dear Editor Panax notoginseng （Burk） F.H. Chen, belonging to the genus Panax （Araliaceae）, is one of the most highly valued medicinal plants in the world. The dried root of this plant, known as ＂Sanchi＂, is one ...Dear Editor Panax notoginseng （Burk） F.H. Chen, belonging to the genus Panax （Araliaceae）, is one of the most highly valued medicinal plants in the world. The dried root of this plant, known as ＂Sanchi＂, is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines and has been used as a top-class tonic for more than 2000 years.展开更多
Dear Editor, Oryza Iongistaminata is an African wild rice species with AA genome type possessing special traits that are highly valued for improving cultivated rice, such as strong resistance to biotic and abiotic str...Dear Editor, Oryza Iongistaminata is an African wild rice species with AA genome type possessing special traits that are highly valued for improving cultivated rice, such as strong resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses （Song et al., 1995） for improving resistance of cultivars, rhizomatousness for perennial breeding （Glover et al., 2010）, and self-incompatibility （SI） for new ways to produce hybrid seeds （Ghesquiere, 1986）. Deciphering the genome of O. Iongistaminata will be the key to uncovering the mechanism of these hallmark traits and improving cultivated rice.展开更多
Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese t...Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese type)(Ming and Bartholomew,2007).Due to the high economic importance of the tea tree,considerable efforts have been made to explore genetic basis of the biosynthesis of natural metabolites that determine health benefits and diverse tea flavors(Shi et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Li et al.,2015;Xia et aL,2017;Liu et al.,2019).展开更多
Stipa purpurea is widely distributed along a large precipitation gradient on the Tibetan Plateau.This implies that S.purpurea from different populations may have different responses to drought stress.To explore this w...Stipa purpurea is widely distributed along a large precipitation gradient on the Tibetan Plateau.This implies that S.purpurea from different populations may have different responses to drought stress.To explore this we compared the morphological and physiological changes of S.purpurea seedlings cultivated from seeds from Gar County and Nagqu County after 7 and 14 days of drought stress and subsequent rewatering.The results showed that S.purpurea plants from the more arid Gar area were more tolerant to drought stress than that from Nagqu.To investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this difference,we used i TRAQ quantitative proteomics technology to analyze protein dynamics in S.purpurea samples treated with 7 days of drought stress and subsequent re-watering.The results indicated that,during the process of drought and re-watering treatments,there were differentially expressed proteins in either or both S.purpurea populations.These differential proteins were divided into 24 functional categories that were mainly associated with stress response,the antioxidant system,photosynthesis,carbohydrate metabolism,and post-translational modifications.According to these results,we concluded that the molecular basis of stronger drought resistance likely lies in the specific up-regulation or higher expression of many proteins involved in stress response,the antioxidant system,post-translational modification and osmotic regulation in S.purpurea from Gar County compared with that from Nagqu.This study improves our understanding of the intraspecific differences in drought resistance within S.purpurea populations,which helps to understand the distribution of S.purpurea along the moisture gradient,as well as the effect of climate change on this species.展开更多
Primula chungensis is a species with considerable floral and mating-system variation,including distylous(outcrossing),homostylous(selfing) and mixed populations that contain both outcrossing and selfing forms.We isola...Primula chungensis is a species with considerable floral and mating-system variation,including distylous(outcrossing),homostylous(selfing) and mixed populations that contain both outcrossing and selfing forms.We isolated 24 microsatellite markers from P.chungensis using Illumina Mi Seq sequencing.Polymorphism and genetic diversity were then measured based on a sample of 24 individuals from a natural population in southern Tibet.All loci were polymorphic with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 4.The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 1 and 0.219 to 0.708,respectively.The microsatellite markers we have identified will serve as valuable tools for the investigation of the population genetic structure and phylogeography of P.chungensis and will inform models of the evolutionary history of mating systems in the species.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000)The 14th Five-Year Plan of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences (XTBG-1450101)+3 种基金the Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China (2021FY100200)the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province,China (202101BC070003)the Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program"Young Talent"and"Innovation Team"ProjectsEcological and Environmental Conservation Program from the Department of Ecology and Environment of Yunnan Province。
文摘Cymbidium(Orchidaceae:Epidendroideae),with around 60 species,is widely-distributed across Southeast Asia,providing a nice system for studying the processes that underlie patterns of biodiversity in the region.However,phylogenetic relationships of Cymbidium have not been well resolved,hampering investigations of species diversification and the biogeographical history of this genus.In this study,we construct a plastome phylogeny of 56 Cymbidium species,with four well-resolved major clades,which provides a framework for biogeographical and diversification rate analyses.Molecular dating and biogeographical analyses show that Cymbidium likely originated in the region spanning northern IndoBurma to the eastern Himalayas during the early Miocene(~21.10 Ma).It then rapidly diversified into four major clades in East Asia within approximately a million years during the middle Miocene.Cymbidium spp.migration to the adjacent regions(Borneo,Philippines,and Sulawesi)primarily occurred during the Pliocene-Pleistocene period.Our analyses indicate that the net diversification rate of Cymbidium has decreased since its origin,and is positively associated with changes in temperature and monsoon intensity.Favorable hydrothermal conditions brought by monsoon intensification in the early Miocene possibly contributed to the initial rapid diversification,after which the net diversification rate was reduced with the cooling climate after the middle Miocene.The transition from epiphytic to terrestrial habits may have enabled adaptation to cooler environments and colonization of northern niches,yet without a significant effect on diversification rates.This study provides new insights into how monsoon activity and temperature changes affected the diversification dynamics of plants in Southeast Asia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32370244)the Taishan Scholar Project(No.tsqn202306214)+1 种基金the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2023MC157)the State Key Laboratory of Pal-aeobiology and Stratigraphy(No.223123).
文摘The aquatic plant Nymphaea,a model genus of the early flowering plant lineage Nymphaeales and family Nymphaeaceae,has been extensively studied.However,the availability of chloroplast genome data for this genus is incomplete,and phylogenetic relationships within the order Nymphaeales remain controversial.In this study,12 chloroplast genomes of Nymphaea were assembled and analyzed for the first time.These genomes were 158,290-160,042 bp in size and contained 113 non-repeat genes,including 79 protein-coding genes,30 tRNA genes,and four rRNA genes.We also report on codon usage,RNA editing sites,microsatellite structures,and new repetitive sequences in this genus.Comparative genomics revealed that expansion and contraction of IR regions can lead to changes in the gene numbers.Additionally,it was observed that the highly variable regions of the chloroplast genome were mainly located in intergenic regions.Furthermore,the phylogenetic tree showed the order Nymphaeales was divided into three families,and the genus Nymphaea can be divided into five(or three)subgenera,with the subgenus Nymphaea being the oldest.The divergence times of nymphaealean taxa were analyzed,with origins of the order Nymphaeales and family Nymphaeaceae being about 194 and 131 million years,respectively.The results of the phylo-genetic analysis and estimated divergence times will be useful for future evolutionary studies of basal angiosperm lineages.
基金This study was supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(31590820 and 31590823)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(41771123 and 31400244)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2017FB050).
文摘The Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain(LBD)genes encode highly conserved plant-specific LOB domain proteins which regulate growth and development in various species.However,members of the LBD gene family have yet to be identified in Brassica rapa var.rapa.In the present study,fifty-nine LBD genes were identified and distributed on 10 chromosomes.The BrrLBD proteins are predicted to encode hydrophobic polypeptides between 118 and 394 amino acids in length and with molecular weights ranging from 13.31 to 44.24 kDa;the theoretical pi for these proteins varies from 4.83 to 9.68.There were 17 paralogous gene pairs in the BrrLBD family,suggesting that the amplification of the BrrLBD gene family involved largescale gene duplication events.Members of the BrrLBD family were divided into 7 subclades(class I a to e,class II a and b).Analysis of gene structure and conserved domains revealed that most BrrLBD genes of the same subclade had similar gene structures and protein motifs.The expression profiles of 59 BrrLBD genes were determined through Quantitative Real-time fluorescent PCR(qRT-PCR).Most BrrLBD genes in the same subclade had similar gene expression profiles.However,the expression patterns of 7 genes differed from their duplicates,indicating that although the gene function of most BrrLBD genes has been conserved,some BrrLBD genes may have undergone evolutionary change.
基金This work was supported by the Basic Research Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2012FY110300)MOST grant(2008BAD98B06).
文摘Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Euphorbia sikkimensis led to the isolation of one new diterpenoids,named sikkimenoid E(1),together with thirteen other known compounds(2-14).Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods.Compound 2 was identified to be a trinortriterpenoid,and derived for the first time from a natural source.In this paper we reveal for the first time its comprehensive spectral data and NMR spectral assignment.Compound 4 showed anti-angiogenic activity with an IC_(50) value of 5.66μM in a zebrafish model,and compounds 5 and 6 exhibited cytotoxicity toward A549 cell line with IC_(50) values of 12.12 and 6.45μM,respectively.
文摘Cysteine-rich polycomb-like(CPP)is a small gene family in plants,which plays key role in plant development and stress response.Although CPP transcription factors have been characterized in several other plant species,a genome-wide characterization of the CPP gene family has been absent in Camellia sinensis.In this study,we totally identified 7,8,and 8 non-redundant CsCPP genes in three published genomes,including Camellia sinensis var.assamica cv.Yunkang-10(CSA-YK10),Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Biyun(CSS-BY)and Camellia sinensis var.sinensis cv.Shuchazao(CSS-SCZ).CPP proteins from tea tree and other plant species were classified into three groups,which were further divided into four subgroups based on phylogenetic relationships.Most CPP genes in the same subgroup had similar gene structures and conserved motifs.The cis-acting elements analysis indicated that CPP genes might be involved in plant growth,development and stress responses.Analysis of gene expression using qRT-PCR experiments validated that CPP genes exhibited different expression patterns across the examined tissues.All the genes were expressed differentially in a range of tissues,indicating that CPPs were involved in a range of developmental and physiological processes.This study has obtained new insights into the evolution and function of the CPP gene family in the growth and development of tea plants,and also provide candidate genes for further functional characterization in tea tree.
文摘Southwestern China is abundant in a large species diversity of grasses and Brachypodium sylvaticum var. breviglume is unquestionably appropriate to serve as an ideal model to investigate the adaptation, evolution and diversification of grasses in this region. In this study, a total of 37 microsatellite markers were screened and genetic variation was estimated for 100 individuals from the five natural populations of the species. Our results showed that seven of them were polymorphic for the five studied populations, while the other thirty were monomorphic. These seven SSR loci exhibited a high level of genetic diversity among populations, i.e. allele number varied from 5 to 24, with an average of 13.29;expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.439 to 0.561, with an average of 0.488;percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) ranged from 85.71% to 100%, with an average of 97. 14%. The FCA and UPGMA analyses revealed that the five populations were divided into three clusters. Our results indicate that these newly characterized SSR markers are useful for the exploration of genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the B. sylvaticum var. breviglume populations in Yunnan, China.
基金the State Key Basic Research and Development Plan of China (973 Program 2007CB411601) and the Yunnan Provincial Government through an Award for Prominent Contributions in Science and Technology to Professor Wu Zheng-Yi in 2001
文摘In 1998, a revolutionary system of angiosperm classification, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system was published. Meanwhile, another new system of classification of angiosperms, the eight-class system was proposed by C.Y. Wu and colleagues based on long term work on the flora of China. The Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae project was initiated in 1959 and completed by 2004. It is the largest Flora so far completed in the world, including 31 228 species of vascular plants, or one-eighth of the global plant diversity. The English-language and updated Flora of China （FOC） is an international joint effort initiated in 1988 and accelerated in 1998. Up to now, 15 of the 24 volumes of the FOC have been published. Based on the floristic data, the composition, characteristics, floristic divisions and affinities of the flora of China have been studied by Wu and colleagues since 1965. In the past 10 years, analyses of the available floristic data have been very productive. The East Asiatic Floristic Kingdom was proposed in 1998. All 346 families of angiosperms in China, according to the eight-class system of classification, were comprehensively discussed by using knowledge of current and historical distribution of seed plants in the world, together with some morphological and molecular data. A scheme of distribution patterns or areal-types of families and genera of seed plants in China was modified and elucidated, together with a proposed scheme of areal-types of the world. Molecular phylogenetic and biogeographical studies of angiosperms in China in the past 10 years also witnessed a progressive development. Integration of morphological and molecular data and fossil evidence revealed some significant results. Eastern Asia, which used to be regarded as an important center of survival during the ice age, is likely an important center of diversification of angiosperms.
基金supported financially by the Major Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 31590823)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31601999)
文摘Oligopeptide transporters(OPTs) encode integral membrane-localized proteins and have a broad range of substrate transport capabilities. Here, 28 BrrOPT genes were identified in the turnip. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two well-supported clades in the OPT family, containing 15 BrrOPTs and 13 BrrYSLs.The exon/intron structure of OPT clade are conserved but the yellow stripe-like(YSL) clade was different.The exon/intron of the YSL clade possesses structural differences, whereas the YSL class motifs structure are conserved. The OPT genes are distributed unevenly among the chromosomes of the turnip genome.Phylogenetic and chromosomal distribution analyses revealed that the expansion of the OPT gene family is mainly attributable to segmental duplication. For the expression profiles at different developmental stages, a comprehensive analysis provided insights into the possible functional divergence among members of the paralog OPT gene family. Different expression levels under a variety of ion deficiencies also indicated that the OPT family underwent functional divergence during long-term evolution.Furthermore. BrrOPT8.1, BrrYSL1.2, BrrYSL1.3, BrrYSL6 and BrrYSL9 responded to Fe(Ⅱ) treatments and BrrYSL7 responded to calcium treatments, BrrYSL6 responded to multiple treatments in root, suggesting that turnip OPTs may be involved in mediating cross-talk among different ion deficiencies. Our data provide important information for further functional dissection of BrrOPTs, especially in transporting metal ions and nutrient deficiency stress adaptation.
基金This research was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(2020JJ4293)Scientific Research Project of the Hunan Education Department,China(18B215).
文摘Manganese(Mn)contamination limits the production and quality of crops,and affects human health by disrupting the food chain.Arabis paniculata is a pioneer species of Brassicaceae found in mining areas,and has the ability to accumulate heavy metals.However,little is known about the genetic mechanisms of Mn tolerance in A.paniculata.In this study,we found that Mn tolerance and ability to accumulate Mn were higher in A.paniculata than in Arabidopsis thaliana.The mechanisms underlying the response and recovery of A.paniculata to Mn toxicity were further investigated using transcriptome analysis.A total of 69,862,281 base pair clean reads were assembled into 61,627 high-quality unigenes,of which 41,591(67.5%)and 39,297(63.8%)were aligned in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)and Gene Ontology(GO),respectively.In response to Mn toxicity,genes were expressed in twelve distinct patterns,which can be divided into four general categories:initial,stable,dose-dependent,and lineage.Genes that were differentially expressed during Mn response and recovery belong to several dominant KEGG pathways.An early response to Mn toxicity in A.paniculata includes the upregulation of genes involved in glutathione metabolism.ATP-binding cassette(ABC)transporter proteins were up-regulated during the entire response phase,and genes involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism were upregulated during the late phase of the Mn response.Genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway were differentially expressed in the repair process after Mn treatment.These findings reveal ideal material and genetic resources for phytoremediation in Mn-contaminated areas and highlight new knowledge and theoretical perspectives on the mechanisms of Mn tolerance.
文摘Although great accomplishments of in situ conservation have been made during the last decade throughout the world, there is an urgent need to conduct more targeted research to explore many basic questions about crop wild relatives (CWR) in situ conservation such as how to better identify and manage the target in situ conservation populations of CWR. In this study, we performed an extensive field investigation of 201 natural populations or habitats of O. rufipogon, a seriously endangered wild progenitor of cultivated rice in China. Our updated information suggests that: 1) the majority of the natural populations have been extinct throughout China, which leads to serious fragmentation of the population system as a whole;and 2) the survived populations have become small in size and thus fragmented within the population as a result of the loss of subpopulations. To assess the relationships between the biodiversity education and conservation of wild rice, we employed participatory approaches in the field investigation. Our data indicate that the continuous rapid decline of biodiversity education seemed closely related to the extinction of wild rice germplasm. These findings imply the potential necessity and huge challenge for making in situ conservation plans in the future. By means of our understanding of ecogeography, sociology and culture, and population genetics of the species, we propose a strategy for selecting in situ conservation locations as well as priority sites for establishing in situ conservation practices in China.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road(Pan-TPE)(XDA2004010306)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502)+6 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070362,41771123,and 32100315)the“Cross-Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(202101AT070190)Digitalization,Development,and Application of Biotic Resource(202002AA100007)the Poverty Alleviation through Science and Technology Projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-FP-201905)the Technology Transfer into Yunnan Project(202003AD150005)the Postdoctoral Research Funding Projects of Yunnan Province(to X.Yin).
文摘Pseudogenes are important resources for investigation of genome evolution and genomic diversity because they are nonfunctional but have regulatory effects that influence plant adaptation and diversification.However,few systematic comparative analyses of pseudogenes in closely related species have been conducted.Here,we present a turnip(Brassica rapa ssp.rapa)genome sequence and characterize pseudogenes among diploid Brassica species/subspecies.The results revealed that the number of pseudogenes was greatest in Brassica oleracea(CC genome),followed by B.rapa(AA genome)and then Brassica nigra(BB genome),implying that pseudogene differences emerged after species differentiation.In Brassica AA genomes,pseudogenes were distributed asymmetrically on chromosomes because of numerous chromosomal insertions/rearrangements,which contributed to the diversity among subspecies.Pseudogene differences among subspecies were reflected in the flavor-related glucosinolate(GSL)pathway.Specifically,turnip had the highest content of pungent substances,probably because of expansion of the methylthioalkylmalate synthase-encoding gene family in turnips;these genes were converted into pseudogenes in B.rapa ssp.pekinensis(Chiifu).RNA interference-based silencing of the gene encoding 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase 2,which is also associated with flavor and anticancer substances in the GSL pathway,resulted in increased abundance of anticancer compounds and decreased pungency of turnip and Chiifu.These findings revealed that pseudogene differences between turnip and Chiifu influenced the evolution of flavor-associated GSL metabolism-related genes,ultimately resulting in the different flavors of turnip and Chiifu.
基金This work was supported by the project of Yunnan Innovation Team Project, the Hundreds Oversea Talents Program of Yunnan Province, the Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （Grant 20080A009）, the Key Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （201401 PC00397）, National Science Foundation of China （U0936603）, Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province （2008CC016）, Frontier Grant of Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS （672705232515）, Top Talents Program of Yunnan Province （20080A009）, and Hundreds Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） （to L.G.）.
文摘Tea is the world＇s oldest and most popular caffeine-containing beverage with immense economic, medicinal, and cultural importance. Here, we present the first high-quality nucleotide sequence of the repeat-rich （80.9%）, 3.02-Gb genome of the cultivated tea tree Camellia sinensis. We show that an extraordinarily large genome size of tea tree is resulted from the slow, steady, and long-term amplification of a few LTR retrotransposon families. In addition to a recent whole-genome duplication event, lineage-specific expansions of genes associated with flavonoid metabolic biosynthesis were discovered, which enhance catechin production, terpene enzyme activation, and stress tolerance, important features for tea flavor and adaptation. We demonstrate an independent and rapid evolution of the tea caffeine synthesis pathway relative to cacao and coffee. A comparative study among 25 Camellia species revealed that higher expression levels of most flavonoid- and caffeinebut not theanine-related genes contribute to the increased production of catechins and caffeine and thus enhance tea-processing suitability and tea quality. These novel findings pave the way for further metabolomic and functional genomic refinement of characteristic biosynthesis pathways and will help develop a more diversified set of tea flavors that would eventually satisfy and attract more tea drinkers worldwide.
基金supported by Yunnan Innovation Team Project and the start-up grant from South China Agricultural University(to L.G.).
文摘The rubber tree,Hevea brasiliensis,produces natural rubber that serves as an essential industrial raw material.Here,we present a high-quality reference genome for a rubber tree cultivar GT1 using single-molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)and Hi-C technologies to anchor the～1.47-Gb genome assembly into 18 pseudochromosomes.The chromosome-based genome analysis enabled us to establish a model of spurge chromosome evolution,since the common paleopolyploid event occurred before the split of Hevea and Manihot.We show recent and rapid bursts of the three Hevea-specific LTR-retrotransposon families during the last 10 million years,leading to the massive expansion by～65.88%(～970 Mbp)of the whole rubber tree genome since the divergence from Manihot.We identify large-scale expansion of genes associated with whole rubber biosynthesis processes,such as basal metabolic processes,ethylene biosynthesis,and the activation of polysaccharide and glycoprotein lectin,which are important properties for latex production.A map of genomic variation between the cultivated and wild rubber trees was obtained,which contains～15.7 million high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms.We identified hundreds of candidate domestication genes with drastically lowered genomic diversity in the cultivated but not wild rubber trees despite a relatively short domestication history of rubber tree,some of which are involved in rubber biosynthesis.This genome assembly represents key resources for future rubber tree research and breeding,providing novel targets for improving plant biotic and abiotic tolerance and rubber production.
基金supported by funds from Eberly College of Science and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University and from grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770242 and 31970224)funds from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University.
文摘Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.
文摘Dear Editor Panax notoginseng （Burk） F.H. Chen, belonging to the genus Panax （Araliaceae）, is one of the most highly valued medicinal plants in the world. The dried root of this plant, known as ＂Sanchi＂, is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines and has been used as a top-class tonic for more than 2000 years.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （U1302264） to F.H., the National Basic Research Program of China （2013CB835200, 2013CB835201） and the Department of Sciences and Technology of Yunnan Province （2013GA004） to W.W. and F.H.We would like to thank Xueyan Li of the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, for helpful discussions. We would also like to thank Andrew Willden for English language editing of the manuscript. No conflict of interest declared.
文摘Dear Editor, Oryza Iongistaminata is an African wild rice species with AA genome type possessing special traits that are highly valued for improving cultivated rice, such as strong resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses （Song et al., 1995） for improving resistance of cultivars, rhizomatousness for perennial breeding （Glover et al., 2010）, and self-incompatibility （SI） for new ways to produce hybrid seeds （Ghesquiere, 1986）. Deciphering the genome of O. Iongistaminata will be the key to uncovering the mechanism of these hallmark traits and improving cultivated rice.
基金This study was supported by a startup grant from the South China Agricultural University and Yunnan Innovation Team Project(to L.-Z.G.).E.E.E.is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
文摘Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese type)(Ming and Bartholomew,2007).Due to the high economic importance of the tea tree,considerable efforts have been made to explore genetic basis of the biosynthesis of natural metabolites that determine health benefits and diverse tea flavors(Shi et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Li et al.,2015;Xia et aL,2017;Liu et al.,2019).
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(41271058)Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05130702) to Yongping Yang
文摘Stipa purpurea is widely distributed along a large precipitation gradient on the Tibetan Plateau.This implies that S.purpurea from different populations may have different responses to drought stress.To explore this we compared the morphological and physiological changes of S.purpurea seedlings cultivated from seeds from Gar County and Nagqu County after 7 and 14 days of drought stress and subsequent rewatering.The results showed that S.purpurea plants from the more arid Gar area were more tolerant to drought stress than that from Nagqu.To investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this difference,we used i TRAQ quantitative proteomics technology to analyze protein dynamics in S.purpurea samples treated with 7 days of drought stress and subsequent re-watering.The results indicated that,during the process of drought and re-watering treatments,there were differentially expressed proteins in either or both S.purpurea populations.These differential proteins were divided into 24 functional categories that were mainly associated with stress response,the antioxidant system,photosynthesis,carbohydrate metabolism,and post-translational modifications.According to these results,we concluded that the molecular basis of stronger drought resistance likely lies in the specific up-regulation or higher expression of many proteins involved in stress response,the antioxidant system,post-translational modification and osmotic regulation in S.purpurea from Gar County compared with that from Nagqu.This study improves our understanding of the intraspecific differences in drought resistance within S.purpurea populations,which helps to understand the distribution of S.purpurea along the moisture gradient,as well as the effect of climate change on this species.
基金funded by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2014CB954100)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academic of Sciences(KJZD-EW-L07)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200289,31570384)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2012FB182)
文摘Primula chungensis is a species with considerable floral and mating-system variation,including distylous(outcrossing),homostylous(selfing) and mixed populations that contain both outcrossing and selfing forms.We isolated 24 microsatellite markers from P.chungensis using Illumina Mi Seq sequencing.Polymorphism and genetic diversity were then measured based on a sample of 24 individuals from a natural population in southern Tibet.All loci were polymorphic with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 2 to 4.The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 1 and 0.219 to 0.708,respectively.The microsatellite markers we have identified will serve as valuable tools for the investigation of the population genetic structure and phylogeography of P.chungensis and will inform models of the evolutionary history of mating systems in the species.
