Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from ...Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.展开更多
With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between c...With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses.展开更多
In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized it...In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized its social security system accordingly.This paper divides the transition of China’s social security system into seven stages before and after 1978.The traditional social security system was predicated on the dominant public ownership,a highly centralized economy,and“full employment.”It was congruous with the ownership structure,income distribution,and labor systems under the closed economy.The modern social security system is developed to meet the needs of an open economy and promotes economic development by giving play to consumption and investment,facilitating labor flow,and boosting productivity.The modern social security system requires further supply-side structural reforms to promote the high-quality development of the open economy.展开更多
Based on the concept of artificial intelligence(AI)and the summary of existing research methods,this essay reviews the theoretical and empirical research into AI’s impact on industrial distribution,jobs,wages and oth...Based on the concept of artificial intelligence(AI)and the summary of existing research methods,this essay reviews the theoretical and empirical research into AI’s impact on industrial distribution,jobs,wages and other aspects in the field of employment.The essay finds that AI technology accelerates job polarization in the labor market and causes wage inequality during this process while taking over some occupations and promoting the flow of labor among different industries.In the long run,the substitution and creation effects will coexist for the long term,and the creation effects will exercise increasingly obvious influence;wage inequality can be compensated by long-term social policies;job polarization will not last for long;and workers’flow between industries is essentially a result of matching labor skills with task needs after technological changes.More scholars believe that the impact of artificial intelligence on employment in the future is controllable,and the key is in the broad and effective human-computer cooperation facilitated by the improvement of labor’s skill levels through education and training.展开更多
： China＇s basic medical care system has achieved universal coverage, laced the system transformation with substance fair. Under the transformation background from universal coverage to integration on urban and rura...： China＇s basic medical care system has achieved universal coverage, laced the system transformation with substance fair. Under the transformation background from universal coverage to integration on urban and rural areas, and the transformation direction from the ＂medical care＂ to ＂health for all＂, through the institutional transition path on system design, service delivery, financial support, this paper points out that how to improve quality of medical care and optimizing the level of health care services, match sustainable funding system and improving payment system, which in public health, medical services, medical care and medicine supply, realize the transtbrmation and the development from universal medical care to health care.展开更多
China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of l...China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of legal construction, as well as the starting point for the adjustment of collective labor relations. The construction and regulation of individual labor relations is not sufficient to resolve the conflict between labor and capital or to maintain industrial peace. In the shift toward collective labor relations there are two complementary forces and paths： the government-led top-down construction process, and the workers＇ spontaneous bottom-up mobilization. The shift from disputes over rights to disputes over interests is an important characteristic of the transition toward collective labor relations. Chinese labor policy urgently needs to be reconstructed and refined. Its content should include the guiding role of labor relations theory and choice of adjustment models, sound collective labor law, recognition of the collective rights of workers, handling of the relationship of labor＇s two forces, etc.展开更多
Since its very release in March 2006, the opinion-soliciting draft of the Labor Contract Law has sparked considerable controversy. Indeed, the whole process of its consideration, promulgation, implementation and amend...Since its very release in March 2006, the opinion-soliciting draft of the Labor Contract Law has sparked considerable controversy. Indeed, the whole process of its consideration, promulgation, implementation and amendment has been accompanied by complex questioning and a diversity of views. This has to some extent reduced appreciation of the value of the Labor Contract Law itself. In the economy and society, rational legal construction can minimize the damage done by the failure of private negotiations. The Labor Contract Law is dedicated to changing the action space of workers and enterprises in order to promote efficiency in production and equity in distribution. With the aim of constructing and developing harmonious and stable labor relations, the law seeks to encourage workers and enterprises to forge communities of shared interests, shared undertakings, a common destiny and a joint mission; it is here that the true value of the law lies. In terms of institutional design, in building a system that categorizes workplace employment, the Labor Contract Law makes a breakthrough in workplace labor relations management and sets up an innovative labor relations management system with Chinese characteristics. Faced with the new normal in labor relations, we should make further progress in strengthening democraticenterprise management, optimizing the developmental environment of business, etc.展开更多
This study examines how and when authoritarian leadership affects subordinates’task performance.Using social exchange theory and power dependence theory,this study proposes that authoritarian leadership negatively in...This study examines how and when authoritarian leadership affects subordinates’task performance.Using social exchange theory and power dependence theory,this study proposes that authoritarian leadership negatively influences task performance through leader-member exchange(LMX).This study further proposes that the effect of authoritarian leadership on LMX is stronger when a subordinate has less dependence on a leader.A two-wave survey was conducted in a large electronics and information enterprise group in China.These hypotheses are supported by results based on 219 supervisor-subordinate dyads.The results reveal that authoritarian leadership negatively affects subordinates’task performance via LMX.Dependence on leader buffers the negative effect of authoritarian leadership on LMX and mitigates the indirect effect of authoritarian leadership on employee task performance through LMX.Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.展开更多
This paper uses the latest data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)of 2018 to report that the cognitive function and mental health sta-tus of elderly people in China.Elderly women and the old...This paper uses the latest data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)of 2018 to report that the cognitive function and mental health sta-tus of elderly people in China.Elderly women and the oldest-old(age over 80 years)tended to have higher risks of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms than elderly men and younger elderly people.Respondents who continued to live at home in their communities(i.e.were not institutionalized in elderly care facilities,and were educated,married,without ADL disability and engaged in physical activities regularly appeared to have better cognitive function and mental health.Therefore,healthy lifestyles should be advocated and healthy interventions should focus more on the vulnerable elderly such as the oldest-old and women.展开更多
Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory （Hobfoll, Am Psychol 44：513- 524, 1989）, social exchange theory （Blau, Exchange and power in social life, 1964） and the job demand-control model （Karasek, Adm Sc...Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory （Hobfoll, Am Psychol 44：513- 524, 1989）, social exchange theory （Blau, Exchange and power in social life, 1964） and the job demand-control model （Karasek, Adm Sci Q 24：285-308, 1979）, this study uncovers the theoretical mechanism that explains the relationship between work- family conflict and organizational citizenship behavior （OCB）. First, this study focuses on how employee job satisfaction mediates the relationship. Then, we investigate the moderating role of decision authority in, the mediated relationsip. We employ three-wave data collected from 324 employees in 102 teams to test our hypotheses. Aesults of hierarchical linear modeling （HLM） first shows that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between work interference with family （WIF） and OCB. In addition, employees＇ decision authority moderates the direct effect of WlF on OCB. Specifically, the negative relationship between WlF and OCB is stronger when employees＇ decision authority is high. Moreover, decision authority moderates the indirect effect of WIF on OCB via job satisfaction. Specifically, the negative relationship between WlE and job satisfaction is weaker when employees＇ decision authority is high. The results suggest that organizations should give employees enough decision authority over their work, as a high level of decision authority may act as a double-edged sword regarding critical organizational outcomes.展开更多
The two-dimensional （hierarchical and job content） model have been predominating the extant career plateau literature. However, based on Schein＇s cone-shaped organizational mobility model, we contend that stagnatio...The two-dimensional （hierarchical and job content） model have been predominating the extant career plateau literature. However, based on Schein＇s cone-shaped organizational mobility model, we contend that stagnation in organizational centrality （inclusive plateau） may be another dimension of career plateau. Furthermore, grounded in social exchange theory and need-satisfaction models, we aim to examine the effects of career plateau on affective commitment and underlying mechanisms. In Study 1, based on a sample of 219 employees from different professions, we developed a primary validation of our three- dimensional career plateau scale. In Study 2, we examined our hypothesized model with another dataset of 288 employees. The results suggest that job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between the job content plateau, the inclusive plateau and affective commitment. The analysis demonstrates that the specific indirect effect of job content plateauing and inclusion on affective commitment through intrinsic job satisfaction was greater than through extrinsic job satisfaction. However, the hypothesis regarding the relationship between hierarchical plateau and affective commitment was not supported, when another two dimensions of career plateau were added to the model. Our findings provide some theoretical and practical implications.展开更多
To investigate the neuro-biological bases of introversion-extraversion personality traits, the concentra- tion of four neurochemicals (Cho, mI, α-Glx and NAA) in anterior cigulate gyrus between normal extroverts and ...To investigate the neuro-biological bases of introversion-extraversion personality traits, the concentra- tion of four neurochemicals (Cho, mI, α-Glx and NAA) in anterior cigulate gyrus between normal extroverts and in- troverts were examined using non-invasive 1H MRS tech- nique. Our study revealed that introverts have significantly higher level of α-Glx, Cho and mI in the anterior cingulate gyrus than extroverts. This result provides new evidence that the anterior cingulate gyrus is related to personality traits partly in support of Eysenck’s supposition that introverts have higher arousal level than extroverts. Moreover, this result offers neurochemical data for psychobiological theo- ries of personality.展开更多
China's rapid economic development leads to a series of environmental problems in the long run,such as air pollution.Environmental pollution has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of China...China's rapid economic development leads to a series of environmental problems in the long run,such as air pollution.Environmental pollution has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of China's economy.As such,pollution has become a key issue for China as让tries to continuously improve environmental quality and establish a harmonious coexistence between man and nature.This paper uses spatial econometric analysis to empirically test the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)in China while also examining the impact of financial development on its inflection point by applying Air Quality Index and PM_(2.5) data of 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2015 to 2017.Findings from this study indicate that the EKC of air pollution in the whole country presents an inverted U-shape based on both the traditional and new EKC models.After testing the sub-sample in different areas,the EKC still presents an inverted U-shape based on the new EKC model in the eastern and central areas,though not in the western area.In considering the moderating role of financial development based on the new EKC model,we find that the increase of financial depth will cause the EKC inflection point to shift to the left on the national scale and in the eastern region,while the effect of the financial breadth will be largely insignificant.With regard to the central area,both the breadth and the depth of financial development will significantly shift the inflection point to the right,delaying the arrival of the EKC inflection point.Therefore,the local authority of each area should formulate differentiated financial development policies to promote the early arrival of the EKC inflection point.展开更多
The perfection of labor law and enhanced legal awareness among employees have caused an increase in labor disputes in China.However,there are only a few studies that systematically analyzed conflict resolutions within...The perfection of labor law and enhanced legal awareness among employees have caused an increase in labor disputes in China.However,there are only a few studies that systematically analyzed conflict resolutions within organizations in China.In attempt to address this research gap,this study used the conflict management theory and classified the various mechanisms of the conflict management system using a quantitative research design approach,focusing on positing tools specific to the situation in China,as well as analyzed the effect of different conflict management mechanisms on employee outcomes,in hope that the findings would provide constructive suggestions for improving the management of Chinese organizations.展开更多
Three decades since the first wave of rural-urban migration, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of internal migration in China. The present paper comprehensively explores the profiles of t...Three decades since the first wave of rural-urban migration, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of internal migration in China. The present paper comprehensively explores the profiles of the new generation of migrant workers in urban China. We find that the ＂new generation＂ migrants are more educated and skilled, and are likely to work in manufacturing and service industries than in the construction industry. Moreover, they tend to allocate more time to non-farm activities and have more months away from home per year in urban areas. In contrast to their predecessors, they tend to migrate to urban areas with their spouses, consume more in urban areas and send less money back home. Our findings suggest that the differences in features between the new generation of rural migrants and urban residents have become smaller and the integration of rural migrants into urban China has taken place gradually.展开更多
Using the last three waves of the rural household surveys conducted by the Chinese Household Income Project in 2007,2013,and 2018,this paper focuses on changes in poverty in rural China.The paper decomposes poverty ch...Using the last three waves of the rural household surveys conducted by the Chinese Household Income Project in 2007,2013,and 2018,this paper focuses on changes in poverty in rural China.The paper decomposes poverty change into the growth effect and the inequality effect,and also decomposes the contributions of income components,concentrating particularly on income from public transfers.Economic growth had a very significant poverty reduction effect for both absolute and relative poverty,but the inequality effect mostly offset it;in total,absolute poverty reduced significantly,and relative poverty increased from 2007 to 2018.Local wage income became the main contributor to both absolute and relative poverty reduction,replacing household agricultural operational income,and the contribution of wage income from migration declined.Public transfers effectively reduced absolute poverty but not relative poverty.展开更多
This study aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on employee voice behavior. Specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of positive affect in linking sformational leadership with voic...This study aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on employee voice behavior. Specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of positive affect in linking sformational leadership with voice and the moderating role of over-qualification in influencing the mediation of positive affect. In particular, a twowave survey was con ducted. A sample of 271 participa nts complete a questionnaire measuring tran sformati on al leadership, positive affect and various demographic variables in the first wave. Then, they complete a second questionnaire measuring perceived over-qualification and voice behavior 2 weeks later. We conduct a series of multiple regression analyses to test the model. The results show that positive affect partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice behavior. Over-qualification moderated the relationship between positive affect and voice. In addition, moderated mediation analyses reveal that positive affect mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and voice only for highly over-qualified employees. This study investigates a new method linking transformational leadership and voice from an affective perspective by finding the mediating effect of positive affect. We also verify the role of "energized to" process in shaping proactive behaviors. Finally, this study examines the boundary conditions of the effect of positive affect on voice.展开更多
The funding and payout system of social insurance has a significant impact on both the welfare of individuals and the national governance.Budget performance management can optimize fiscal resource allocation and enhan...The funding and payout system of social insurance has a significant impact on both the welfare of individuals and the national governance.Budget performance management can optimize fiscal resource allocation and enhance the quality of public services.The inclusion of the social insurance fund budget in the national budget in 2013 as one of China's"four budgets"underscores the public value orientation it represents and shapes.The main challenge in enhancing the social insurance fund budget system lies in balancing the insurance attribute and the welfare attribute of social insurance,using an inclusive approach to achieve actuarial balance and budget balance,address potential imbalances,forecast and prevent future risks,and alleviate operational pressures.In the future,it is vital to raise the level of budget performance management for social insurance fund through scientific and reasonable performance evaluations,promote high-quality and sustainable development of China's social security programs,and realize shared development in the new phase of Chinese modernization.展开更多
Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digit...Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digital Financial Inclusion,this study examines the impact of fin tech on the gender wage gap.We find that fin tech(i)narrows the gender wage gap;(ii)reduces capital constraints and operating costs,thereby promoting female entrepreneurship,driving more women into employment,and enabling women to increase their wages and bargaining power within the household;and(iii)positively impacts the wages of women(and men)who have lower family economic status,and helps women(but not men)counter the risk of decline in wages caused by childbearing and caring under the two-child policy.These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of women s improving economic conditions leading to a reduced gender wage gap.展开更多
We examine the impact of China s higher education expansion on labor market outcomes for young college graduates using China s 20051 Percent Population Sample Survey.Exploiting variations in the expansion of universit...We examine the impact of China s higher education expansion on labor market outcomes for young college graduates using China s 20051 Percent Population Sample Survey.Exploiting variations in the expansion of university places across provinces and high school cohorts between 1999 and 2003,we apply a difference-in-differences model and take into account the demand-side effect by using the Bartik index.We find that the expansion of higher education in China decreased unemployment rates among males and college graduates in the short term.However,the policy decreased women s labor force participation and individual earnings in high-skilled white-collar jobs.We further discuss potential channels affecting the outcomes that were observed.Our results illustrate the broad economic benefits of higher education.The findings shed new light on the contribution of young skilled labor in the economic growth of China and call for policies that can alleviate the short-term negative impact of higher education on individual students and maximize human capital.Our study also provides an interesting example of the consequences of the unequal expansion of higher education opportunities on the labor market of an emerging economy.展开更多
基金supported by the General Project of the National Natural Science Fund of China(NSFC)“China’s Labor Market Matching Efficiency and Economic Effects”(Grant No.71973015)the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China(NSSFC)“Study on Enhancing Employment Priority for Stable Job Growth”(Grant No.21ZDA098).
文摘Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.
基金support was obtained from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[Grant No.JBK2307090].
文摘With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses.
文摘In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized its social security system accordingly.This paper divides the transition of China’s social security system into seven stages before and after 1978.The traditional social security system was predicated on the dominant public ownership,a highly centralized economy,and“full employment.”It was congruous with the ownership structure,income distribution,and labor systems under the closed economy.The modern social security system is developed to meet the needs of an open economy and promotes economic development by giving play to consumption and investment,facilitating labor flow,and boosting productivity.The modern social security system requires further supply-side structural reforms to promote the high-quality development of the open economy.
基金a phased result of the major project “Digital Technology Revolution and the Future of the World of Work”(No.17XNLG06)supported by the Research Funds of Renmin University of China
文摘Based on the concept of artificial intelligence(AI)and the summary of existing research methods,this essay reviews the theoretical and empirical research into AI’s impact on industrial distribution,jobs,wages and other aspects in the field of employment.The essay finds that AI technology accelerates job polarization in the labor market and causes wage inequality during this process while taking over some occupations and promoting the flow of labor among different industries.In the long run,the substitution and creation effects will coexist for the long term,and the creation effects will exercise increasingly obvious influence;wage inequality can be compensated by long-term social policies;job polarization will not last for long;and workers’flow between industries is essentially a result of matching labor skills with task needs after technological changes.More scholars believe that the impact of artificial intelligence on employment in the future is controllable,and the key is in the broad and effective human-computer cooperation facilitated by the improvement of labor’s skill levels through education and training.
文摘： China＇s basic medical care system has achieved universal coverage, laced the system transformation with substance fair. Under the transformation background from universal coverage to integration on urban and rural areas, and the transformation direction from the ＂medical care＂ to ＂health for all＂, through the institutional transition path on system design, service delivery, financial support, this paper points out that how to improve quality of medical care and optimizing the level of health care services, match sustainable funding system and improving payment system, which in public health, medical services, medical care and medicine supply, realize the transtbrmation and the development from universal medical care to health care.
基金one of the research products of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the System of Government Laws and Regulations for Collective Labor Relations"(11BFX079)the major National Social Science Fund project"Research on Government Regulation in the Construction of Harmonious Labor Relations"(12ZD095)
文摘China is currently undergoing a transition from individual to collective labor relations. The enactment of the Labor Contract Law marks the initial completion of adjustments to individual labor relations in terms of legal construction, as well as the starting point for the adjustment of collective labor relations. The construction and regulation of individual labor relations is not sufficient to resolve the conflict between labor and capital or to maintain industrial peace. In the shift toward collective labor relations there are two complementary forces and paths： the government-led top-down construction process, and the workers＇ spontaneous bottom-up mobilization. The shift from disputes over rights to disputes over interests is an important characteristic of the transition toward collective labor relations. Chinese labor policy urgently needs to be reconstructed and refined. Its content should include the guiding role of labor relations theory and choice of adjustment models, sound collective labor law, recognition of the collective rights of workers, handling of the relationship of labor＇s two forces, etc.
文摘Since its very release in March 2006, the opinion-soliciting draft of the Labor Contract Law has sparked considerable controversy. Indeed, the whole process of its consideration, promulgation, implementation and amendment has been accompanied by complex questioning and a diversity of views. This has to some extent reduced appreciation of the value of the Labor Contract Law itself. In the economy and society, rational legal construction can minimize the damage done by the failure of private negotiations. The Labor Contract Law is dedicated to changing the action space of workers and enterprises in order to promote efficiency in production and equity in distribution. With the aim of constructing and developing harmonious and stable labor relations, the law seeks to encourage workers and enterprises to forge communities of shared interests, shared undertakings, a common destiny and a joint mission; it is here that the true value of the law lies. In terms of institutional design, in building a system that categorizes workplace employment, the Labor Contract Law makes a breakthrough in workplace labor relations management and sets up an innovative labor relations management system with Chinese characteristics. Faced with the new normal in labor relations, we should make further progress in strengthening democraticenterprise management, optimizing the developmental environment of business, etc.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71971211)the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(18YJC630192).
文摘This study examines how and when authoritarian leadership affects subordinates’task performance.Using social exchange theory and power dependence theory,this study proposes that authoritarian leadership negatively influences task performance through leader-member exchange(LMX).This study further proposes that the effect of authoritarian leadership on LMX is stronger when a subordinate has less dependence on a leader.A two-wave survey was conducted in a large electronics and information enterprise group in China.These hypotheses are supported by results based on 219 supervisor-subordinate dyads.The results reveal that authoritarian leadership negatively affects subordinates’task performance via LMX.Dependence on leader buffers the negative effect of authoritarian leadership on LMX and mitigates the indirect effect of authoritarian leadership on employee task performance through LMX.Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
基金This article was jointly supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(71490732,71873006)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC2000400)the U.S.National Institute of Aging of the National Institute of Health(P01AG031719).
文摘This paper uses the latest data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS)of 2018 to report that the cognitive function and mental health sta-tus of elderly people in China.Elderly women and the oldest-old(age over 80 years)tended to have higher risks of cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms than elderly men and younger elderly people.Respondents who continued to live at home in their communities(i.e.were not institutionalized in elderly care facilities,and were educated,married,without ADL disability and engaged in physical activities regularly appeared to have better cognitive function and mental health.Therefore,healthy lifestyles should be advocated and healthy interventions should focus more on the vulnerable elderly such as the oldest-old and women.
基金This article was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 71101148 and 71702184）.
文摘Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory （Hobfoll, Am Psychol 44：513- 524, 1989）, social exchange theory （Blau, Exchange and power in social life, 1964） and the job demand-control model （Karasek, Adm Sci Q 24：285-308, 1979）, this study uncovers the theoretical mechanism that explains the relationship between work- family conflict and organizational citizenship behavior （OCB）. First, this study focuses on how employee job satisfaction mediates the relationship. Then, we investigate the moderating role of decision authority in, the mediated relationsip. We employ three-wave data collected from 324 employees in 102 teams to test our hypotheses. Aesults of hierarchical linear modeling （HLM） first shows that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between work interference with family （WIF） and OCB. In addition, employees＇ decision authority moderates the direct effect of WlF on OCB. Specifically, the negative relationship between WlF and OCB is stronger when employees＇ decision authority is high. Moreover, decision authority moderates the indirect effect of WIF on OCB via job satisfaction. Specifically, the negative relationship between WlE and job satisfaction is weaker when employees＇ decision authority is high. The results suggest that organizations should give employees enough decision authority over their work, as a high level of decision authority may act as a double-edged sword regarding critical organizational outcomes.
文摘The two-dimensional （hierarchical and job content） model have been predominating the extant career plateau literature. However, based on Schein＇s cone-shaped organizational mobility model, we contend that stagnation in organizational centrality （inclusive plateau） may be another dimension of career plateau. Furthermore, grounded in social exchange theory and need-satisfaction models, we aim to examine the effects of career plateau on affective commitment and underlying mechanisms. In Study 1, based on a sample of 219 employees from different professions, we developed a primary validation of our three- dimensional career plateau scale. In Study 2, we examined our hypothesized model with another dataset of 288 employees. The results suggest that job satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between the job content plateau, the inclusive plateau and affective commitment. The analysis demonstrates that the specific indirect effect of job content plateauing and inclusion on affective commitment through intrinsic job satisfaction was greater than through extrinsic job satisfaction. However, the hypothesis regarding the relationship between hierarchical plateau and affective commitment was not supported, when another two dimensions of career plateau were added to the model. Our findings provide some theoretical and practical implications.
基金supported by the Pandeng Project(Grant No.95-Special-09).
文摘To investigate the neuro-biological bases of introversion-extraversion personality traits, the concentra- tion of four neurochemicals (Cho, mI, α-Glx and NAA) in anterior cigulate gyrus between normal extroverts and in- troverts were examined using non-invasive 1H MRS tech- nique. Our study revealed that introverts have significantly higher level of α-Glx, Cho and mI in the anterior cingulate gyrus than extroverts. This result provides new evidence that the anterior cingulate gyrus is related to personality traits partly in support of Eysenck’s supposition that introverts have higher arousal level than extroverts. Moreover, this result offers neurochemical data for psychobiological theo- ries of personality.
基金the financial support of the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Chinese Ministry of Education[Grant num-ber.20YJC630104]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant number.71403120,Grant number.72003157]+1 种基金the National Social Science Foundation of China[Grant number.18ZDA052,Grant number.19ZDA074)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities[Grant number.JBK2002017].
文摘China's rapid economic development leads to a series of environmental problems in the long run,such as air pollution.Environmental pollution has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of China's economy.As such,pollution has become a key issue for China as让tries to continuously improve environmental quality and establish a harmonious coexistence between man and nature.This paper uses spatial econometric analysis to empirically test the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)in China while also examining the impact of financial development on its inflection point by applying Air Quality Index and PM_(2.5) data of 283 prefecture-level cities in China from 2015 to 2017.Findings from this study indicate that the EKC of air pollution in the whole country presents an inverted U-shape based on both the traditional and new EKC models.After testing the sub-sample in different areas,the EKC still presents an inverted U-shape based on the new EKC model in the eastern and central areas,though not in the western area.In considering the moderating role of financial development based on the new EKC model,we find that the increase of financial depth will cause the EKC inflection point to shift to the left on the national scale and in the eastern region,while the effect of the financial breadth will be largely insignificant.With regard to the central area,both the breadth and the depth of financial development will significantly shift the inflection point to the right,delaying the arrival of the EKC inflection point.Therefore,the local authority of each area should formulate differentiated financial development policies to promote the early arrival of the EKC inflection point.
文摘The perfection of labor law and enhanced legal awareness among employees have caused an increase in labor disputes in China.However,there are only a few studies that systematically analyzed conflict resolutions within organizations in China.In attempt to address this research gap,this study used the conflict management theory and classified the various mechanisms of the conflict management system using a quantitative research design approach,focusing on positing tools specific to the situation in China,as well as analyzed the effect of different conflict management mechanisms on employee outcomes,in hope that the findings would provide constructive suggestions for improving the management of Chinese organizations.
文摘Three decades since the first wave of rural-urban migration, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of internal migration in China. The present paper comprehensively explores the profiles of the new generation of migrant workers in urban China. We find that the ＂new generation＂ migrants are more educated and skilled, and are likely to work in manufacturing and service industries than in the construction industry. Moreover, they tend to allocate more time to non-farm activities and have more months away from home per year in urban areas. In contrast to their predecessors, they tend to migrate to urban areas with their spouses, consume more in urban areas and send less money back home. Our findings suggest that the differences in features between the new generation of rural migrants and urban residents have become smaller and the integration of rural migrants into urban China has taken place gradually.
基金supported by the"Thematic Research Project on China's Income Distribution"(No.21XNLG03)of Renmin University of China.
文摘Using the last three waves of the rural household surveys conducted by the Chinese Household Income Project in 2007,2013,and 2018,this paper focuses on changes in poverty in rural China.The paper decomposes poverty change into the growth effect and the inequality effect,and also decomposes the contributions of income components,concentrating particularly on income from public transfers.Economic growth had a very significant poverty reduction effect for both absolute and relative poverty,but the inequality effect mostly offset it;in total,absolute poverty reduced significantly,and relative poverty increased from 2007 to 2018.Local wage income became the main contributor to both absolute and relative poverty reduction,replacing household agricultural operational income,and the contribution of wage income from migration declined.Public transfers effectively reduced absolute poverty but not relative poverty.
文摘This study aims to examine the effect of transformational leadership on employee voice behavior. Specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of positive affect in linking sformational leadership with voice and the moderating role of over-qualification in influencing the mediation of positive affect. In particular, a twowave survey was con ducted. A sample of 271 participa nts complete a questionnaire measuring tran sformati on al leadership, positive affect and various demographic variables in the first wave. Then, they complete a second questionnaire measuring perceived over-qualification and voice behavior 2 weeks later. We conduct a series of multiple regression analyses to test the model. The results show that positive affect partially mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and employee voice behavior. Over-qualification moderated the relationship between positive affect and voice. In addition, moderated mediation analyses reveal that positive affect mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and voice only for highly over-qualified employees. This study investigates a new method linking transformational leadership and voice from an affective perspective by finding the mediating effect of positive affect. We also verify the role of "energized to" process in shaping proactive behaviors. Finally, this study examines the boundary conditions of the effect of positive affect on voice.
基金supported by the major program of the National Social Science Fund of China titled"Research on the Implementation Path of Relative Poverty Alleviation in the Context of Building a ModeratelyProsperous SocietyinAll Respects" (No.22&ZDo60).
文摘The funding and payout system of social insurance has a significant impact on both the welfare of individuals and the national governance.Budget performance management can optimize fiscal resource allocation and enhance the quality of public services.The inclusion of the social insurance fund budget in the national budget in 2013 as one of China's"four budgets"underscores the public value orientation it represents and shapes.The main challenge in enhancing the social insurance fund budget system lies in balancing the insurance attribute and the welfare attribute of social insurance,using an inclusive approach to achieve actuarial balance and budget balance,address potential imbalances,forecast and prevent future risks,and alleviate operational pressures.In the future,it is vital to raise the level of budget performance management for social insurance fund through scientific and reasonable performance evaluations,promote high-quality and sustainable development of China's social security programs,and realize shared development in the new phase of Chinese modernization.
基金This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Research Funds of Renmin University of China(No.21XNH075).
文摘Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech,which has a far-reaching impact on wage distribution in China.Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digital Financial Inclusion,this study examines the impact of fin tech on the gender wage gap.We find that fin tech(i)narrows the gender wage gap;(ii)reduces capital constraints and operating costs,thereby promoting female entrepreneurship,driving more women into employment,and enabling women to increase their wages and bargaining power within the household;and(iii)positively impacts the wages of women(and men)who have lower family economic status,and helps women(but not men)counter the risk of decline in wages caused by childbearing and caring under the two-child policy.These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of women s improving economic conditions leading to a reduced gender wage gap.
基金support from the Chinese University of Hong Kong(Direct Grant No.4058038)and the Hong Kong General Research Council(No.14603416).
文摘We examine the impact of China s higher education expansion on labor market outcomes for young college graduates using China s 20051 Percent Population Sample Survey.Exploiting variations in the expansion of university places across provinces and high school cohorts between 1999 and 2003,we apply a difference-in-differences model and take into account the demand-side effect by using the Bartik index.We find that the expansion of higher education in China decreased unemployment rates among males and college graduates in the short term.However,the policy decreased women s labor force participation and individual earnings in high-skilled white-collar jobs.We further discuss potential channels affecting the outcomes that were observed.Our results illustrate the broad economic benefits of higher education.The findings shed new light on the contribution of young skilled labor in the economic growth of China and call for policies that can alleviate the short-term negative impact of higher education on individual students and maximize human capital.Our study also provides an interesting example of the consequences of the unequal expansion of higher education opportunities on the labor market of an emerging economy.
