Labeled data is widely used in various classification tasks.However,there is a huge challenge that labels are often added artificially.Wrong labels added by malicious users will affect the training effect of the model...Labeled data is widely used in various classification tasks.However,there is a huge challenge that labels are often added artificially.Wrong labels added by malicious users will affect the training effect of the model.The unreliability of labeled data has hindered the research.In order to solve the above problems,we propose a framework of Label Noise Filtering and Missing Label Supplement(LNFS).And we take location labels in Location-Based Social Networks(LBSN)as an example to implement our framework.For the problem of label noise filtering,we first use FastText to transform the restaurant's labels into vectors,and then based on the assumption that the label most similar to all other labels in the location is most representative.We use cosine similarity to judge and select the most representative label.For the problem of label missing,we use simple common word similarity to judge the similarity of users'comments,and then use the label of the similar restaurant to supplement the missing labels.To optimize the performance of the model,we introduce game theory into our model to simulate the game between the malicious users and the model to improve the reliability of the model.Finally,a case study is given to illustrate the effectiveness and reliability of LNFS.展开更多
Introduction:Pastoral livestock share grazing areas and watering points with wildlife around the protected areas in Eastern Africa.This causes a high degree of livestock-wildlife interactions,leading to conflicts betw...Introduction:Pastoral livestock share grazing areas and watering points with wildlife around the protected areas in Eastern Africa.This causes a high degree of livestock-wildlife interactions,leading to conflicts between the local community and park staff.Thus,understanding the perception and attitude of local people towards livestockwildlife interaction is very crucial to optimize both livestock production and biodiversity conservation in protected areas.This paper presents the perception and attitude of local community towards livestock-wildlife interactions around Awash National Park(ANP),Ethiopia.Methods:Interview to 180 randomly selected households,representing Afar,Ittu,and Kereyu ethnic groups living around ANP,was conducted from August to December 2015 using a semi-structured questionnaire.Data on community attitude towards wildlife,livestock production systems,and its constraints were collected through focus group-and key informant discussions.We used ordinal logistic regression model to analyze community attitude towards wildlife conservation.Results:Respondents ranked feed shortage(0.38),lack of water(0.32),and climate change(0.30)as the major constraints of livestock production around ANP.A high degree of conflict(79%;χ^(2)=24.09;df=2;P=0.000)between the local community and park was recorded.About 73%of the households would be ready to live in harmony with the park.However,85%of park staff considered the community as a threat,due to high livestock grazing pressure and illegal park resource use.Overall,community attitude towards wildlife significantly varied(χ^(2)=46.28;df=4;P=0.00)particularly due to educational level(χ^(2)=15.96;df=6;P=0.014),income source(χ^(2)=16.77;df=2;P=0.00),and distance of household from ANP(χ^(2)=20.51;df=4;P=0.00).The logistic regression model revealed that ethnic group,education,benefit obtained,and conflict with the park were significantly associated with attitude towards wildlife(χ^(2)15=76.62;df=16;P=0.000).Conclusions:Majority of respondents showed positive attitude towards wildlife,implying a better chance to mobilize the community for conservation activities in the park.Thus,expansion of formal and adult education as well as livelihood diversification strategies that could benefit the pastoral community would help to improve community attitude towards wildlife so that both wildlife conservation and livestock production can be optimized around ANP.展开更多
The public has access to a range of mobile applications(apps)for disasters.However,there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their usability.This study explores e...The public has access to a range of mobile applications(apps)for disasters.However,there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their usability.This study explores end-users'perceptions of the usability of disaster apps.It proposes a conceptual framework based on insights gathered from thematically analyzing online reviews.The study identifies new usability concerns particular to disaster apps'use:(1)content relevance depends on the app's purpose and the proximate significance of the information to the hazard event's time and location;(2)app dependability affects users'perceptions of usability due to the lifesafety association of disaster apps;(3)users perceive advertisements to contribute to their cognitive load;(4)users expect apps to work efficiently without unnecessary consumption of critical phone resources;(5)appropriate audio interface can improve usability,as sounds can boost an app's alerting aspect;and,finally(6)in-app browsing may potentially enhance users'impression of the structure of a disaster app.As a result,this study argues for focussed research and development on public-facing disaster apps.Future research should consider the conceptual framework and concerns presented in this study when building design guidelines and theories for disaster apps.展开更多
Resorcinol/formaldehyde(RF)foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure,transparency in the visible region,and low-Z elemen...Resorcinol/formaldehyde(RF)foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure,transparency in the visible region,and low-Z element(hydrogen,carbon,and oxygen)composition.In this study,we developed disk-shaped RF foam and deuterated RF foam targets with 40–200μm thickness and approximately 100 mg/cm^(3) density having a network structure from 100 nm to a few micrometers cell size.By deuteration,the polymerization rate was drastically slowed down owing to kinetic isotope effects.These targets were used in high-power laser experiments where a megaelectronvolt proton beam was successfully generated.展开更多
Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel con...Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel concept whereby the interplay of range shifts and dispersal barriers of a particular spatial configuration can threaten the persistence of populations under a climate change scenario.We named this concept“C-trap,”based on the topographic shape of such barriers.After elaborating on the theoretical features of C-traps,we provide a simple method that combines environmental data and future climate projections to locate them spatially.We use this method to determine where high C-trap densities have the potential to further threaten the conservation of endangered,endemic animals across the world’s terrestrial realm,in a climate change scenario.Our methodology detected potential C-traps for the study system,with areas of high density mostly located in east Europe,south Asia and North America.However,finer-scale analyses are required to assess the magnitude of the threat locally.Dispersal barriers add an additional dimension to range shift studies and can ultimately prevent otherwise successful climate migrants from tracking their climatic niche.The methodology presented here is simple and flexible enough to be adapted to a wide range of taxa and locations as well as the fast development of range shift modeling.Therefore,we encourage researchers to include the effects of anthropogenic dispersal barriers in range shifts models and in the planning of effective conservation strategies with reference to climate change.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61872219)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019MF001).
文摘Labeled data is widely used in various classification tasks.However,there is a huge challenge that labels are often added artificially.Wrong labels added by malicious users will affect the training effect of the model.The unreliability of labeled data has hindered the research.In order to solve the above problems,we propose a framework of Label Noise Filtering and Missing Label Supplement(LNFS).And we take location labels in Location-Based Social Networks(LBSN)as an example to implement our framework.For the problem of label noise filtering,we first use FastText to transform the restaurant's labels into vectors,and then based on the assumption that the label most similar to all other labels in the location is most representative.We use cosine similarity to judge and select the most representative label.For the problem of label missing,we use simple common word similarity to judge the similarity of users'comments,and then use the label of the similar restaurant to supplement the missing labels.To optimize the performance of the model,we introduce game theory into our model to simulate the game between the malicious users and the model to improve the reliability of the model.Finally,a case study is given to illustrate the effectiveness and reliability of LNFS.
文摘Introduction:Pastoral livestock share grazing areas and watering points with wildlife around the protected areas in Eastern Africa.This causes a high degree of livestock-wildlife interactions,leading to conflicts between the local community and park staff.Thus,understanding the perception and attitude of local people towards livestockwildlife interaction is very crucial to optimize both livestock production and biodiversity conservation in protected areas.This paper presents the perception and attitude of local community towards livestock-wildlife interactions around Awash National Park(ANP),Ethiopia.Methods:Interview to 180 randomly selected households,representing Afar,Ittu,and Kereyu ethnic groups living around ANP,was conducted from August to December 2015 using a semi-structured questionnaire.Data on community attitude towards wildlife,livestock production systems,and its constraints were collected through focus group-and key informant discussions.We used ordinal logistic regression model to analyze community attitude towards wildlife conservation.Results:Respondents ranked feed shortage(0.38),lack of water(0.32),and climate change(0.30)as the major constraints of livestock production around ANP.A high degree of conflict(79%;χ^(2)=24.09;df=2;P=0.000)between the local community and park was recorded.About 73%of the households would be ready to live in harmony with the park.However,85%of park staff considered the community as a threat,due to high livestock grazing pressure and illegal park resource use.Overall,community attitude towards wildlife significantly varied(χ^(2)=46.28;df=4;P=0.00)particularly due to educational level(χ^(2)=15.96;df=6;P=0.014),income source(χ^(2)=16.77;df=2;P=0.00),and distance of household from ANP(χ^(2)=20.51;df=4;P=0.00).The logistic regression model revealed that ethnic group,education,benefit obtained,and conflict with the park were significantly associated with attitude towards wildlife(χ^(2)15=76.62;df=16;P=0.000).Conclusions:Majority of respondents showed positive attitude towards wildlife,implying a better chance to mobilize the community for conservation activities in the park.Thus,expansion of formal and adult education as well as livelihood diversification strategies that could benefit the pastoral community would help to improve community attitude towards wildlife so that both wildlife conservation and livestock production can be optimized around ANP.
文摘The public has access to a range of mobile applications(apps)for disasters.However,there has been limited academic research conducted on disaster apps and how the public perceives their usability.This study explores end-users'perceptions of the usability of disaster apps.It proposes a conceptual framework based on insights gathered from thematically analyzing online reviews.The study identifies new usability concerns particular to disaster apps'use:(1)content relevance depends on the app's purpose and the proximate significance of the information to the hazard event's time and location;(2)app dependability affects users'perceptions of usability due to the lifesafety association of disaster apps;(3)users perceive advertisements to contribute to their cognitive load;(4)users expect apps to work efficiently without unnecessary consumption of critical phone resources;(5)appropriate audio interface can improve usability,as sounds can boost an app's alerting aspect;and,finally(6)in-app browsing may potentially enhance users'impression of the structure of a disaster app.As a result,this study argues for focussed research and development on public-facing disaster apps.Future research should consider the conceptual framework and concerns presented in this study when building design guidelines and theories for disaster apps.
基金the Collaboration Research Program between the National Institute for Fusion Science and the Institute of Laser Engineering at Osaka University(NIFS12KUGK057).
文摘Resorcinol/formaldehyde(RF)foam resin is an attractive material as a low-density target in high-power laser–plasma experiments because of its fine network structure,transparency in the visible region,and low-Z element(hydrogen,carbon,and oxygen)composition.In this study,we developed disk-shaped RF foam and deuterated RF foam targets with 40–200μm thickness and approximately 100 mg/cm^(3) density having a network structure from 100 nm to a few micrometers cell size.By deuteration,the polymerization rate was drastically slowed down owing to kinetic isotope effects.These targets were used in high-power laser experiments where a megaelectronvolt proton beam was successfully generated.
文摘Despite studies on range shifts being abundant,the problem of dispersal barriers limiting climate migrants’movement is yet to be fully included into any modeling framework.For this reason,we introduce a novel concept whereby the interplay of range shifts and dispersal barriers of a particular spatial configuration can threaten the persistence of populations under a climate change scenario.We named this concept“C-trap,”based on the topographic shape of such barriers.After elaborating on the theoretical features of C-traps,we provide a simple method that combines environmental data and future climate projections to locate them spatially.We use this method to determine where high C-trap densities have the potential to further threaten the conservation of endangered,endemic animals across the world’s terrestrial realm,in a climate change scenario.Our methodology detected potential C-traps for the study system,with areas of high density mostly located in east Europe,south Asia and North America.However,finer-scale analyses are required to assess the magnitude of the threat locally.Dispersal barriers add an additional dimension to range shift studies and can ultimately prevent otherwise successful climate migrants from tracking their climatic niche.The methodology presented here is simple and flexible enough to be adapted to a wide range of taxa and locations as well as the fast development of range shift modeling.Therefore,we encourage researchers to include the effects of anthropogenic dispersal barriers in range shifts models and in the planning of effective conservation strategies with reference to climate change.
