Ecological security is a vital problem that people all over the world today have to face and solve, and the situation of ecological security is getting more and more severe and has begun to impede heavily the sustaina...Ecological security is a vital problem that people all over the world today have to face and solve, and the situation of ecological security is getting more and more severe and has begun to impede heavily the sustainable development of social economy. Ecological environment pre-warning has become a hotspot for the modern environment science. This paper introduces the theories of ecological security pre-warning and tries to constitute a pre-warning model of ecological security. In terms of pressure-state-response model, the pre-warning guide line of ecological security is constructed while the pre-warning degree judging model of ecological security is established based on fuzzy optimization. As a case, the model is used to assess the present condition pre-warning of the ecological security of Anhui Province. The result is in correspondence with the real condition: the ecological security situations of 8 cities are dangerous and 9 cities are secure. The result shows that this model is scientific and effective for regional ecological security pre-warning.展开更多
Regional innovation system (RIS) is the new research field of modern economicgeography in the age of knowledge economy. Based on the researches of regional economic geography,the authors of the paper consider RIS as t...Regional innovation system (RIS) is the new research field of modern economicgeography in the age of knowledge economy. Based on the researches of regional economic geography,the authors of the paper consider RIS as the integrated and interactive systems with innovationmilieu, elements, units, structure and functions. Five aspects of evaluation indicators includinginnovation input scale and output scale, innovation milieu transition, innovation inner operation,as well as innovation outer impact are worked out for final indicators of RIS scale and quality.According to different RIS situations, three patterns of independent, imitative and cooperativedevelopment are put forward for choosing. At the latter part of the paper, we select 12 provincialregions (including three municipalities and one autonomous region) of China for empirical study. Theresults show that there exists great difference among each region from the aspects of innovationscale and quality mainly owning to the diversification of RIS social and economic milieu, the majorinnovative units of enterprises, universities and R&D institutes. Finally, the paper points out theinnovation development decisions for each region.展开更多
This paper explores how location could affect economic growth and it has always been omitted in economic analysis. Geographic factors can affect economic activities. Three mechanisms of location affecting economic gro...This paper explores how location could affect economic growth and it has always been omitted in economic analysis. Geographic factors can affect economic activities. Three mechanisms of location affecting economic growth have been studied: consumption, production and migration. The initial superior location will take such advantages as lower transport costs and lower price level, so it could have higher consumption utility, higher productivity, and attract more human capital, then lead higher growth. Those regions with the superior location will have higher utility due to more product varities and the comparative lower price, and higher wage due to the production technology, and it would attract more individuals with higher human capital to move to this location. It is a kind of agglomeration, meaning the superior location will hold more advantages and higher growth rate, otherwise those locations with poor geographic factor will be even worse. Based on Chinese provincial economic growth experiences of these years, this paper does some empirical analysis by regressing on some variables including the geographic ones. In this paper, the dummy variables and population density are used to measure the location factor. And we find evidences supporting the view that dominant locations such as coastal areas grow faster, on the contrary,middle and western provinces grow slower. Location does affect economic growth.展开更多
Demographic transitions occur at different times and speed across different economies, and age structures consequently differ across regions. Using a solvable four-phase model, we show that economies with a higher pro...Demographic transitions occur at different times and speed across different economies, and age structures consequently differ across regions. Using a solvable four-phase model, we show that economies with a higher proportion of working-age force and a lower dependency ratio tend to have higher savings rates. Because the demographic ＂ center of gravity＂for investment demand falls at a younger point in the age distribution than that of savings supply, countries with a younger age-distribution like those described above generate national savings in excess of domestic investment, resulting in a current account surplus. Numerical simulation supports this hypothesis. But the relative youth or age of a country＇s population reflects temporary demographic trends which change continuously. Therefore, while trade imbalances caused by demographic factors are structural and long-term, they are not permanent, and may be reversed by changes in age structure.展开更多
Based on statistical analysis,this paper states that four types of rural infrastructure as roads,electricity, communications,and education have statistically significant effects on agricultural production,nonagricultu...Based on statistical analysis,this paper states that four types of rural infrastructure as roads,electricity, communications,and education have statistically significant effects on agricultural production,nonagricultural production,and farmers’income in China.However,the specifics and the degrees of these influences are different. Therefore, different policies have to be implemented respectively to make full use ofthe limited funds in China. Meanwhile, the maturity level of rural infrastructure as with rural economic development has regional discrepancy. The levels of maturity decrease from east to west.It is urgent that the current weak situation of the ruralinfrastruc- ture in western China needs to be improved.展开更多
In this paper, multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models are used to examine the volatility transmission between the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. We show that there is an asymmetry in the predictability of the volati...In this paper, multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models are used to examine the volatility transmission between the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. We show that there is an asymmetry in the predictability of the volatility of the two markets for the 1997-2003 period: Evidence of price volatility spillovers from Shanghai to Shenzhen is observed but no volatility spillover effect in the opposite direction is found. We further show that this kind of asymmetry exists mainly after September 2000 when Shenzhen suspended A-share IPOs. For the pre-September 2000 period, however, there has no much significant volatility transmission across the two exchanges and only weak volatility spillover effects from Shenzhen to Shanghai are found. The findings suggest that the suspension of IPOs in the Shenzhen Exchange maybe reversed the direction of volatility spillovers across the two markets. As a result, the Shanghai Exchange has gradually obtained its leading status in terms of information transmission.展开更多
China is in the midst of restructuring its social security net, which is to tackle socialproblems in unemployment insurance, old-age pension and health insurance, on its waytowards a market-based economy. This paper i...China is in the midst of restructuring its social security net, which is to tackle socialproblems in unemployment insurance, old-age pension and health insurance, on its waytowards a market-based economy. This paper is to examine the evolution and developmentof social policy and social protection in China. It begins with an introduction to historicalbasis of Chinas social security system. It then explores the reform practice of Chinassocial security system, and traces challenges faced by Chinas social security reform. Thisis followed by discussions for restructuring Chinas social security net in a market-basedeconomy, including policy recommendation on development of old-age insurance,unemployment insurance and health insurance. The paper concludes with the strong pointfor the increasing urgency to improve the legal situation of Chinas social security system.展开更多
Trust plays a critical role in the growth of a family-run enterprise. Because the role of trust in relationships between proprietors and managers differs between different family-run enterprises, information costs var...Trust plays a critical role in the growth of a family-run enterprise. Because the role of trust in relationships between proprietors and managers differs between different family-run enterprises, information costs vary greatly between enterprises. Generally speaking, in traditionally managed family enterprises the degree of mutual trust between leaders and between staff and workers is high and hence information costs are relatively low. In this sense, family enterprises cannot be regarded as a backward management system. Although there is a universal tendency for family-owned businesses to make the transition to a modemized system of share-holding companies,展开更多
Analyzing the management structure of companies of U.S and Japan from the perspective of exit and appeal mechanisms, it can be found that the market system in U.S is as described in neo-classical economics, while in J...Analyzing the management structure of companies of U.S and Japan from the perspective of exit and appeal mechanisms, it can be found that the market system in U.S is as described in neo-classical economics, while in Japan, generally speaking, besides the market system, there are various other institutional structures such as organization, contracts and custom that interact with one another. Individual shareholders in Japan are hardly able to exert any influence and are passive suppliers of capital only.展开更多
Seen from the point of view of its institutional environment, Yiwu in South China's Zhejiang province, does not enjoy the prerequisites for building itself into a national commodity distribution center. The key to...Seen from the point of view of its institutional environment, Yiwu in South China's Zhejiang province, does not enjoy the prerequisites for building itself into a national commodity distribution center. The key to its success lies in the fact that, rather than simply using voluntary community incentives and the local government's ability to act as go-between in diffusing these, Yiwu has seen the formation of mutually beneficial mechanisms involving a combination of the two forces. Within this mechanism,展开更多
There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as op...There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as opposed to free allocations,could be more aligned with the principle of“polluter pays.”Focusing on three diverse regions—Ningxia,Beijing,and Zhejiang—this study employs a system dynamics simulation model to explore markets for carbon emissions and green certificates trading.The aim is to determine the optimal timing and appropriate policy intensities for auction introduction.Key findings include:(1)Optimal auction strategies differ among the provinces,recommending immediate implementation in Beijing,followed by Ningxia and Zhejiang.(2)In Ningxia,there’s a potential for a 6.20%increase in GDP alongside a 21.59%reduction in carbon emissions,suggesting a feasible harmony between environmental and economic objectives.(3)Market-related policy variables,such as total carbon allowances and Renewable Portfolio Standards,significantly influence the optimal auction strategies but have minimal effect on carbon auction prices.展开更多
基金Undertheauspicesof China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No.2004035175), and the Natural Science Founda-tionof Anhui Provincial Bureau of Education (No.2003KJ043ZD)
文摘Ecological security is a vital problem that people all over the world today have to face and solve, and the situation of ecological security is getting more and more severe and has begun to impede heavily the sustainable development of social economy. Ecological environment pre-warning has become a hotspot for the modern environment science. This paper introduces the theories of ecological security pre-warning and tries to constitute a pre-warning model of ecological security. In terms of pressure-state-response model, the pre-warning guide line of ecological security is constructed while the pre-warning degree judging model of ecological security is established based on fuzzy optimization. As a case, the model is used to assess the present condition pre-warning of the ecological security of Anhui Province. The result is in correspondence with the real condition: the ecological security situations of 8 cities are dangerous and 9 cities are secure. The result shows that this model is scientific and effective for regional ecological security pre-warning.
文摘Regional innovation system (RIS) is the new research field of modern economicgeography in the age of knowledge economy. Based on the researches of regional economic geography,the authors of the paper consider RIS as the integrated and interactive systems with innovationmilieu, elements, units, structure and functions. Five aspects of evaluation indicators includinginnovation input scale and output scale, innovation milieu transition, innovation inner operation,as well as innovation outer impact are worked out for final indicators of RIS scale and quality.According to different RIS situations, three patterns of independent, imitative and cooperativedevelopment are put forward for choosing. At the latter part of the paper, we select 12 provincialregions (including three municipalities and one autonomous region) of China for empirical study. Theresults show that there exists great difference among each region from the aspects of innovationscale and quality mainly owning to the diversification of RIS social and economic milieu, the majorinnovative units of enterprises, universities and R&D institutes. Finally, the paper points out theinnovation development decisions for each region.
文摘This paper explores how location could affect economic growth and it has always been omitted in economic analysis. Geographic factors can affect economic activities. Three mechanisms of location affecting economic growth have been studied: consumption, production and migration. The initial superior location will take such advantages as lower transport costs and lower price level, so it could have higher consumption utility, higher productivity, and attract more human capital, then lead higher growth. Those regions with the superior location will have higher utility due to more product varities and the comparative lower price, and higher wage due to the production technology, and it would attract more individuals with higher human capital to move to this location. It is a kind of agglomeration, meaning the superior location will hold more advantages and higher growth rate, otherwise those locations with poor geographic factor will be even worse. Based on Chinese provincial economic growth experiences of these years, this paper does some empirical analysis by regressing on some variables including the geographic ones. In this paper, the dummy variables and population density are used to measure the location factor. And we find evidences supporting the view that dominant locations such as coastal areas grow faster, on the contrary,middle and western provinces grow slower. Location does affect economic growth.
基金This research is supported by： National Social Science Foundation ＂ Study on China＇s imbalanced foreign trade from the perspective of intra-product specialization＂ （10BJY079）.
文摘Demographic transitions occur at different times and speed across different economies, and age structures consequently differ across regions. Using a solvable four-phase model, we show that economies with a higher proportion of working-age force and a lower dependency ratio tend to have higher savings rates. Because the demographic ＂ center of gravity＂for investment demand falls at a younger point in the age distribution than that of savings supply, countries with a younger age-distribution like those described above generate national savings in excess of domestic investment, resulting in a current account surplus. Numerical simulation supports this hypothesis. But the relative youth or age of a country＇s population reflects temporary demographic trends which change continuously. Therefore, while trade imbalances caused by demographic factors are structural and long-term, they are not permanent, and may be reversed by changes in age structure.
文摘Based on statistical analysis,this paper states that four types of rural infrastructure as roads,electricity, communications,and education have statistically significant effects on agricultural production,nonagricultural production,and farmers’income in China.However,the specifics and the degrees of these influences are different. Therefore, different policies have to be implemented respectively to make full use ofthe limited funds in China. Meanwhile, the maturity level of rural infrastructure as with rural economic development has regional discrepancy. The levels of maturity decrease from east to west.It is urgent that the current weak situation of the ruralinfrastruc- ture in western China needs to be improved.
文摘In this paper, multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) models are used to examine the volatility transmission between the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets. We show that there is an asymmetry in the predictability of the volatility of the two markets for the 1997-2003 period: Evidence of price volatility spillovers from Shanghai to Shenzhen is observed but no volatility spillover effect in the opposite direction is found. We further show that this kind of asymmetry exists mainly after September 2000 when Shenzhen suspended A-share IPOs. For the pre-September 2000 period, however, there has no much significant volatility transmission across the two exchanges and only weak volatility spillover effects from Shenzhen to Shanghai are found. The findings suggest that the suspension of IPOs in the Shenzhen Exchange maybe reversed the direction of volatility spillovers across the two markets. As a result, the Shanghai Exchange has gradually obtained its leading status in terms of information transmission.
文摘China is in the midst of restructuring its social security net, which is to tackle socialproblems in unemployment insurance, old-age pension and health insurance, on its waytowards a market-based economy. This paper is to examine the evolution and developmentof social policy and social protection in China. It begins with an introduction to historicalbasis of Chinas social security system. It then explores the reform practice of Chinassocial security system, and traces challenges faced by Chinas social security reform. Thisis followed by discussions for restructuring Chinas social security net in a market-basedeconomy, including policy recommendation on development of old-age insurance,unemployment insurance and health insurance. The paper concludes with the strong pointfor the increasing urgency to improve the legal situation of Chinas social security system.
文摘Trust plays a critical role in the growth of a family-run enterprise. Because the role of trust in relationships between proprietors and managers differs between different family-run enterprises, information costs vary greatly between enterprises. Generally speaking, in traditionally managed family enterprises the degree of mutual trust between leaders and between staff and workers is high and hence information costs are relatively low. In this sense, family enterprises cannot be regarded as a backward management system. Although there is a universal tendency for family-owned businesses to make the transition to a modemized system of share-holding companies,
文摘Analyzing the management structure of companies of U.S and Japan from the perspective of exit and appeal mechanisms, it can be found that the market system in U.S is as described in neo-classical economics, while in Japan, generally speaking, besides the market system, there are various other institutional structures such as organization, contracts and custom that interact with one another. Individual shareholders in Japan are hardly able to exert any influence and are passive suppliers of capital only.
文摘Seen from the point of view of its institutional environment, Yiwu in South China's Zhejiang province, does not enjoy the prerequisites for building itself into a national commodity distribution center. The key to its success lies in the fact that, rather than simply using voluntary community incentives and the local government's ability to act as go-between in diffusing these, Yiwu has seen the formation of mutually beneficial mechanisms involving a combination of the two forces. Within this mechanism,
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22FGLB029)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.72274094,72371129,71834003)+1 种基金Project of the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.202200337)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.NR2021002 and NS2022074).
文摘There is notable variability in carbon emission reduction efforts across different provinces in China,underscoring the need for effective strategies to implement carbon emission allowance auctions.These auctions,as opposed to free allocations,could be more aligned with the principle of“polluter pays.”Focusing on three diverse regions—Ningxia,Beijing,and Zhejiang—this study employs a system dynamics simulation model to explore markets for carbon emissions and green certificates trading.The aim is to determine the optimal timing and appropriate policy intensities for auction introduction.Key findings include:(1)Optimal auction strategies differ among the provinces,recommending immediate implementation in Beijing,followed by Ningxia and Zhejiang.(2)In Ningxia,there’s a potential for a 6.20%increase in GDP alongside a 21.59%reduction in carbon emissions,suggesting a feasible harmony between environmental and economic objectives.(3)Market-related policy variables,such as total carbon allowances and Renewable Portfolio Standards,significantly influence the optimal auction strategies but have minimal effect on carbon auction prices.
