In this overview,the current knowledge of the constituents of flavonoids isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens(kushen)is updated.Flavonoids consist of several classes,such as flavanones,flavonols,chalcones,iso...In this overview,the current knowledge of the constituents of flavonoids isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens(kushen)is updated.Flavonoids consist of several classes,such as flavanones,flavonols,chalcones,isoflavones,biflavonoids,flavanols,and flavones.The most common compounds are kurarinone(KRN),sophoraflavanone G(SFG),2′-methoxykurarinone,kuraridine,isoxanthohumol,and formononetin.KRN and SFG are two major flavanones with more vital anticancer properties than other flavonoids.From the literature,the cytotoxic values of KRN and SFG are variable and depend on the type of cancer cells tested.The anticancer activities of these two flavonoids involve different molecular mechanisms.Clinical trials are needed before anticancer drugs from KRN and SFG can be developed.展开更多
Flavonoids are by far the most dominant class of phenolic compounds isolated from Morus alba leaves(MAL). Other classes of compounds are benzofurans, phenolic acids, alkaloids, coumarins, chalcones and stilbenes. Majo...Flavonoids are by far the most dominant class of phenolic compounds isolated from Morus alba leaves(MAL). Other classes of compounds are benzofurans, phenolic acids, alkaloids, coumarins, chalcones and stilbenes. Major flavonoids are kuwanons, moracinflavans, moragrols and morkotins. Other major compounds include moracins(benzofurans), caffeoylquinic acids(phenolic acids) and morachalcones(chalcones). Research on the anticancer properties of MAL entailed in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of extracts or isolated compounds. Flavonoids, benzofurans, chalcones and alkaloids are classes of compounds from MAL that have been found to be cytotoxic towards human cancer cell lines. Further studies on the phytochemistry and anticancer of MAL are suggested. Sources of information were Pub Med,Pub Med Central, Science Direct, Google, Google Scholar, J-Stage, Pub Chem and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.展开更多
As a dark tea,Pu-erh tea(PET)is produced from sun-dried leaves of Camellia sinensis var.assamica mainly in Yunnan Province of China.Many microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of PET.Among them,Aspergillus ni...As a dark tea,Pu-erh tea(PET)is produced from sun-dried leaves of Camellia sinensis var.assamica mainly in Yunnan Province of China.Many microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of PET.Among them,Aspergillus niger is most important.It is believed that the longer the preservation period,the better is the quality and taste of PET,which is commercially available as loose,compressed or instant tea leaves.Chemical components of PET include flavones,flavanols,flavonols,phenolic acids,alkaloids and methylxanthines.In this overview,the lipid-lowering and anti-obesity effects of PET were discussed based on animal models and human trials,and our study provided some insights into possible mechanisms of bioactive compounds,such as theabrownin,catechins,lovastatin and gallic acid.Other bioactivities of PET and some information on Fuzhuan brick tea were also included.Sources of information cited were from Google Scholar,Pub Med,Pub Med Central,Science Direct,J-Stage,Pub Chem,Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ),and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).展开更多
Genipin and geniposide are iridoids from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides.Both compounds have a methyl acetate(-COOCH_(3))group at C4 and a hydroxyl(-OH)group at C10.As an iridoid glucoside with a glucose moiety at ...Genipin and geniposide are iridoids from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides.Both compounds have a methyl acetate(-COOCH_(3))group at C4 and a hydroxyl(-OH)group at C10.As an iridoid glucoside with a glucose moiety at C1,geniposide is also known as genipin-1-O-β-D-glucoside.Without the glucose moiety,genipin is an iridoid and the aglycone of geniposide.The-OH group at C1 of genipin is responsible for its cytotoxic effects.Geniposide without the-OH group at C1 lacks the cytotoxic effects.There are more publications on the anti-cancer properties of genipin than geniposide.Studies have reported the potentiation of genipin when used in combination with anti-cancer drugs.The anti-cancer properties of geniposide have been investigated using human intestinal microflora that hydrolyzes geniposide to genipin.Both genipin and geniposide exert antiproliferative and apoptotic activities via different molecular targets and pathways.Other pharmacological properties of genipin and geniposide include antidepressant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,anti-obesity,anti-thrombotic,hepatoprotective,and neuroprotective activities.Future research on genipin and geniposide is suggested.展开更多
In the present review,we updated current information on the chemistry,contents,and anticancer properties of matrine(MT),oxymatrine(OMT),and compound Kushen injection(CKI).The anticancer properties were focused on lung...In the present review,we updated current information on the chemistry,contents,and anticancer properties of matrine(MT),oxymatrine(OMT),and compound Kushen injection(CKI).The anticancer properties were focused on lung,breast,and liver cancer cells because they are most susceptible.Sources of information were from Google,Google Scholar,PubMed,PubMed Central,Science Direct,PubChem,J-Stage,Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ),and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).Reference was also made on botanical websites,such as Flora of China and World Flora Online.MT and OMT are dominant quinolizidine alkaloids from the roots of Sophora flavescens(Kushen)of the family Fabaceae.Against lung,breast,and liver cancer cells,MT and OMT inhibit cell proliferation;induce cell cycle arrest,apoptosis,and autophagy;restrict angiogenesis;and inhibit cell metastasis,invasion,and migration.The processes involve various molecular targets and signaling pathways.CKI is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)composed of root extracts of S.flavescens and Smilax glabra(Baituling)of the family Smilacaceae.With MT and OMT as major components,CKI has been approved for the treatment of cancer in China more than 20 years ago.In recent years,systematic reviews and meta-analysis have been undertaken to evaluate the anticancer effects of CKI.When CKI is used alone and in combination with chemotherapy of western medicine,there is much to be learned concerning their interactions besides their individual and integrated efficacy.Some perspectives of MT,OMT,and CKI are discussed,and their suggestions for future research are provided.展开更多
文摘In this overview,the current knowledge of the constituents of flavonoids isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens(kushen)is updated.Flavonoids consist of several classes,such as flavanones,flavonols,chalcones,isoflavones,biflavonoids,flavanols,and flavones.The most common compounds are kurarinone(KRN),sophoraflavanone G(SFG),2′-methoxykurarinone,kuraridine,isoxanthohumol,and formononetin.KRN and SFG are two major flavanones with more vital anticancer properties than other flavonoids.From the literature,the cytotoxic values of KRN and SFG are variable and depend on the type of cancer cells tested.The anticancer activities of these two flavonoids involve different molecular mechanisms.Clinical trials are needed before anticancer drugs from KRN and SFG can be developed.
文摘Flavonoids are by far the most dominant class of phenolic compounds isolated from Morus alba leaves(MAL). Other classes of compounds are benzofurans, phenolic acids, alkaloids, coumarins, chalcones and stilbenes. Major flavonoids are kuwanons, moracinflavans, moragrols and morkotins. Other major compounds include moracins(benzofurans), caffeoylquinic acids(phenolic acids) and morachalcones(chalcones). Research on the anticancer properties of MAL entailed in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity of extracts or isolated compounds. Flavonoids, benzofurans, chalcones and alkaloids are classes of compounds from MAL that have been found to be cytotoxic towards human cancer cell lines. Further studies on the phytochemistry and anticancer of MAL are suggested. Sources of information were Pub Med,Pub Med Central, Science Direct, Google, Google Scholar, J-Stage, Pub Chem and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
文摘As a dark tea,Pu-erh tea(PET)is produced from sun-dried leaves of Camellia sinensis var.assamica mainly in Yunnan Province of China.Many microorganisms are involved in the fermentation of PET.Among them,Aspergillus niger is most important.It is believed that the longer the preservation period,the better is the quality and taste of PET,which is commercially available as loose,compressed or instant tea leaves.Chemical components of PET include flavones,flavanols,flavonols,phenolic acids,alkaloids and methylxanthines.In this overview,the lipid-lowering and anti-obesity effects of PET were discussed based on animal models and human trials,and our study provided some insights into possible mechanisms of bioactive compounds,such as theabrownin,catechins,lovastatin and gallic acid.Other bioactivities of PET and some information on Fuzhuan brick tea were also included.Sources of information cited were from Google Scholar,Pub Med,Pub Med Central,Science Direct,J-Stage,Pub Chem,Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ),and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).
文摘Genipin and geniposide are iridoids from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides.Both compounds have a methyl acetate(-COOCH_(3))group at C4 and a hydroxyl(-OH)group at C10.As an iridoid glucoside with a glucose moiety at C1,geniposide is also known as genipin-1-O-β-D-glucoside.Without the glucose moiety,genipin is an iridoid and the aglycone of geniposide.The-OH group at C1 of genipin is responsible for its cytotoxic effects.Geniposide without the-OH group at C1 lacks the cytotoxic effects.There are more publications on the anti-cancer properties of genipin than geniposide.Studies have reported the potentiation of genipin when used in combination with anti-cancer drugs.The anti-cancer properties of geniposide have been investigated using human intestinal microflora that hydrolyzes geniposide to genipin.Both genipin and geniposide exert antiproliferative and apoptotic activities via different molecular targets and pathways.Other pharmacological properties of genipin and geniposide include antidepressant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,anti-obesity,anti-thrombotic,hepatoprotective,and neuroprotective activities.Future research on genipin and geniposide is suggested.
文摘In the present review,we updated current information on the chemistry,contents,and anticancer properties of matrine(MT),oxymatrine(OMT),and compound Kushen injection(CKI).The anticancer properties were focused on lung,breast,and liver cancer cells because they are most susceptible.Sources of information were from Google,Google Scholar,PubMed,PubMed Central,Science Direct,PubChem,J-Stage,Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ),and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI).Reference was also made on botanical websites,such as Flora of China and World Flora Online.MT and OMT are dominant quinolizidine alkaloids from the roots of Sophora flavescens(Kushen)of the family Fabaceae.Against lung,breast,and liver cancer cells,MT and OMT inhibit cell proliferation;induce cell cycle arrest,apoptosis,and autophagy;restrict angiogenesis;and inhibit cell metastasis,invasion,and migration.The processes involve various molecular targets and signaling pathways.CKI is a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)composed of root extracts of S.flavescens and Smilax glabra(Baituling)of the family Smilacaceae.With MT and OMT as major components,CKI has been approved for the treatment of cancer in China more than 20 years ago.In recent years,systematic reviews and meta-analysis have been undertaken to evaluate the anticancer effects of CKI.When CKI is used alone and in combination with chemotherapy of western medicine,there is much to be learned concerning their interactions besides their individual and integrated efficacy.Some perspectives of MT,OMT,and CKI are discussed,and their suggestions for future research are provided.
