Electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials have an irreplaceable position in the field of military stealth as well as in the field of electromagnetic pollution control.And in order to cope with the complex electroma...Electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials have an irreplaceable position in the field of military stealth as well as in the field of electromagnetic pollution control.And in order to cope with the complex electromagnetic environment,the design of multifunctional and multiband high efficiency EMW absorbers remains a tremendous challenge.In this work,we designed a three-dimensional porous structure via the salt melt synthesis strategy to optimize the impedance matching of the absorber.Also,through interfacial engineering,a molybdenum carbide transition layer was introduced between the molybdenum selenide nanoparticles and the three-dimensional porous carbon matrix to improve the absorption behavior of the absorber.The analysis indicates that the number and components of the heterogeneous interfaces have a significant impact on the EMW absorption performance of the absorber due to mechanisms such as interfacial polarization and conduction loss introduced by interfacial engineering.Wherein,the prepared MoSe_(2)/MoC/PNC composites showed excellent EMW absorption performance in C,X,and Ku bands,especially exhibiting a reflection loss of−59.09 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.96 GHz at 1.9 mm.The coordination between structure and components endows the absorber with strong absorption,broad bandwidth,thin thickness,and multi-frequency absorption characteristics.Remarkably,it can effectively reinforce the marine anticorrosion property of the epoxy resin coating on Q235 steel substrate.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between interfacial engineering and the performance of EMW absorbers,and provides a reference for the design of multifunctional,multiband EMW absorption materials.展开更多
Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is con...Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is considered an effective means to achieve high-efficiency EMW absorption.However,interface modulation engineering has not been fully discussed and has great potential in the field of EMW absorption.In this study,multi-component tin compound fiber composites based on carbon fiber(CF)substrate were prepared by electrospinning,hydrothermal synthesis,and high-temperature thermal reduction.By utilizing the different properties of different substances,rich heterogeneous interfaces are constructed.This effectively promotes charge transfer and enhances interfacial polarization and conduction loss.The prepared SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF composites with abundant heterogeneous interfaces have and exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties at a loading of 50 wt%in epoxy resin.The minimum reflection loss(RL)is−46.74 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 5.28 GHz.Moreover,SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF epoxy composite coatings exhibited long-term corrosion resistance on Q235 steel surfaces.Therefore,this study provides an effective strategy for the design of high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials in complex and harsh environments.展开更多
The development of wearable multifunctional electromagnetic protective fabrics with multifunctional,low cost,and high efficiency remains a challenge.Here,inspired by the unique flower branch shape of“Thunberg’s mead...The development of wearable multifunctional electromagnetic protective fabrics with multifunctional,low cost,and high efficiency remains a challenge.Here,inspired by the unique flower branch shape of“Thunberg’s meadowsweet”in nature,a nanofibrous composite membrane with hierarchical structure was constructed.Integrating sophisticated 0D@2D@1D hierarchical structures with multiple heterointerfaces can fully unleash the multifunctional application potential of composite membrane.The targeted induction method was used to precisely regulate the formation site and morphology of the metal–organic framework precursor,and intelligently integrate multiple heterostructures to enhance dielectric polarization,which improves the impedance matching and loss mechanisms of the electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.Due to the synergistic enhancement of electrospinning-derived carbon nanofiber“stems”,MOF-derived carbon nanosheet“petals”and transition metal selenide nano-particle“stamens”,the CoxSey/NiSe@CNSs@CNFs(CNCC)composite membrane obtains a minimum reflection loss value(RL_(min))of-68.40 dB at 2.6 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 8.88 GHz at a thin thickness of 2.0 mm with a filling amount of only 5 wt%.In addition,the multi-component and hierarchical heterostructure endow the fibrous membrane with excellent flexibility,water resistance,thermal management,and other multifunctional properties.This work provides unique perspectives for the precise design and rational application of multifunctional fabrics.展开更多
Carbon fibers(CFs)are widely used in various cutting-edge fields,such as aerospace,military,automobiles,and sports,owing to their unique combination of excellent mechanical properties,good thermal stability,and lightw...Carbon fibers(CFs)are widely used in various cutting-edge fields,such as aerospace,military,automobiles,and sports,owing to their unique combination of excellent mechanical properties,good thermal stability,and lightweight.However,their inherent super-black appearance makes it difficult to satisfy the aesthetic/fashion requirements of the colorful world,and the flammability of CFs severely limits their practical utilization in high-temperature and other extreme environments.Herein,we fabricated full-color tunable colored CFs on a large-scale via atomic layer deposition,based on the monolayer film interference strategy.CFs exhibited brilliant colors and excellent environmental durability in extreme environments,such as intense ultraviolet(UV)irradiation,accelerated laundering,friction,high-temperature,and low-temperature treatments.Colored CFs also exhibited excellent fire-retardant performance that could withstand alcohol-lamp flame burning for 60 min.Our work provides insights into an innovative material/structural design that can help achieve rapid development of the CF industry and global carbon neutrality/sustainability.展开更多
Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have a special structure and atom composition,which are expected to be an excellent electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorber.However,it is still a problem that obtaining excellent EMWabsorbing ...Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have a special structure and atom composition,which are expected to be an excellent electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorber.However,it is still a problem that obtaining excellent EMWabsorbing materials from LDHs.Herein,we designed heterostructure NiCo-LDHs@ZnO nanorod and then subsequent heat treating to derive NiCo@C/ZnO composites.Finally,with the synergy of excellent dielectric loss and magnetic loss,an outstanding absorption performance could be achieved with the reflection loss of−60.97 dB at the matching thickness of 2.3 mm,and the widest absorption bandwidth of 6.08 GHz was realized at 2.0 mm.Moreover,this research work provides a reference for the development and utilization of LDHs materials in the field of microwave absorption materials and can also provide ideas for the design of layered structural absorbers.展开更多
Disposable medical protective clothing for 2019-nCoV mainly consists of stacked layers with nanopore films,polymer coated nonwoven fabrics and melt-blown nonwoven fabrics against anti-microbial and anti-liquid penetra...Disposable medical protective clothing for 2019-nCoV mainly consists of stacked layers with nanopore films,polymer coated nonwoven fabrics and melt-blown nonwoven fabrics against anti-microbial and anti-liquid penetration.However,such structures lack moisture permeability and breathability leading to an uncomfortable,stuffy wearing experience.Here,we propose a novel medical protective clothing material with a superabsorbent layer to enhance moisture absorption.Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/polyvinyl alcohol superabsorbent fibers(PAAAM/PVA fibers)were prepared via wet spinning.And the superabsorbent composite layer was stacked from PAAAM/PVA fibers,bamboo pulp fibers(BPF)and ethylene-propyl-ene side by side fibers(ESF).The novel disposable medical protective composite fabric was obtained through gluing the superabsorbent layer to the inner surface of strong antistatic polypropylene nonwoven fabric.The resultant composite fabric possesses excellent absorption and retention capacity for sweat,up to 12.3 g/g and 63.8%,and a maximum hygroscopic rate of 1.04 g/h,higher than that of the conventional material(only 0.53 g/h).The moisture permeability of the novel material reached 12,638.5 g/(m^(2) d),which was 307.6%of the conventional material.The novel material can effectively reduce the humidity inside the protective clothing and significantly improve the comfort of medical staff.展开更多
Flexible textile-based supercapacitors have exhibited great potential for use in e-textile systems due to their high flexibility,light weight and ease of integration into the textile materials.The capacitance and ener...Flexible textile-based supercapacitors have exhibited great potential for use in e-textile systems due to their high flexibility,light weight and ease of integration into the textile materials.The capacitance and energy density of current textile-based supercapacitors,however,are insufficient to meet the high demands of wearable electronics and smart textiles.This review summarizes the recent progress of enhancement methods regarding textile-based supercapacitors,including the multidimen-sional nanostructure of active materials,the structural designs of textile substrates and the wearable softness.Furthermore,the remaining challenges and future prospects of constructing high-performance flexible textile-based supercapacitors for smart textiles and wearable electronics are also proposed.展开更多
Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathab...Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathable kirigami-shaped ionotronic e-textile with two functions of sensing(touch and strain)is designed,by integrating silk fabric and kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel.The kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel,combined with fluffy silk fabric,allows the ionotronic e-textile to achieve excellent breathability and comfortability.Furthermore,the fabricated ionotronic e-textile can precisely perform the function of touch sensing and strain perception.For touch-sensing,the ionotronic e-textile can detect the position of finger touching point with a fast response time(3 ms)based on the interruption of the ion field.For strain sensing,large workable strain range(>100%),inconspicuous drift(<0.78%)and long-term stability(>10,000 cycles)is demonstrated.On the proof of concept,a fabric keyboard and game controlling sleeve have been designed to display touch and strain sensing functions.The ionotronic e-textile break through the bottlenecks of traditional wearable ionotronic devices,suggesting a great promising application in future wearable epidermal electronics.展开更多
Developing low-cost,efficient oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalysts to replace Pt-based materials is urgently required for the application of Zn-air batteries(ZABs)and microbial fuel cells(MFCs).In this work,meso-mi...Developing low-cost,efficient oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalysts to replace Pt-based materials is urgently required for the application of Zn-air batteries(ZABs)and microbial fuel cells(MFCs).In this work,meso-microporous carbon fibers with tunable defect density were synthesized by carrageenan fibers.A highly defective carbon fiber(HDCFs)was produced which exhibited an outstanding ORR catalytic activity,reaching to the half-wave potential of 0.841 and 0.44 V in alkaline and neutral electrolytes,respectively.These HDCFs can also act as highly efficient air cathodes for ZABs(delivered potential of 0.69 V and power density of 220 mW cm^(–2) at 300 mA cm^(–2))and MFCs(high power density of 69.7 mW cm^(–2)).Simulation by the density functional theory indicated that a high density of defections in a carbon based framework can remarkably modulate the electrical properties.For instance the charge entrapments in the carbon active sites may reduce the energy barrier of ORR.展开更多
基金the Surface Project of Local Development in Science and Technology Guided by Central Government(No.2021ZYD0041)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019YQ24)+2 种基金Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution(Research and Innovation Team of Structural-Functional Polymer Composites)Special Financial of Shandong Province(Structural Design of High-efficiency Electromagnetic Wave-absorbing Composite Materials and Construction of Shandong Provincial Talent Teams).
文摘Electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials have an irreplaceable position in the field of military stealth as well as in the field of electromagnetic pollution control.And in order to cope with the complex electromagnetic environment,the design of multifunctional and multiband high efficiency EMW absorbers remains a tremendous challenge.In this work,we designed a three-dimensional porous structure via the salt melt synthesis strategy to optimize the impedance matching of the absorber.Also,through interfacial engineering,a molybdenum carbide transition layer was introduced between the molybdenum selenide nanoparticles and the three-dimensional porous carbon matrix to improve the absorption behavior of the absorber.The analysis indicates that the number and components of the heterogeneous interfaces have a significant impact on the EMW absorption performance of the absorber due to mechanisms such as interfacial polarization and conduction loss introduced by interfacial engineering.Wherein,the prepared MoSe_(2)/MoC/PNC composites showed excellent EMW absorption performance in C,X,and Ku bands,especially exhibiting a reflection loss of−59.09 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.96 GHz at 1.9 mm.The coordination between structure and components endows the absorber with strong absorption,broad bandwidth,thin thickness,and multi-frequency absorption characteristics.Remarkably,it can effectively reinforce the marine anticorrosion property of the epoxy resin coating on Q235 steel substrate.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between interfacial engineering and the performance of EMW absorbers,and provides a reference for the design of multifunctional,multiband EMW absorption materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52377026 and No.52301192)Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)+4 种基金Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number(No.GZB20240327)Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.SDCXZG-202400275)Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Research Project(No.QDBSH20240102023)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751563)the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution(Research and Innovation Team of Structural-Functional Polymer Composites).
文摘Currently,the demand for electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbing materials with specific functions and capable of withstanding harsh environments is becoming increasingly urgent.Multi-component interface engineering is considered an effective means to achieve high-efficiency EMW absorption.However,interface modulation engineering has not been fully discussed and has great potential in the field of EMW absorption.In this study,multi-component tin compound fiber composites based on carbon fiber(CF)substrate were prepared by electrospinning,hydrothermal synthesis,and high-temperature thermal reduction.By utilizing the different properties of different substances,rich heterogeneous interfaces are constructed.This effectively promotes charge transfer and enhances interfacial polarization and conduction loss.The prepared SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF composites with abundant heterogeneous interfaces have and exhibit excellent EMW absorption properties at a loading of 50 wt%in epoxy resin.The minimum reflection loss(RL)is−46.74 dB and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth is 5.28 GHz.Moreover,SnS/SnS_(2)/SnO_(2)/CF epoxy composite coatings exhibited long-term corrosion resistance on Q235 steel surfaces.Therefore,this study provides an effective strategy for the design of high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials in complex and harsh environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51407134,No.52002196)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019YQ24,No.ZR2020QF084)+2 种基金Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution(Research and Innovation Team of Structural-Functional Polymer Composites)Special Financial of Shandong Province(Structural Design of Highefficiency Electromagnetic Wave-absorbing Composite Materials and Construction of Shandong Provincial Talent Teams(No.37000022P990304116449)).
文摘The development of wearable multifunctional electromagnetic protective fabrics with multifunctional,low cost,and high efficiency remains a challenge.Here,inspired by the unique flower branch shape of“Thunberg’s meadowsweet”in nature,a nanofibrous composite membrane with hierarchical structure was constructed.Integrating sophisticated 0D@2D@1D hierarchical structures with multiple heterointerfaces can fully unleash the multifunctional application potential of composite membrane.The targeted induction method was used to precisely regulate the formation site and morphology of the metal–organic framework precursor,and intelligently integrate multiple heterostructures to enhance dielectric polarization,which improves the impedance matching and loss mechanisms of the electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.Due to the synergistic enhancement of electrospinning-derived carbon nanofiber“stems”,MOF-derived carbon nanosheet“petals”and transition metal selenide nano-particle“stamens”,the CoxSey/NiSe@CNSs@CNFs(CNCC)composite membrane obtains a minimum reflection loss value(RL_(min))of-68.40 dB at 2.6 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)of 8.88 GHz at a thin thickness of 2.0 mm with a filling amount of only 5 wt%.In addition,the multi-component and hierarchical heterostructure endow the fibrous membrane with excellent flexibility,water resistance,thermal management,and other multifunctional properties.This work provides unique perspectives for the precise design and rational application of multifunctional fabrics.
基金We thank Y.Huang from Tsinghua University for the help in characterizing colored CFs samplessupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51903008 and U1910209)+6 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of the Educational Commission of Hubei Province(D20211703)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2023433)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20210302124128)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles from Qingdao University(Grant No.2020105)Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University(Grant No.DTL 2022006)National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk,Soochow University(Grant No.SDGC2148)National Local Joint Laboratory for Advanced Textile Processing and Clean Production(Grant No.17).
文摘Carbon fibers(CFs)are widely used in various cutting-edge fields,such as aerospace,military,automobiles,and sports,owing to their unique combination of excellent mechanical properties,good thermal stability,and lightweight.However,their inherent super-black appearance makes it difficult to satisfy the aesthetic/fashion requirements of the colorful world,and the flammability of CFs severely limits their practical utilization in high-temperature and other extreme environments.Herein,we fabricated full-color tunable colored CFs on a large-scale via atomic layer deposition,based on the monolayer film interference strategy.CFs exhibited brilliant colors and excellent environmental durability in extreme environments,such as intense ultraviolet(UV)irradiation,accelerated laundering,friction,high-temperature,and low-temperature treatments.Colored CFs also exhibited excellent fire-retardant performance that could withstand alcohol-lamp flame burning for 60 min.Our work provides insights into an innovative material/structural design that can help achieve rapid development of the CF industry and global carbon neutrality/sustainability.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51407134)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019YQ24)+3 种基金Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2016M590619)the Qingchuang Talents Induction Program of Shandong Higher Education Institution(Research and Innovation Team of Structural-Functional Polymer Composites)The authors acknowledge the support from The Thousand Talents Plan,The World-Class University and Discipline,The Taishan Scholar’s Advantageous and Distinctive Discipline Program of Shandong Province and The World-Class Discipline Program of Shandong Province.
文摘Layered double hydroxides(LDHs)have a special structure and atom composition,which are expected to be an excellent electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorber.However,it is still a problem that obtaining excellent EMWabsorbing materials from LDHs.Herein,we designed heterostructure NiCo-LDHs@ZnO nanorod and then subsequent heat treating to derive NiCo@C/ZnO composites.Finally,with the synergy of excellent dielectric loss and magnetic loss,an outstanding absorption performance could be achieved with the reflection loss of−60.97 dB at the matching thickness of 2.3 mm,and the widest absorption bandwidth of 6.08 GHz was realized at 2.0 mm.Moreover,this research work provides a reference for the development and utilization of LDHs materials in the field of microwave absorption materials and can also provide ideas for the design of layered structural absorbers.
基金This work was supported by the Science and technology guidance project plan of China National Textile And Apparel Council(2017006)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(ZR2018QEM004)+2 种基金Research and Development Program of Shandong Province of China(Grant Nos.2019GGXI02022,2019JZZY010340,and 2019JZZY010335)Anhui Province Special Science and Technology Project(201903a05020028)Shandong provincial universities youth innovation technology plan innovation team(2020KJA013).
文摘Disposable medical protective clothing for 2019-nCoV mainly consists of stacked layers with nanopore films,polymer coated nonwoven fabrics and melt-blown nonwoven fabrics against anti-microbial and anti-liquid penetration.However,such structures lack moisture permeability and breathability leading to an uncomfortable,stuffy wearing experience.Here,we propose a novel medical protective clothing material with a superabsorbent layer to enhance moisture absorption.Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/polyvinyl alcohol superabsorbent fibers(PAAAM/PVA fibers)were prepared via wet spinning.And the superabsorbent composite layer was stacked from PAAAM/PVA fibers,bamboo pulp fibers(BPF)and ethylene-propyl-ene side by side fibers(ESF).The novel disposable medical protective composite fabric was obtained through gluing the superabsorbent layer to the inner surface of strong antistatic polypropylene nonwoven fabric.The resultant composite fabric possesses excellent absorption and retention capacity for sweat,up to 12.3 g/g and 63.8%,and a maximum hygroscopic rate of 1.04 g/h,higher than that of the conventional material(only 0.53 g/h).The moisture permeability of the novel material reached 12,638.5 g/(m^(2) d),which was 307.6%of the conventional material.The novel material can effectively reduce the humidity inside the protective clothing and significantly improve the comfort of medical staff.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51672141)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(ZR2018QEM004)+3 种基金the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(2019JZZY010340,2019JZZY010335,and 2019GGXI02022)the Anhui Province Special Science and Technology Project(201903a05020028)the Shandong Provincial Universities Youth Innovation Technology Plan Innovation Team(2020KJA013)the State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University)No.ZKT02.
文摘Flexible textile-based supercapacitors have exhibited great potential for use in e-textile systems due to their high flexibility,light weight and ease of integration into the textile materials.The capacitance and energy density of current textile-based supercapacitors,however,are insufficient to meet the high demands of wearable electronics and smart textiles.This review summarizes the recent progress of enhancement methods regarding textile-based supercapacitors,including the multidimen-sional nanostructure of active materials,the structural designs of textile substrates and the wearable softness.Furthermore,the remaining challenges and future prospects of constructing high-performance flexible textile-based supercapacitors for smart textiles and wearable electronics are also proposed.
基金This work was supported by the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan(2019JZZY010335,2019JZZY010340)Anhui Province Special Science and Technology Project(201903a05020028)Shandong Provincial Universities Youth Innovation Technology Plan Team(2020KJA013).
文摘Flexible ionotronic devices have great potential to revolutionize epidermal electronics.However,the lack of breathability in most ionotronic devices is a significance barrier to practical application.Herein,a breathable kirigami-shaped ionotronic e-textile with two functions of sensing(touch and strain)is designed,by integrating silk fabric and kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel.The kirigami-shaped ionic hydrogel,combined with fluffy silk fabric,allows the ionotronic e-textile to achieve excellent breathability and comfortability.Furthermore,the fabricated ionotronic e-textile can precisely perform the function of touch sensing and strain perception.For touch-sensing,the ionotronic e-textile can detect the position of finger touching point with a fast response time(3 ms)based on the interruption of the ion field.For strain sensing,large workable strain range(>100%),inconspicuous drift(<0.78%)and long-term stability(>10,000 cycles)is demonstrated.On the proof of concept,a fabric keyboard and game controlling sleeve have been designed to display touch and strain sensing functions.The ionotronic e-textile break through the bottlenecks of traditional wearable ionotronic devices,suggesting a great promising application in future wearable epidermal electronics.
基金This article was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.51672143,21805148,22075157,52102271).
文摘Developing low-cost,efficient oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)catalysts to replace Pt-based materials is urgently required for the application of Zn-air batteries(ZABs)and microbial fuel cells(MFCs).In this work,meso-microporous carbon fibers with tunable defect density were synthesized by carrageenan fibers.A highly defective carbon fiber(HDCFs)was produced which exhibited an outstanding ORR catalytic activity,reaching to the half-wave potential of 0.841 and 0.44 V in alkaline and neutral electrolytes,respectively.These HDCFs can also act as highly efficient air cathodes for ZABs(delivered potential of 0.69 V and power density of 220 mW cm^(–2) at 300 mA cm^(–2))and MFCs(high power density of 69.7 mW cm^(–2)).Simulation by the density functional theory indicated that a high density of defections in a carbon based framework can remarkably modulate the electrical properties.For instance the charge entrapments in the carbon active sites may reduce the energy barrier of ORR.
