Dust removal from pyrolytic vapors at high temperatures is an obstacle to the industrialization of the coal pyrolysis process.In this work,a granular bed with expanded perlites as filtration media was designed and int...Dust removal from pyrolytic vapors at high temperatures is an obstacle to the industrialization of the coal pyrolysis process.In this work,a granular bed with expanded perlites as filtration media was designed and integrated into a 10 t·d^(–1)coal pyrolysis facility.The testing results showed that around 97.56%dust collection efficiency was achieved.As a result,dust content in tar was significantly lowered.The pressure drop of the granular bed maintained in the range of 356 Pa to 489 Pa.The dust size in the effluent after filtration exhibited a bimodal distribution,which was attributed to the heterogeneity of the dust components.The effects of filtration bed on pyrolytic product yields were also discussed.A modified filtration model based on the macroscopic phenomenological theory was proposed to describe the performance of the granular bed.The computation results were well agreed with the experimental data.展开更多
In order to avoid the formation ofηphase(W_(6)Co_(6)C or W_(3)Co_(3)C)that adversely affects the sintering process and its products in the preparation process of ultra-fine WC-Co powder,a technical route of prereduct...In order to avoid the formation ofηphase(W_(6)Co_(6)C or W_(3)Co_(3)C)that adversely affects the sintering process and its products in the preparation process of ultra-fine WC-Co powder,a technical route of prereduction of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)to WO_(2)-Co and then deep reduction carbonization to WC-Co powder has been proposed.This study mainly investigates the influence of gas partial pressure on the pre-reduction process of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)under a mixed atmosphere of H_(2)-C_(2)H_(4)-Ar at 600℃and establishes the kinetic equations of pre-reduction and carbon evolution.The results indicate that increasing the partial pressure of hydrogen is conducive to the rapid and complete conversion of WO_(3) to WO_(2).High carbon content can be generated by the deposition of C_(2)H_(4),and it hinders the diffusion of the reducing gas;WO_(3)still cannot be completely reduced to WO_(2)as the partial pressure of C_(2)H_(4) increases to 60%.For the carbon evolution of C_(2)H_(4),the carbon amount is positively related to the H_(2)partial pressure,but it shows the highest amount and evolution rate when the ethylene partial pressure is 20%.Based on the reduction rate curves of WO_(3) and carbon evolution rate curves of C_(2)H_(4),the rate equations of pre-reduction and carbon evolution of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)system at 600℃are established.The pre-reduction reaction belongs to the first-order reaction,and its equation is expressed as follows:r=-(dw_(WO_(3)))/dt=(9±0.15)×10^(-2)×P_(H_(2))^(0.44)P_(C_(2)H_(4))&(0.57)The carbon deposition rate equation of C_(2)H_(4) can be expressed as follows:r=-(dc_C)/dt=r_f-r_b≌7.35×10^(-2)×P_(C_(2)H_(4))^(0.31)展开更多
The separation of methanol(MeOH)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is important but difficult due to the formation of an azeotropic mixture.In this work,isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the ternary systems cont...The separation of methanol(MeOH)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is important but difficult due to the formation of an azeotropic mixture.In this work,isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the ternary systems containing different imidazolium–based ionic liquids(ILs),i.e.MeOH+DMC+1-butyl-3-methy-limidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide([Bmim][Tf2N]),MeOH+DMC+1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide([Emim][Tf2N]),and MeOH+DMC+1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([Emim][PF6])were measured at 101.3 kPa.The mole fraction of IL was varied from0.05 to 0.20.The experimental data were correlated with the NRTL and Wilson equations,respectively.The results show that imidazolium-based ILs were beneficial to improve the relative volatility of MeOH to DMC,and[Bmim][Tf2 N]showed a much more excellent performance on the activity coefficient of MeOH.The interaction energies of system components were calculated using Gaussian program,and the effects of cation and anion on the separation coefficient of the azeotropic system were discussed.展开更多
The EMMS/bubbling model originally proposed for fluidization of monodisperse particles is extended to fluidization of binary particle mixture in this study.The dense and dilute phases are considered to comprise of two...The EMMS/bubbling model originally proposed for fluidization of monodisperse particles is extended to fluidization of binary particle mixture in this study.The dense and dilute phases are considered to comprise of two types of particles differing in size and/or density.Governing equations and the stability condition are then formulated and solved by using an optimization numerical scheme.The effects of bubble diameter are first investigated and a suitable bubble diameter correlation is chosen.Preliminary validation for steady state behavior shows the extended model can fairly capture the overall hydrodynamic behaviors in terms of volume fraction of bubbles and average bed voidage for both monodisperse and binary particle systems.This encourages us to integrate this model with CFD for more validations in the future.展开更多
The performance of pearlescent pigment significantly affected by the grain size and the roughness of deposited film. The effect of TiCl_(4) concentration on the initial deposition of TiO_(2) on mica by atmospheric pre...The performance of pearlescent pigment significantly affected by the grain size and the roughness of deposited film. The effect of TiCl_(4) concentration on the initial deposition of TiO_(2) on mica by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition(APCVD) was investigated. The precursor concentration significantly affected the deposition and morphology of TiO_(2) grains assembling the film. The deposition time for fully covering the surface of mica decreased from 120 to 10 s as the TiCl_(4) concentration increased from 0.38%to 2.44%. The grain size increased with the TiCl_(4) concentration. The AFM and TEM analysis demonstrated that the aggregation of TiO_(2) clusters at the initial stage finally result to the agglomeration of fine TiO_(2) grains at high TiCl_(4) concentrations. Following the results, it was suggested that the nucleation density and size was easy to be adjusted when the TiCl_(4) concentration is below 0.90%.展开更多
The development of economical,efficient,and robust electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is highly imperative for the rapid advancement of renewable H2 energy-associated technologies.Extensive ut...The development of economical,efficient,and robust electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is highly imperative for the rapid advancement of renewable H2 energy-associated technologies.Extensive utilization of the heterointerface effect can endow the catalysts with remarkably boosted electrocatalytic performance due to the modified electronic state of active sites.Herein,we demonstrate deliberate crafting of CoP/CoO heterojunction porous nanotubes(abbreviated as CoP/CoO PNTs hereafter)using a self-sacrificial template-engaged strategy.Precise control over the Kirkendall diffusion process of the presynthesized cobalt–aspartic acid complex nanowires is indispensable for the formation of CoP/CoO heterostructures.The topochemical transformation strategy of the reactive templates enables uniform and maximized construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions throughout all the porous nanotubes.The establishment of CoP/CoO heterojunctions could considerably modify the electronic configuration of the active sites and also improve the electric conductivity,which endows the resultant CoP/CoO PNTs with enhanced intrinsic activity.Simultaneously,the hollow and porous nanotube architectures allow sufficient accessibility of exterior/interior surfaces and molecular permeability,drastically promoting the reaction kinetics.Consequently,when used as HER electrocatalysts,the well-designed CoP/CoO PNTs show Pt-like activity,with an overpotential of only 61 mV at 10mA cm^(−2) and excellent stability in 1.0M KOH medium,exceeding those of the vast majority of the previously reported nonprecious candidates.Density functional theory calculations further substantiate that the construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions enables optimization of the Gibbs free energies for water adsorption and H adsorption,resulting in boosted HER intrinsic activity.The present study may provide in-depth insights into the fundamental mechanisms of heterojunction-induced electronic regulation,which may pave the way for the rational design of advanced Earth-abundant electrocatalysts in the future.展开更多
Burning coal briquettes or biomass pellets in household decoupling stoves is of significance to the reduction of residential pollutant emissions such as NO and CO. In order to make full use of the superiority of decou...Burning coal briquettes or biomass pellets in household decoupling stoves is of significance to the reduction of residential pollutant emissions such as NO and CO. In order to make full use of the superiority of decoupling combustion technology, the household stoves should be specially designed and optimized to adapt to fuel types and combustion characteristics. Using numerical simulation and experimental validation, this study quantitatively clarified that the reducibility of devolatilization char plays an important role in the suppression of NO emission in the decoupling combustion of coal, while the reducibility of pyrolysis gases has a dominant effect on the reduction of NO in the decoupling combustion of biomass. An optimal parameter combination of throat height and grate angle was obtained for the simultaneous suppression of NO and CO emissions in the household decoupling stove burning coal briquettes. Two types of decoupling stoves were developed to enable the clean combustion of biomass pellets. The A-type biomass stove with a multi-pass smoke tunnel shows a better comprehensive NO and CO reduction effectiveness than the B-type biomass stove consisting of a two-stage grate structure and an S-shaped pyrolysis chamber. The optimal structural parameters provided references for the design and manufacture of commercial decoupling coal and biomass stoves.展开更多
To break through the thermodynamic limitation that sodium fluosilicate only can be completely decomposed at high temperature,the technology of pre-decomposition under SiF_(4) atmosphere and deep decomposition under ai...To break through the thermodynamic limitation that sodium fluosilicate only can be completely decomposed at high temperature,the technology of pre-decomposition under SiF_(4) atmosphere and deep decomposition under air condition at lower temperature was developed.The hydrolysis reaction of sodium fluosilicate can be effectively restrained when drying under vacuum or low temperature.Thermal decomposition results of sodium fluosilicate indicate that temperature has a very significant effect on its decomposition.The decomposition ratio can reach 79.4%at 600℃ for 1 h,and 99.6% at 700℃ for 1 h under air condition,respectively.Gas velocity and the type of inert gas have no significant effect on its decomposition.Fine particles affect its decomposition performance due to agglomeration,while coarse particles have good thermal decomposition performance without significant differences.The decomposition reaction process in fluidized bed satisfies the classical Avrami Erofe'EV model,with the reaction order of 1.5 and the activation energy of 61.35 kJ·mol^(-1).展开更多
Carbon-based N-coordinated Mn(Mn-N_(x)/C)single-atom electrocatalysts are considered as one of the most desirable non-precious oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)candidates due to their insignificant Fenton reactivity,high...Carbon-based N-coordinated Mn(Mn-N_(x)/C)single-atom electrocatalysts are considered as one of the most desirable non-precious oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)candidates due to their insignificant Fenton reactivity,high abundance,and intriguing electrocatalytic performance.However,current MnN_(x)/C single-atom electrocatalysts suffer from high overpotentials because of their low intrinsic activity and unsatisfactory chemical stability.Herein,through an in-situ polymerization-assisted pyrolysis,the Co as a second metal is introduced into the Mn-N_(x)/C system to construct Co,Mn-N_(x)dual-metallic sites,which atomically disperse in N-doped 1D carbon nanorods,denoted as Co,Mn-N/CNR and hereafter.Using electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)techniques,we verify the uniform dispersion of CoN4and MnN4atomic sites and confirm the effect of Co doping on the MnN_(4) electronic structure.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further elucidate that the energy barrier of ratedetermining step(^(*)OH desorption)decreases over the 2 N-bridged MnCoN_(6) moieties related to the pure MnN_(4).This work provides an effective strategy to modulate the local coordination environment and electronic structure of MnN_(4) active sites for improving their ORR activity and stability.展开更多
Magnetization roasting is one of the most effective way of utilizing low-grade refractory iron ore.However,the reduction roasting of siderite(FeCO3)generates weakly magnetic wüstite,thus reducing iron recovery vi...Magnetization roasting is one of the most effective way of utilizing low-grade refractory iron ore.However,the reduction roasting of siderite(FeCO3)generates weakly magnetic wüstite,thus reducing iron recovery via weak magnetic separation.We systematically studied and proposed the fluidized preoxidation-low-temperature reduction magnetization roasting process for siderite.We found that the maghemite generated during the air oxidation roasting of siderite would be further reduced into wüstite at 500 and 550℃due to the unstable intermediate product magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)).Stable magnetite can be obtained through maghemite reduction only at low temperature.The optimal fluidized magnetization roasting parameters included preoxidation at 610℃for 2.5 min,followed by reduction at 450℃for 5 min.For roasted ore,weak magnetic separation yielded an iron ore concentrate grade of 62.0wt%and an iron recovery rate of 88.36%.Compared with that of conventional direct reduction magnetization roasting,the iron recovery rate of weak magnetic separation had greatly improved by 34.33%.The proposed fluidized preoxidation-low-temperature reduction magnetization roasting process can realize the efficient magnetization roasting utilization of low-grade refractory siderite-containing iron ore without wüstite generation and is unlimited by the proportion of siderite and hematite in iron ore.展开更多
The kinetic behavior of esterification between methacrylic acid and methanol catalyzed by NKC-9 resin was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The reaction was conducted in the temperature range of 323.15 to 368.15 K with t...The kinetic behavior of esterification between methacrylic acid and methanol catalyzed by NKC-9 resin was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The reaction was conducted in the temperature range of 323.15 to 368.15 K with the molar ratio of reactants from 0.8 to 1.4 under certain pressure.The measurement data were regression with the pseudo-homogeneous(P-H),Eley-Rideal(E-R),and Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)heterogeneous kinetic models.Independent adsorption experiments were implemented to gain the adsorption equilibrium constants of four components.Among the above three models,the L-H model exhibited the best fitting results.The stability of NKC-9 was evaluated by long-term running with the yield of methyl methacrylate no decrease during 3000 h operation.The structure and physicochemical properties of the new and used catalyst were performed by several characterizations including thermogravimetric analysis(TG),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and so on.展开更多
Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demon...Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demonstrated that high purity chitin can be obtained from waste shrimp shells(WSSs) by cascade separation with transition metal salt aqueous solution and ionic liquid(IL). Firstly, calcium carbonate of WSSs was effectively removed in the metal salt aqueous solution driven by the ion exchange interaction. Subsequently, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) had bifunctional abilities to remove residual protein and introduced metal salts simultaneously by hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. The key experimental factors affecting the separation process were systematically studied, including the type of metal salts, temperature, and [Bmim]Cl loading. After sequential treatment with a 20%(mass) Ni SO4aqueous solution at 130 ℃ and [Bmim]Cl at 150 ℃, the purity of a-chitin can be up to 96.5%(mass) that meets commercial requirements. The use of metal salts with higher coordination ability makes the preparation of chitin no longer depend on the commonly acid-base reaction, which is conducive to the preservation of chitin structure.展开更多
Dealloying by which the transition metal is partially or completely leached from an alloy precursor is an effective way to optimize the fundamental effects for further enhancing the electrocatalysis of a catalyst.Here...Dealloying by which the transition metal is partially or completely leached from an alloy precursor is an effective way to optimize the fundamental effects for further enhancing the electrocatalysis of a catalyst.Herein,to address the deficiencies associated with the commonly used dealloying methods,for example,electrochemical and sulfuric acid/nitric acid treatment,we report an acetic acid-assisted mild strategy to dealloy Cu atoms from the outer surface layers of CuPd alloy nanoparticles to achieve high-efficiency electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte.The leaching of Cu atoms by acetic acid exerts an additional compressive strain effect on the surface layers and exposes more active Pd atoms,which is beneficial for boosting the catalytic performance of a dealloyed catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).In particular,for ORR,the CuPd nanoparticles with a Pd/Cu molar ratio of 2:1 after acetic dealloying show a half-wave potential of 0.912 V(vs.RHE)and a mass activity of 0.213 AmgPd^(-1) at 0.9 V,respectively,while for EOR,the same dealloyed sample has a mass activity and a specific activity of 8.4 Amg^(-1) and 8.23 mA cm^(-2),respectively,much better than their dealloyed counterparts at other temperatures and commercial Pd/C as well as a Pt/C catalyst.展开更多
By modeling a group of neighboring real particles as a single coarse-grained particle(CGP),discrete particle method(DPM)is now capable of simulating industrial-scale particle-fluid systems.However,a systematic approac...By modeling a group of neighboring real particles as a single coarse-grained particle(CGP),discrete particle method(DPM)is now capable of simulating industrial-scale particle-fluid systems.However,a systematic approach to determine the CGP properties and develop their interaction models is still lacking,which casts uncertainty on the predictivity of the method.In this study,collisions between predefined particle groups are analyzed to construct kernel functions for modeling the CGPs and then the model parameters are determined by equating the statistical properties of the CGPs and the real particles in the physical process studied.This approach is implemented for homogeneous cooling of granular gas,then demonstrated effective in simulating experimental fluidized beds.展开更多
The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via...The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via CO methanation was systematically investigated. A series of 10 wt% NiO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and the phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports were adjusted by calcining the commercial γ-Al2O3 at different temperatures(600–1200 C). CO methanation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 300–600 C at different weight hourly space velocities(WHSV = 30000 and 120000 mL·g-1h-1) and pressures(0.1 and 3.0 MPa). It was found that high calcination temperature not only led to the growth in Ni particle size, but also weakened the interaction between Ni nanoparticles and Al2O3 supports due to the rapid decrease of the specific surface area and acidity of Al2O3 supports. Interestingly, Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3 calcined at 1200 C(Ni/Al2O3-1200) exhibited the best catalytic activity for CO methanation under different reaction conditions. Lifetime reaction tests also indicated that Ni/Al2O3-1200 was the most active and stable catalyst compared with the other three catalysts, whose supports were calcined at lower temperatures(600, 800 and 1000 C). These findings would therefore be helpful to develop Ni/Al2O3 methanation catalyst for SNG production.展开更多
The chlorination-volatilization process has been adopted to make full use of gold-bearing and iron-rich pyrite cinder. However, problems of low recovery rate, pulverization of pellets, and ring formation have been enc...The chlorination-volatilization process has been adopted to make full use of gold-bearing and iron-rich pyrite cinder. However, problems of low recovery rate, pulverization of pellets, and ring formation have been encountered during the industrialization of this process. The effects of various parameters on the volatilization rates of valuable metals and on the compressive strength of roasted pellets were investigated in this paper. The parameters include the CaCl_2 dosage, heating temperature, and holding time. The results show that heating temperature is the most important parameter for the recovery of target metals. More CaCl_2 was needed for the recovery of zinc than for the recovery of gold, silver, and lead. CaCl_2 started to react with sulfides/SO_2/SiO_2 at temperatures below the melting point of CaCl_2 to generate Cl_2/HCl. Gaseous CaCl_2 was formed at higher temperatures and could react with any of the components. The compressive strength of roasted CaCl_2-bearing pellets first decreased slowly with increasing temperature at temperatures lower than 873 K, which could result in the pulverization of pellets during heating. Their compressive strength increased dramatically with increasing temperature at temperatures greater than 1273 K. Certain quantities of CaCl_2 and Fe(Ⅱ) could improve the compressive strength of the roasted pellets; however, the addition of excessive CaCl_2 decreased the compressive strength of pellets.展开更多
By varying concentration of PEG1000 as a structure-directing agent,mesoporous alumina with excellent textural properties was synthesized.The prepared mesoporous alumina displays high thermal stability,as shown by its ...By varying concentration of PEG1000 as a structure-directing agent,mesoporous alumina with excellent textural properties was synthesized.The prepared mesoporous alumina displays high thermal stability,as shown by its textural properties at different calcination temperatures of 600-850 °C.Characterization by SEM and TEM revealed that the added PEG surfactant induced the formation of petal-like alumina.XRD results clarified that all samples were amorphous and their peaks were around the peaks of γ-alumina.N_2 adsorption-desorption analysis showed that the prepared mesoporous alumina,if with PEG1000 in hydrolysis of aluminum isopropoxide,had excellent textural properties with large specific surface area,high pore volume and suitable pore size.The petal-like structure existing in the alumina samples improved their textural parameters,and the role and influential mechanism of PEG1000 were analyzed.展开更多
A liquid-solid fluidized bed separator,used for the separation of coarse slime,was developed.Test particles sized in the range from 0.25 to 0.5,0.5 to 1.0,and 0.25 to 1.0 mm were separated in the liquid-solid fluidize...A liquid-solid fluidized bed separator,used for the separation of coarse slime,was developed.Test particles sized in the range from 0.25 to 0.5,0.5 to 1.0,and 0.25 to 1.0 mm were separated in the liquid-solid fluidized bed.Beds with column heights of 1200,1500,and 1800 mm were tried.The clean coal and the tailings were subsequently analyzed by float-sink testing.The results showed that the ash and yield of clean coal both decreased with increasing column height,for all three size fractions,and that the ash of the clean coal obtained from tests on the broader size fraction was less than that from the narrower sized fractions.The separation density decreased with increasing column height.The lowest E value was seen for a column height of 1500 mm,for which conditions the separation density was 1.45 g/cm 3.The E value was 0.084 for the 0.25-0.5 mm fraction but the corresponding separation density was 1.48 g/cm 3,and the E value 0.089,for the broader 0.25-1.0 mm fraction.展开更多
Ultrafine or nano-sized of tungsten carbide(WC)is the key material to prepare ultrafine grained cemented carbides.In this paper,nano-sized WC powders were directly prepared by using industrial nano-needle violet tungs...Ultrafine or nano-sized of tungsten carbide(WC)is the key material to prepare ultrafine grained cemented carbides.In this paper,nano-sized WC powders were directly prepared by using industrial nano-needle violet tungsten oxide(WO2.72)as the raw material,a fluidized bed as the reactor,and CO as the carbonization gas.The relationship between particle sizes and reaction temperatures,residence times,atmospheres has been investigated systematically.In addition,the physical–chemical indexes(such as residual oxygen,total carbon and free carbon)of the products were measured.The results indicated that the particle size of WC increased with the increase of temperature from 800 to 950°C.As the residence time increased,the particle size decreased gradually,and then increased due to slight sintering.The introduction of hydrogen reduced the carbonization rate,and is not beneficial to obtaining nano-sized WC.Products that satisfy the standard were obtained when WO2.72 reacted with CO at 850°C,900°C and 950°C for 3.0 h,2.5 h and 2.0 h,respectively.The particle sizes of the three samples calculated from the specific surface area were 46.4 nm,53.2 nm and 52.1 nm,respectively.展开更多
Exploring the physical mechanisms of complex systems and making effective use of them are the keys to dealing with the complexity of the world.The emergence of big data and the enhancement of computing power,in conjun...Exploring the physical mechanisms of complex systems and making effective use of them are the keys to dealing with the complexity of the world.The emergence of big data and the enhancement of computing power,in conjunction with the improvement of optimization algorithms,are leading to the development of artificial intelligence(AI)driven by deep learning.However,deep learning fails to reveal the underlying logic and physical connotations of the problems being solved.Mesoscience provides a concept to understand the mechanism of the spatiotemporal multiscale structure of complex systems,and its capability for analyzing complex problems has been validated in different fields.This paper proposes a research paradigm for AI,which introduces the analytical principles of mesoscience into the design of deep learning models.This is done to address the fundamental problem of deep learning models detaching the physical prototype from the problem being solved;the purpose is to promote the sustainable development of AI.展开更多
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB0605003).
文摘Dust removal from pyrolytic vapors at high temperatures is an obstacle to the industrialization of the coal pyrolysis process.In this work,a granular bed with expanded perlites as filtration media was designed and integrated into a 10 t·d^(–1)coal pyrolysis facility.The testing results showed that around 97.56%dust collection efficiency was achieved.As a result,dust content in tar was significantly lowered.The pressure drop of the granular bed maintained in the range of 356 Pa to 489 Pa.The dust size in the effluent after filtration exhibited a bimodal distribution,which was attributed to the heterogeneity of the dust components.The effects of filtration bed on pyrolytic product yields were also discussed.A modified filtration model based on the macroscopic phenomenological theory was proposed to describe the performance of the granular bed.The computation results were well agreed with the experimental data.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078326,21878305,21908227)。
文摘In order to avoid the formation ofηphase(W_(6)Co_(6)C or W_(3)Co_(3)C)that adversely affects the sintering process and its products in the preparation process of ultra-fine WC-Co powder,a technical route of prereduction of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)to WO_(2)-Co and then deep reduction carbonization to WC-Co powder has been proposed.This study mainly investigates the influence of gas partial pressure on the pre-reduction process of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)under a mixed atmosphere of H_(2)-C_(2)H_(4)-Ar at 600℃and establishes the kinetic equations of pre-reduction and carbon evolution.The results indicate that increasing the partial pressure of hydrogen is conducive to the rapid and complete conversion of WO_(3) to WO_(2).High carbon content can be generated by the deposition of C_(2)H_(4),and it hinders the diffusion of the reducing gas;WO_(3)still cannot be completely reduced to WO_(2)as the partial pressure of C_(2)H_(4) increases to 60%.For the carbon evolution of C_(2)H_(4),the carbon amount is positively related to the H_(2)partial pressure,but it shows the highest amount and evolution rate when the ethylene partial pressure is 20%.Based on the reduction rate curves of WO_(3) and carbon evolution rate curves of C_(2)H_(4),the rate equations of pre-reduction and carbon evolution of WO_(3)-Co_(3)O_(4)system at 600℃are established.The pre-reduction reaction belongs to the first-order reaction,and its equation is expressed as follows:r=-(dw_(WO_(3)))/dt=(9±0.15)×10^(-2)×P_(H_(2))^(0.44)P_(C_(2)H_(4))&(0.57)The carbon deposition rate equation of C_(2)H_(4) can be expressed as follows:r=-(dc_C)/dt=r_f-r_b≌7.35×10^(-2)×P_(C_(2)H_(4))^(0.31)
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB0605804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21606237)+2 种基金the Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration,Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA 21030500)the Fund of State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems,IPE,CAS(MPCS-2019-A-02)the DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL180202)。
文摘The separation of methanol(MeOH)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is important but difficult due to the formation of an azeotropic mixture.In this work,isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE)data for the ternary systems containing different imidazolium–based ionic liquids(ILs),i.e.MeOH+DMC+1-butyl-3-methy-limidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide([Bmim][Tf2N]),MeOH+DMC+1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide([Emim][Tf2N]),and MeOH+DMC+1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([Emim][PF6])were measured at 101.3 kPa.The mole fraction of IL was varied from0.05 to 0.20.The experimental data were correlated with the NRTL and Wilson equations,respectively.The results show that imidazolium-based ILs were beneficial to improve the relative volatility of MeOH to DMC,and[Bmim][Tf2 N]showed a much more excellent performance on the activity coefficient of MeOH.The interaction energies of system components were calculated using Gaussian program,and the effects of cation and anion on the separation coefficient of the azeotropic system were discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21576263,21625605,91334204)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2015033)
文摘The EMMS/bubbling model originally proposed for fluidization of monodisperse particles is extended to fluidization of binary particle mixture in this study.The dense and dilute phases are considered to comprise of two types of particles differing in size and/or density.Governing equations and the stability condition are then formulated and solved by using an optimization numerical scheme.The effects of bubble diameter are first investigated and a suitable bubble diameter correlation is chosen.Preliminary validation for steady state behavior shows the extended model can fairly capture the overall hydrodynamic behaviors in terms of volume fraction of bubbles and average bed voidage for both monodisperse and binary particle systems.This encourages us to integrate this model with CFD for more validations in the future.
基金the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (22208355, 22178363 and 21978300)the financial support and mica samples from Changzi Wu and RIKA technology CO., LTD.
文摘The performance of pearlescent pigment significantly affected by the grain size and the roughness of deposited film. The effect of TiCl_(4) concentration on the initial deposition of TiO_(2) on mica by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition(APCVD) was investigated. The precursor concentration significantly affected the deposition and morphology of TiO_(2) grains assembling the film. The deposition time for fully covering the surface of mica decreased from 120 to 10 s as the TiCl_(4) concentration increased from 0.38%to 2.44%. The grain size increased with the TiCl_(4) concentration. The AFM and TEM analysis demonstrated that the aggregation of TiO_(2) clusters at the initial stage finally result to the agglomeration of fine TiO_(2) grains at high TiCl_(4) concentrations. Following the results, it was suggested that the nucleation density and size was easy to be adjusted when the TiCl_(4) concentration is below 0.90%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21972068,21875112,and 22075290)the Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industrythe Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.Z200012).
文摘The development of economical,efficient,and robust electrocatalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is highly imperative for the rapid advancement of renewable H2 energy-associated technologies.Extensive utilization of the heterointerface effect can endow the catalysts with remarkably boosted electrocatalytic performance due to the modified electronic state of active sites.Herein,we demonstrate deliberate crafting of CoP/CoO heterojunction porous nanotubes(abbreviated as CoP/CoO PNTs hereafter)using a self-sacrificial template-engaged strategy.Precise control over the Kirkendall diffusion process of the presynthesized cobalt–aspartic acid complex nanowires is indispensable for the formation of CoP/CoO heterostructures.The topochemical transformation strategy of the reactive templates enables uniform and maximized construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions throughout all the porous nanotubes.The establishment of CoP/CoO heterojunctions could considerably modify the electronic configuration of the active sites and also improve the electric conductivity,which endows the resultant CoP/CoO PNTs with enhanced intrinsic activity.Simultaneously,the hollow and porous nanotube architectures allow sufficient accessibility of exterior/interior surfaces and molecular permeability,drastically promoting the reaction kinetics.Consequently,when used as HER electrocatalysts,the well-designed CoP/CoO PNTs show Pt-like activity,with an overpotential of only 61 mV at 10mA cm^(−2) and excellent stability in 1.0M KOH medium,exceeding those of the vast majority of the previously reported nonprecious candidates.Density functional theory calculations further substantiate that the construction of CoP/CoO heterojunctions enables optimization of the Gibbs free energies for water adsorption and H adsorption,resulting in boosted HER intrinsic activity.The present study may provide in-depth insights into the fundamental mechanisms of heterojunction-induced electronic regulation,which may pave the way for the rational design of advanced Earth-abundant electrocatalysts in the future.
基金financial supports from the “Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”, Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA21040400)。
文摘Burning coal briquettes or biomass pellets in household decoupling stoves is of significance to the reduction of residential pollutant emissions such as NO and CO. In order to make full use of the superiority of decoupling combustion technology, the household stoves should be specially designed and optimized to adapt to fuel types and combustion characteristics. Using numerical simulation and experimental validation, this study quantitatively clarified that the reducibility of devolatilization char plays an important role in the suppression of NO emission in the decoupling combustion of coal, while the reducibility of pyrolysis gases has a dominant effect on the reduction of NO in the decoupling combustion of biomass. An optimal parameter combination of throat height and grate angle was obtained for the simultaneous suppression of NO and CO emissions in the household decoupling stove burning coal briquettes. Two types of decoupling stoves were developed to enable the clean combustion of biomass pellets. The A-type biomass stove with a multi-pass smoke tunnel shows a better comprehensive NO and CO reduction effectiveness than the B-type biomass stove consisting of a two-stage grate structure and an S-shaped pyrolysis chamber. The optimal structural parameters provided references for the design and manufacture of commercial decoupling coal and biomass stoves.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078326,21878305,22078342)the financial supports of the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2020YFC1909701)。
文摘To break through the thermodynamic limitation that sodium fluosilicate only can be completely decomposed at high temperature,the technology of pre-decomposition under SiF_(4) atmosphere and deep decomposition under air condition at lower temperature was developed.The hydrolysis reaction of sodium fluosilicate can be effectively restrained when drying under vacuum or low temperature.Thermal decomposition results of sodium fluosilicate indicate that temperature has a very significant effect on its decomposition.The decomposition ratio can reach 79.4%at 600℃ for 1 h,and 99.6% at 700℃ for 1 h under air condition,respectively.Gas velocity and the type of inert gas have no significant effect on its decomposition.Fine particles affect its decomposition performance due to agglomeration,while coarse particles have good thermal decomposition performance without significant differences.The decomposition reaction process in fluidized bed satisfies the classical Avrami Erofe'EV model,with the reaction order of 1.5 and the activation energy of 61.35 kJ·mol^(-1).
基金the financial support from the Research Foundation for Talented Scholars of Hainan University(YEAZ22091)the financial supports from the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(ZK20180055)+1 种基金the Programs for Foreign Talent(G2021106012L)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075290)。
文摘Carbon-based N-coordinated Mn(Mn-N_(x)/C)single-atom electrocatalysts are considered as one of the most desirable non-precious oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)candidates due to their insignificant Fenton reactivity,high abundance,and intriguing electrocatalytic performance.However,current MnN_(x)/C single-atom electrocatalysts suffer from high overpotentials because of their low intrinsic activity and unsatisfactory chemical stability.Herein,through an in-situ polymerization-assisted pyrolysis,the Co as a second metal is introduced into the Mn-N_(x)/C system to construct Co,Mn-N_(x)dual-metallic sites,which atomically disperse in N-doped 1D carbon nanorods,denoted as Co,Mn-N/CNR and hereafter.Using electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)techniques,we verify the uniform dispersion of CoN4and MnN4atomic sites and confirm the effect of Co doping on the MnN_(4) electronic structure.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further elucidate that the energy barrier of ratedetermining step(^(*)OH desorption)decreases over the 2 N-bridged MnCoN_(6) moieties related to the pure MnN_(4).This work provides an effective strategy to modulate the local coordination environment and electronic structure of MnN_(4) active sites for improving their ORR activity and stability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974287 and 21736010)Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.IAGM-2019-A11).
文摘Magnetization roasting is one of the most effective way of utilizing low-grade refractory iron ore.However,the reduction roasting of siderite(FeCO3)generates weakly magnetic wüstite,thus reducing iron recovery via weak magnetic separation.We systematically studied and proposed the fluidized preoxidation-low-temperature reduction magnetization roasting process for siderite.We found that the maghemite generated during the air oxidation roasting of siderite would be further reduced into wüstite at 500 and 550℃due to the unstable intermediate product magnetite(Fe_(3)O_(4)).Stable magnetite can be obtained through maghemite reduction only at low temperature.The optimal fluidized magnetization roasting parameters included preoxidation at 610℃for 2.5 min,followed by reduction at 450℃for 5 min.For roasted ore,weak magnetic separation yielded an iron ore concentrate grade of 62.0wt%and an iron recovery rate of 88.36%.Compared with that of conventional direct reduction magnetization roasting,the iron recovery rate of weak magnetic separation had greatly improved by 34.33%.The proposed fluidized preoxidation-low-temperature reduction magnetization roasting process can realize the efficient magnetization roasting utilization of low-grade refractory siderite-containing iron ore without wüstite generation and is unlimited by the proportion of siderite and hematite in iron ore.
基金the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(22025803)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178338)+1 种基金the Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(YLU-DNL Fund 2021018)the financial support of project“Research and development and industrial application of new catalytic materials for green synthesis of MMA to replace highly toxic HCN”(Hebei,20374002D)。
文摘The kinetic behavior of esterification between methacrylic acid and methanol catalyzed by NKC-9 resin was studied in a fixed bed reactor.The reaction was conducted in the temperature range of 323.15 to 368.15 K with the molar ratio of reactants from 0.8 to 1.4 under certain pressure.The measurement data were regression with the pseudo-homogeneous(P-H),Eley-Rideal(E-R),and Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)heterogeneous kinetic models.Independent adsorption experiments were implemented to gain the adsorption equilibrium constants of four components.Among the above three models,the L-H model exhibited the best fitting results.The stability of NKC-9 was evaluated by long-term running with the yield of methyl methacrylate no decrease during 3000 h operation.The structure and physicochemical properties of the new and used catalyst were performed by several characterizations including thermogravimetric analysis(TG),scanning electron microscope(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and so on.
基金support of the Startup Foundation of China(3160011181808)the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(21878292,81673400)K.C.Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2018-04).
文摘Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demonstrated that high purity chitin can be obtained from waste shrimp shells(WSSs) by cascade separation with transition metal salt aqueous solution and ionic liquid(IL). Firstly, calcium carbonate of WSSs was effectively removed in the metal salt aqueous solution driven by the ion exchange interaction. Subsequently, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) had bifunctional abilities to remove residual protein and introduced metal salts simultaneously by hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. The key experimental factors affecting the separation process were systematically studied, including the type of metal salts, temperature, and [Bmim]Cl loading. After sequential treatment with a 20%(mass) Ni SO4aqueous solution at 130 ℃ and [Bmim]Cl at 150 ℃, the purity of a-chitin can be up to 96.5%(mass) that meets commercial requirements. The use of metal salts with higher coordination ability makes the preparation of chitin no longer depend on the commonly acid-base reaction, which is conducive to the preservation of chitin structure.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075290,21972068,52164028)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Z200012)+3 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systemsthe Institute of Process Engineeringthe Chinese Academy of Sciences(MPCS-2021-A-05)the Nanjing IPE Institute of Green Manufacturing Industry(E0010725).
文摘Dealloying by which the transition metal is partially or completely leached from an alloy precursor is an effective way to optimize the fundamental effects for further enhancing the electrocatalysis of a catalyst.Herein,to address the deficiencies associated with the commonly used dealloying methods,for example,electrochemical and sulfuric acid/nitric acid treatment,we report an acetic acid-assisted mild strategy to dealloy Cu atoms from the outer surface layers of CuPd alloy nanoparticles to achieve high-efficiency electrocatalysis for oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte.The leaching of Cu atoms by acetic acid exerts an additional compressive strain effect on the surface layers and exposes more active Pd atoms,which is beneficial for boosting the catalytic performance of a dealloyed catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and the ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).In particular,for ORR,the CuPd nanoparticles with a Pd/Cu molar ratio of 2:1 after acetic dealloying show a half-wave potential of 0.912 V(vs.RHE)and a mass activity of 0.213 AmgPd^(-1) at 0.9 V,respectively,while for EOR,the same dealloyed sample has a mass activity and a specific activity of 8.4 Amg^(-1) and 8.23 mA cm^(-2),respectively,much better than their dealloyed counterparts at other temperatures and commercial Pd/C as well as a Pt/C catalyst.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant No.2020YFC1908805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.22293024 and 22078330)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant No.2019050).
文摘By modeling a group of neighboring real particles as a single coarse-grained particle(CGP),discrete particle method(DPM)is now capable of simulating industrial-scale particle-fluid systems.However,a systematic approach to determine the CGP properties and develop their interaction models is still lacking,which casts uncertainty on the predictivity of the method.In this study,collisions between predefined particle groups are analyzed to construct kernel functions for modeling the CGPs and then the model parameters are determined by equating the statistical properties of the CGPs and the real particles in the physical process studied.This approach is implemented for homogeneous cooling of granular gas,then demonstrated effective in simulating experimental fluidized beds.
基金supported by the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems of China (No.MPCS-2009-C-01)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No.2010BAC66B01)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the CAS (No.KGCX2-YW-396)
文摘The correlation between phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports calcined at different temperatures and the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in the production of synthetic natural gas(SNG) via CO methanation was systematically investigated. A series of 10 wt% NiO/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by the conventional impregnation method, and the phase structures and surface acidity of Al2O3 supports were adjusted by calcining the commercial γ-Al2O3 at different temperatures(600–1200 C). CO methanation reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 300–600 C at different weight hourly space velocities(WHSV = 30000 and 120000 mL·g-1h-1) and pressures(0.1 and 3.0 MPa). It was found that high calcination temperature not only led to the growth in Ni particle size, but also weakened the interaction between Ni nanoparticles and Al2O3 supports due to the rapid decrease of the specific surface area and acidity of Al2O3 supports. Interestingly, Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3 calcined at 1200 C(Ni/Al2O3-1200) exhibited the best catalytic activity for CO methanation under different reaction conditions. Lifetime reaction tests also indicated that Ni/Al2O3-1200 was the most active and stable catalyst compared with the other three catalysts, whose supports were calcined at lower temperatures(600, 800 and 1000 C). These findings would therefore be helpful to develop Ni/Al2O3 methanation catalyst for SNG production.
基金financially supported by the National NaturalScience Foundation of China (No. 51202249)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No. 2011AA06A104)the Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (No. 2012BAB08B04)
文摘The chlorination-volatilization process has been adopted to make full use of gold-bearing and iron-rich pyrite cinder. However, problems of low recovery rate, pulverization of pellets, and ring formation have been encountered during the industrialization of this process. The effects of various parameters on the volatilization rates of valuable metals and on the compressive strength of roasted pellets were investigated in this paper. The parameters include the CaCl_2 dosage, heating temperature, and holding time. The results show that heating temperature is the most important parameter for the recovery of target metals. More CaCl_2 was needed for the recovery of zinc than for the recovery of gold, silver, and lead. CaCl_2 started to react with sulfides/SO_2/SiO_2 at temperatures below the melting point of CaCl_2 to generate Cl_2/HCl. Gaseous CaCl_2 was formed at higher temperatures and could react with any of the components. The compressive strength of roasted CaCl_2-bearing pellets first decreased slowly with increasing temperature at temperatures lower than 873 K, which could result in the pulverization of pellets during heating. Their compressive strength increased dramatically with increasing temperature at temperatures greater than 1273 K. Certain quantities of CaCl_2 and Fe(Ⅱ) could improve the compressive strength of the roasted pellets; however, the addition of excessive CaCl_2 decreased the compressive strength of pellets.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Y419012198)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91534125)
文摘By varying concentration of PEG1000 as a structure-directing agent,mesoporous alumina with excellent textural properties was synthesized.The prepared mesoporous alumina displays high thermal stability,as shown by its textural properties at different calcination temperatures of 600-850 °C.Characterization by SEM and TEM revealed that the added PEG surfactant induced the formation of petal-like alumina.XRD results clarified that all samples were amorphous and their peaks were around the peaks of γ-alumina.N_2 adsorption-desorption analysis showed that the prepared mesoporous alumina,if with PEG1000 in hydrolysis of aluminum isopropoxide,had excellent textural properties with large specific surface area,high pore volume and suitable pore size.The petal-like structure existing in the alumina samples improved their textural parameters,and the role and influential mechanism of PEG1000 were analyzed.
基金supports for this work provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50974120)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2010QNB08)
文摘A liquid-solid fluidized bed separator,used for the separation of coarse slime,was developed.Test particles sized in the range from 0.25 to 0.5,0.5 to 1.0,and 0.25 to 1.0 mm were separated in the liquid-solid fluidized bed.Beds with column heights of 1200,1500,and 1800 mm were tried.The clean coal and the tailings were subsequently analyzed by float-sink testing.The results showed that the ash and yield of clean coal both decreased with increasing column height,for all three size fractions,and that the ash of the clean coal obtained from tests on the broader size fraction was less than that from the narrower sized fractions.The separation density decreased with increasing column height.The lowest E value was seen for a column height of 1500 mm,for which conditions the separation density was 1.45 g/cm 3.The E value was 0.084 for the 0.25-0.5 mm fraction but the corresponding separation density was 1.48 g/cm 3,and the E value 0.089,for the broader 0.25-1.0 mm fraction.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21878305)。
文摘Ultrafine or nano-sized of tungsten carbide(WC)is the key material to prepare ultrafine grained cemented carbides.In this paper,nano-sized WC powders were directly prepared by using industrial nano-needle violet tungsten oxide(WO2.72)as the raw material,a fluidized bed as the reactor,and CO as the carbonization gas.The relationship between particle sizes and reaction temperatures,residence times,atmospheres has been investigated systematically.In addition,the physical–chemical indexes(such as residual oxygen,total carbon and free carbon)of the products were measured.The results indicated that the particle size of WC increased with the increase of temperature from 800 to 950°C.As the residence time increased,the particle size decreased gradually,and then increased due to slight sintering.The introduction of hydrogen reduced the carbonization rate,and is not beneficial to obtaining nano-sized WC.Products that satisfy the standard were obtained when WO2.72 reacted with CO at 850°C,900°C and 950°C for 3.0 h,2.5 h and 2.0 h,respectively.The particle sizes of the three samples calculated from the specific surface area were 46.4 nm,53.2 nm and 52.1 nm,respectively.
基金We would like to thank Dr.Wenlai Huang,Dr.Jianhua Chen,and Dr.Lin Zhang for the valuable discussionWe thank the editors and reviewers for their valuable comments about this articleWe gratefully acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91834303).
文摘Exploring the physical mechanisms of complex systems and making effective use of them are the keys to dealing with the complexity of the world.The emergence of big data and the enhancement of computing power,in conjunction with the improvement of optimization algorithms,are leading to the development of artificial intelligence(AI)driven by deep learning.However,deep learning fails to reveal the underlying logic and physical connotations of the problems being solved.Mesoscience provides a concept to understand the mechanism of the spatiotemporal multiscale structure of complex systems,and its capability for analyzing complex problems has been validated in different fields.This paper proposes a research paradigm for AI,which introduces the analytical principles of mesoscience into the design of deep learning models.This is done to address the fundamental problem of deep learning models detaching the physical prototype from the problem being solved;the purpose is to promote the sustainable development of AI.
