Microbial communities play crucial roles in pollutant removal and system stability in biological systems for coking wastewater(CWW)treatment,but a comprehensive understanding of their structure and functions is still ...Microbial communities play crucial roles in pollutant removal and system stability in biological systems for coking wastewater(CWW)treatment,but a comprehensive understanding of their structure and functions is still lacking.A five month survey of four sequential bioreactors,anoxic 1/oxic 1/anoxic 2/oxic 2(A1/O1/A2/O2),was carried out in a full-scale CWW treatment system in China to elucidate operational performance and microbial ecology.The results showed that A1/O1/A2/O2 had excellent and stable performance for nitrogen removal.Both total nitrogen(TN;(17.38±6.89)mgL1)and ammonium-nitrogen(NH4 t-N;(2.10±1.34)mg·L^(-1))in the final biological effluent satisfied the Chinese national standards for CWW.Integrated analysis of 16S ribosome RNA(rRNA)sequencing and metagenomic sequencing showed that the bacterial communities and metagenomic function profiles of A1 and O1 shared similar functional structures,while those of A2 significantly varied from those of other bioreactors(p<0.05).The results indicated that microbial activity was strongly connected with activated sludge function.Nitrosospira,Nitrosomonas,and SM1A02 were responsible for nitrification during the primary anoxic-oxic(AO)stage and Azoarcus and Thauera acted as important denitrifiers in A2.Nitrogen cycling-related enzymes and genes work in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system.Moreover,the hao genes catalyzing hydroxylamine dehydrogenase(EC 1.7.2.6)and the napA and napB genes catalyzing nitrate reductase(EC 1.9.6.1)played important roles in the nitrification and denitrification processes in the primary and secondary AO stages,respectively.The mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)/total solids(TS),TN removal rate(RR),total organic carbon(TOC)(RR),and NH_(4)^(+)t-N(RR)were the most important environmental factors for regulating the structure of core bacterial genera and nitrogen-cycling genes.Proteobacteria were the potential main participants in nitrogen metabolism in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system for CWW treatment.This study provides an original and comprehensive understanding of the microbial community and functions at the gene level,which is crucial for the efficient and stable operation of the full-scale biological process for CWW treatment.展开更多
This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixt...This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixtures were characterized in terms of unconfined compressive strength, microstructure and leachability. It was found that the strength of tested CLSM mixtures ranged from 3.6 to 9.0 MPa, over the upper excavatable limit of 2.1 MPa. The micro-structural analysis revealed that sewage sludge and bottom ash were crystallochemically in- corporated within CLSM system_s by forming the needle-like ettringite （C3A＇3CS＇_H32） with exiguous tu.bers via the typical Pozzolanic Reaction, leading to a dense and low-porosity microst;＇ucture. Furthermore,-the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure evidenced that the cumulative leachable metals in the leachate were much below the regulatory thresholds. The potential for us!ng sewage sludge and bottom ash!n CLSM makin.g was thus confirmed.展开更多
Despite the extensive application of advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)in water treatment,the efficiency of AOPs in eliminating various emerging contaminants such as halogenated antibiotics is constrained by a number ...Despite the extensive application of advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)in water treatment,the efficiency of AOPs in eliminating various emerging contaminants such as halogenated antibiotics is constrained by a number of factors.Halogen moieties exhibit strong resistance to oxidative radicals,affecting the dehalogenation and detoxification efficiencies.To address these limitations of AOPs,advanced reduction processes(ARPs)have been proposed.Herein,a novel nucleophilic reductant—namely,the carbon dioxide radical anion(CO_(2)^(·-))—is introduced for the simultaneous degradation,dehalogenation,and detoxification of florfenicol(FF),a typical halogenated antibiotic.The results demonstrate that FF is completely eliminated by CO_(2)^(·-),with approximately 100%of Cland 46%of Freleased after 120 min of treatment.Simultaneous detoxification is observed,which exhibits a linear response to the release of free inorganic halogen ions(R^(2)=0.97,p<0.01).The formation of halogen-free products is the primary reason for the superior detoxification performance of this method,in comparison with conventional hydroxyl-radical-based AOPs.Products identification and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal the underlying dehalogenation mechanism,in which the chlorine moiety of FF is more susceptible than other moieties to nucleophilic attack by CO_(2)^(·-).Moreover,CO_(2)^(·-)-based ARPs exhibit superior dehalogenation efficiencies(>75%)in degrading a series of halogenated antibiotics,including chloramphenicol(CAP),thiamphenicol(THA),diclofenac(DLF),triclosan(TCS),and ciprofloxacin(CIP).The system shows high tolerance to the pH of the solution and the presence of natural water constituents,and demonstrates an excellent degradation performance in actual groundwater,indicating the strong application potential of CO_(2)^(·-)-based ARPs in real life.Overall,this study elucidates the feasibility of CO_(2)^(·-)for the simultaneous degradation,dehalogenation,and detoxification of halogenated antibiotics and provides a promising method for their regulation during water or wastewater treatment.展开更多
Municipal solid waste(MSW)is an important destination for abandoned plastics.During the waste disposal process,large plastic debris is broken down into microplastics(MPs)and released into the leachate.However,current ...Municipal solid waste(MSW)is an important destination for abandoned plastics.During the waste disposal process,large plastic debris is broken down into microplastics(MPs)and released into the leachate.However,current research only focuses on landfill leachates,and the occurrence of MPs in other leachates has not been studied.Therefore,herein,the abundance and characteristics of MPs in three types of leachates,namely,landfill leachate,residual waste leachate,and household food waste leachate,were studied,all leachates were collected from the largest waste disposal center in China.The results showed that the average MP abundances in the different types of leachates ranged from(129±54)to(1288±184)MP particles per liter(particlesL1)and the household food waste leachate exhibited the highest MP abundance(p<0.05).Polyethylene(PE)and fragments were the dominant polymer type and shape in MPs,respectively.The characteristic polymer types of MPs in individual leachates were different.Furthermore,the conditional fragmentation model indicated that the landfilling process considerably affected the size distribution of MPs in leachates,leading to a higher percentage(>80%)of small MPs(20–100 lm)in landfill leachates compared to other leachates.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study discussing the sources of MPs in different leachates,which is important for MP pollution control during MSW disposal.展开更多
Systematic studies on the treatment and reuse of the acid industrial wastewatercontaining Sodium 2-Naphthylsulfonate (β-salt) from 2--Naphthanol of production processby ND--910 resin (made by self)is reported in this...Systematic studies on the treatment and reuse of the acid industrial wastewatercontaining Sodium 2-Naphthylsulfonate (β-salt) from 2--Naphthanol of production processby ND--910 resin (made by self)is reported in this paper.Under the operation conditionsof initial β-salt concentration of 10000-25000mg/L and initial CODcr of 2000040000mg/L, the removal rates of Sodium 2-Naphthylsulfonate and CODcr are over 95%and over 89%, respectively. The effluent can be discharged directly after biologicaldegradation. The working sorption capacity of ND-910 Resin for β-salt is over 230g/Kg.An alkali-water wash procedure is utilized to regenerate resin and the reclaiming rate ofβ-salt is over 98%.展开更多
This study introduces a method to quantify the sceaic value of wetland landscapes and provides the guid- ance on the allocation of efforts for the purpose of preserving the most important environments. Dongting Lake, ...This study introduces a method to quantify the sceaic value of wetland landscapes and provides the guid- ance on the allocation of efforts for the purpose of preserving the most important environments. Dongting Lake, a tra-ditional tourist location, is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China and a Grade 5A National Scenic Region. This study objectively analyzes the scenic resources of South Dongting Lake, and presents a model based on Quantifi- cation Theory I to assess wetland scenic landscapes. Employing a multilinear regression relationship between land-scape factors and their associated scenic value, we built up the Wetland Landscape Quantification Model （WLQM）, which was used to classify 221 landscapes into five grades. Finally, some suggestions are proposed regarding quantita-tive assessment and its use for the sustainable development of wetland environments.展开更多
Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart...Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart monitoring terminal,cloud storage/computing technology,and artificial intelligence,smart gas sensors represent the future of gassensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring,earlywarning function,and intelligent and automated feature.Various electronicand optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performancesmart gas analysis.With the development of smart terminals and the maturityof integrated technology,flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasingrole in gas analysis.This review highlights recent advances of smart gassensors in diverse applications.The structural components and fundamentalprinciples of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described,andflexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted.Moreover,sensorarray with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in“Internet of Things”paradigm are introduced.Finally,the challengesand perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.展开更多
Chromium (Cr), a persistent soil pollutant, has detrimental effects on plants and living things, and its contamination in soil increased as a result of human-induced activities. Pakistan suffers from a lack of fresh w...Chromium (Cr), a persistent soil pollutant, has detrimental effects on plants and living things, and its contamination in soil increased as a result of human-induced activities. Pakistan suffers from a lack of fresh water supplies;hence most people use metal-containing water and wastewater to irrigate their crops. Exposure to Cr toxicity, the plant reduces their morphological and physiological growth which ultimately decreases crop productivity. The current study was designed to investigate the foliar application of hesperidin (HSP) at varying effluent rates (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L^(−1)) on wheat growth under tannery wastewater irrigated soil. Cr toxicity caused a change in the concentration of chlorophyll molecules, indicating early signs of stress. Modifications in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, the elevated activity of chlorophyllase, and the generation of reactive oxygen species were causing the reduction in chlorophyll. Cr stress disrupted total soluble protein concentrations and the activity of antioxidation-related enzymes and NRA, suggesting the onset of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the application of HSP reduced oxidative damage by improving protein concentration (37%), chlorophyll concentration (37%), and antioxidant enzyme activity such as CAT (65%), SOD (46%), and POD (68%). Furthermore, HSP raised the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules, which may indicate better redox homeostasis and stress tolerance. These molecules include GSH, GSSG, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins. HSP therapy lessened the impact of Cr stress on lipid peroxidation markers. HSP enhanced these measures during the investigation. Cr stress raised the concentrations of total free amino acids and nitrogen oxide and decreased the radical scavenging activity in wheat. Cr stress raised the concentration of all soluble sugars, primarily reducing and non-reducing sugars, whereas the application of HSP strengthened these osmo protectants even more results of the present investigation indicate that exogenous HSP is a feasible and eco-friendly approach to improving plant resistance against Cr toxicity by efficiently reducing the physiological strain and metabolic stress caused by Cr in wheat plants.展开更多
Fluorinated gases(F-gases)play a vital role in the chemical industry and in the fields of air conditioning,refrigeration,health care,and organic synthesis.However,the direct emission of waste gases containing F-gases ...Fluorinated gases(F-gases)play a vital role in the chemical industry and in the fields of air conditioning,refrigeration,health care,and organic synthesis.However,the direct emission of waste gases containing F-gases into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse effects and generates toxic substances.Developing porous materials for the energy-efficient capture,separation,and recovery of F-gases is highly desired.Recently,as a highly designable porous adsorbents,metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)exhibit excellent selective sorption performance toward F-gases,especially for the recognition and separation of different F-gases with highly similar properties,showing their great potential in F-gases control and recovery.In this review,we discuss the capture and separation of F-gases and their azeotropic,near-azeotropic,and isomeric mixtures in various application scenarios by MOFs,specifically classify and analyze molecular interaction between F-gases and MOFs,and interpret the mechanisms underlying their high performance regarding both adsorption capacity and selectivity,providing a repertoire for future materials design.Challenges faced in the transformation research roadmap of MOFs adsorbent separation technologies toward F-gases are also discussed,and areas for future research endeavors are highlighted.展开更多
Insects are the most widely distributed and most abundant biological resources on earth,and are as precious a biological resource as plants and microorganisms.With the increasing population pressure and the serious sh...Insects are the most widely distributed and most abundant biological resources on earth,and are as precious a biological resource as plants and microorganisms.With the increasing population pressure and the serious shortage of food resources,insects as an ideal food substitute have gradually been paid more attention by scientists.In addition to being used as food and feed,the application value of insects in waste treatment,medicine and other aspects(such as ornamental and pollination)has also been widely recognized around the world.However,industrialization of insect resources still faces many challenges in terms of acceptability,safety,nutrition and productivity.We argue that insect mass production should be purpose-oriented and targeted cultivation.For example,insects used for food and feeding should be safe,tasty and nutritious.Insects used for waste disposal should maximize their survival rate and their conversion rate of the waste.For insects with medicinal significance,it is necessary to clarify their medicinal active ingredients and related pharmacological mechanism,and to cultivate insect strains with high content of active ingredients by proper induction.A goal-driven development strategy will help to avoid the risk of the insect industry technically and managerially.展开更多
The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified...The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.展开更多
The influence of coexisting copper （Cu） ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied. Serial concentrations of the pesticides...The influence of coexisting copper （Cu） ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied. Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time, the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carded out using gas chromatography （GC）. The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation. The effect of Cu^2＋ on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life 00.5） of degradation. It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed. But Cu^2＋ could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water. The t0.5 for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil. As for photodegradation, t0.5 for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 min and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min. The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms. However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system. The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed. Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.展开更多
In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found th...In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.展开更多
In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was m...In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was much higher than that of anaerobic degradation. The optimal pH values for 4-t-OP degradation in granular sludge were 9 and 7 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. And the degradation rate decreased with an increase in the initial 4-t-OP concentration. Addition of yeast extract or homologous compounds such as phenol also enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation, especially under the aerobic condition. To investigate the bacterial community in this study, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was applied, based on the primers, for the 16S rDNA V3 region of bacteria, γ-proteobacteria and bacillus were identified as the major species of sludge.展开更多
The extracellular enzyme secretion and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were studied in agitated and shallow stationary liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Veratryl alcohol and T...The extracellular enzyme secretion and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were studied in agitated and shallow stationary liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Veratryl alcohol and Tween80 were added to cultures as lignin peroxidase （LIP） and manganese peroxidase （MnP） inducer, respectively. Shallow stationary cultures were suitable for the production of enzyme, whereas agitated cultures enhanced overall biodegradation by facilitating interphase mass transfer of PAHs into aqueous phases. The use of a LiP stimulator, veratryl alcohol, did not increase PAH degradation but significantly enhanced LiP activity. In contrast, Tween80 increased both MnP secretion and PAH degradation in shallow stationary cultures. On the other hand, high PAH degradation was observed in agitated cultures in the absence of detectable LiP and MnP activities. The results suggested that extracellular peroxidase activities are not directly related to the PAH degradation, and the increased solubility rather than enzyme activity may be more important in the promotion of PAH degradation.展开更多
A new strategy using an arnperometric biosensor with Escherichia coli （E. coli） that provides a rapid toxicity determination of chemical compounds is described. The CellSense biosensor system comprises a biological ...A new strategy using an arnperometric biosensor with Escherichia coli （E. coli） that provides a rapid toxicity determination of chemical compounds is described. The CellSense biosensor system comprises a biological component immobilized in intimate contact with a transducer which converts the biochemical signal into a quantifiable electrical signal. Toxicity assessment of heavy metals using E.coli biosensors could be finished within 30 min and the 50% effective concentrations （ECso） values of four heavy metals were determined. The results shows that inhibitory effects of four heavy metals to E.coli can be ranked in a decreasing order of Hg^2＋ 〉 Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ni^2＋, which accords to the results of conventional bacterial counting method. The toxicity test of organic compounds by using CellSense biosensor was also demonstrated. The CellSense biosensor with E. coli shows a good, reproducible behavior and can be used for reproducible measurements.展开更多
The high concentration of heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb) in tannery sludge causes severe heavy metal emissions in the process of incineration. In the present investigation, the tannery sludge was treated with 85% phosph...The high concentration of heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb) in tannery sludge causes severe heavy metal emissions in the process of incineration. In the present investigation, the tannery sludge was treated with 85% phosphoric acid before the incineration process in the tube furnace to control the heavy metal emissions. The thermal behavior and heavy metal vaporization of pre-treated tannery sludge were investigated, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also implemente...展开更多
Landfill leachates with different ages （mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation） were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid si...Landfill leachates with different ages （mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation） were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles （SP） （〉 1.2 μm）, coarse colloids （CC） （1.2-0.45 μm）, fine colloids （FC） （0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight （MW））, and dissolved organic matters （DM, 〈 5 kDa/1 kDa MW）. The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands （COD）, total solid （TS）, pH, NH4^＋-N, total organic carbon （TOC） and fixed solid （FS）. It was found that COD, NH^4＋-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions （〈 5 kDa/1 kDa） dominated （over 50%） in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%-7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.展开更多
Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, rel...Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.展开更多
An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In t...An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52270076 and 51922078)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202105).
文摘Microbial communities play crucial roles in pollutant removal and system stability in biological systems for coking wastewater(CWW)treatment,but a comprehensive understanding of their structure and functions is still lacking.A five month survey of four sequential bioreactors,anoxic 1/oxic 1/anoxic 2/oxic 2(A1/O1/A2/O2),was carried out in a full-scale CWW treatment system in China to elucidate operational performance and microbial ecology.The results showed that A1/O1/A2/O2 had excellent and stable performance for nitrogen removal.Both total nitrogen(TN;(17.38±6.89)mgL1)and ammonium-nitrogen(NH4 t-N;(2.10±1.34)mg·L^(-1))in the final biological effluent satisfied the Chinese national standards for CWW.Integrated analysis of 16S ribosome RNA(rRNA)sequencing and metagenomic sequencing showed that the bacterial communities and metagenomic function profiles of A1 and O1 shared similar functional structures,while those of A2 significantly varied from those of other bioreactors(p<0.05).The results indicated that microbial activity was strongly connected with activated sludge function.Nitrosospira,Nitrosomonas,and SM1A02 were responsible for nitrification during the primary anoxic-oxic(AO)stage and Azoarcus and Thauera acted as important denitrifiers in A2.Nitrogen cycling-related enzymes and genes work in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system.Moreover,the hao genes catalyzing hydroxylamine dehydrogenase(EC 1.7.2.6)and the napA and napB genes catalyzing nitrate reductase(EC 1.9.6.1)played important roles in the nitrification and denitrification processes in the primary and secondary AO stages,respectively.The mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)/total solids(TS),TN removal rate(RR),total organic carbon(TOC)(RR),and NH_(4)^(+)t-N(RR)were the most important environmental factors for regulating the structure of core bacterial genera and nitrogen-cycling genes.Proteobacteria were the potential main participants in nitrogen metabolism in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system for CWW treatment.This study provides an original and comprehensive understanding of the microbial community and functions at the gene level,which is crucial for the efficient and stable operation of the full-scale biological process for CWW treatment.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (08 DZ 1202802,09 DZ 1204105,09 DZ2251700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51008322)
文摘This research evaluated the use of sewage sludge and refuse incineration bottom ash to replace calcium sulfoaluminate cement （CSA） in making controlled low-strength material （CLSM）. Various properties of CLSM mixtures were characterized in terms of unconfined compressive strength, microstructure and leachability. It was found that the strength of tested CLSM mixtures ranged from 3.6 to 9.0 MPa, over the upper excavatable limit of 2.1 MPa. The micro-structural analysis revealed that sewage sludge and bottom ash were crystallochemically in- corporated within CLSM system_s by forming the needle-like ettringite （C3A＇3CS＇_H32） with exiguous tu.bers via the typical Pozzolanic Reaction, leading to a dense and low-porosity microst;＇ucture. Furthermore,-the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure evidenced that the cumulative leachable metals in the leachate were much below the regulatory thresholds. The potential for us!ng sewage sludge and bottom ash!n CLSM makin.g was thus confirmed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22176059,21777042,and 22076045)the authors would also like to acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality’s Yangfan Special Project(23YF1408400)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Despite the extensive application of advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)in water treatment,the efficiency of AOPs in eliminating various emerging contaminants such as halogenated antibiotics is constrained by a number of factors.Halogen moieties exhibit strong resistance to oxidative radicals,affecting the dehalogenation and detoxification efficiencies.To address these limitations of AOPs,advanced reduction processes(ARPs)have been proposed.Herein,a novel nucleophilic reductant—namely,the carbon dioxide radical anion(CO_(2)^(·-))—is introduced for the simultaneous degradation,dehalogenation,and detoxification of florfenicol(FF),a typical halogenated antibiotic.The results demonstrate that FF is completely eliminated by CO_(2)^(·-),with approximately 100%of Cland 46%of Freleased after 120 min of treatment.Simultaneous detoxification is observed,which exhibits a linear response to the release of free inorganic halogen ions(R^(2)=0.97,p<0.01).The formation of halogen-free products is the primary reason for the superior detoxification performance of this method,in comparison with conventional hydroxyl-radical-based AOPs.Products identification and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal the underlying dehalogenation mechanism,in which the chlorine moiety of FF is more susceptible than other moieties to nucleophilic attack by CO_(2)^(·-).Moreover,CO_(2)^(·-)-based ARPs exhibit superior dehalogenation efficiencies(>75%)in degrading a series of halogenated antibiotics,including chloramphenicol(CAP),thiamphenicol(THA),diclofenac(DLF),triclosan(TCS),and ciprofloxacin(CIP).The system shows high tolerance to the pH of the solution and the presence of natural water constituents,and demonstrates an excellent degradation performance in actual groundwater,indicating the strong application potential of CO_(2)^(·-)-based ARPs in real life.Overall,this study elucidates the feasibility of CO_(2)^(·-)for the simultaneous degradation,dehalogenation,and detoxification of halogenated antibiotics and provides a promising method for their regulation during water or wastewater treatment.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3711600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22076045 and 22376066)the Shanghai Talent Development Funding,and the Shanghai Youth Talent Support Program.
文摘Municipal solid waste(MSW)is an important destination for abandoned plastics.During the waste disposal process,large plastic debris is broken down into microplastics(MPs)and released into the leachate.However,current research only focuses on landfill leachates,and the occurrence of MPs in other leachates has not been studied.Therefore,herein,the abundance and characteristics of MPs in three types of leachates,namely,landfill leachate,residual waste leachate,and household food waste leachate,were studied,all leachates were collected from the largest waste disposal center in China.The results showed that the average MP abundances in the different types of leachates ranged from(129±54)to(1288±184)MP particles per liter(particlesL1)and the household food waste leachate exhibited the highest MP abundance(p<0.05).Polyethylene(PE)and fragments were the dominant polymer type and shape in MPs,respectively.The characteristic polymer types of MPs in individual leachates were different.Furthermore,the conditional fragmentation model indicated that the landfilling process considerably affected the size distribution of MPs in leachates,leading to a higher percentage(>80%)of small MPs(20–100 lm)in landfill leachates compared to other leachates.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study discussing the sources of MPs in different leachates,which is important for MP pollution control during MSW disposal.
文摘Systematic studies on the treatment and reuse of the acid industrial wastewatercontaining Sodium 2-Naphthylsulfonate (β-salt) from 2--Naphthanol of production processby ND--910 resin (made by self)is reported in this paper.Under the operation conditionsof initial β-salt concentration of 10000-25000mg/L and initial CODcr of 2000040000mg/L, the removal rates of Sodium 2-Naphthylsulfonate and CODcr are over 95%and over 89%, respectively. The effluent can be discharged directly after biologicaldegradation. The working sorption capacity of ND-910 Resin for β-salt is over 230g/Kg.An alkali-water wash procedure is utilized to regenerate resin and the reclaiming rate ofβ-salt is over 98%.
基金Under the auspices of National Key Technology and Science Project of Water(No.2008ZX07101-004)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2003AA06011000-04)Natural Talent Introduction Foundation of Nanjing University(No.021122420105)
文摘This study introduces a method to quantify the sceaic value of wetland landscapes and provides the guid- ance on the allocation of efforts for the purpose of preserving the most important environments. Dongting Lake, a tra-ditional tourist location, is one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China and a Grade 5A National Scenic Region. This study objectively analyzes the scenic resources of South Dongting Lake, and presents a model based on Quantifi- cation Theory I to assess wetland scenic landscapes. Employing a multilinear regression relationship between land-scape factors and their associated scenic value, we built up the Wetland Landscape Quantification Model （WLQM）, which was used to classify 221 landscapes into five grades. Finally, some suggestions are proposed regarding quantita-tive assessment and its use for the sustainable development of wetland environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22376159)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Gas sensor is an indispensable part of modern society withwide applications in environmental monitoring,healthcare,food industry,public safety,etc.With the development of sensor technology,wireless communication,smart monitoring terminal,cloud storage/computing technology,and artificial intelligence,smart gas sensors represent the future of gassensing due to their merits of real-time multifunctional monitoring,earlywarning function,and intelligent and automated feature.Various electronicand optoelectronic gas sensors have been developed for high-performancesmart gas analysis.With the development of smart terminals and the maturityof integrated technology,flexible and wearable gas sensors play an increasingrole in gas analysis.This review highlights recent advances of smart gassensors in diverse applications.The structural components and fundamentalprinciples of electronic and optoelectronic gas sensors are described,andflexible and wearable gas sensor devices are highlighted.Moreover,sensorarray with artificial intelligence algorithms and smart gas sensors in“Internet of Things”paradigm are introduced.Finally,the challengesand perspectives of smart gas sensors are discussed regarding the future need of gas sensors for smart city and healthy living.
基金The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSP2025R182),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Chromium (Cr), a persistent soil pollutant, has detrimental effects on plants and living things, and its contamination in soil increased as a result of human-induced activities. Pakistan suffers from a lack of fresh water supplies;hence most people use metal-containing water and wastewater to irrigate their crops. Exposure to Cr toxicity, the plant reduces their morphological and physiological growth which ultimately decreases crop productivity. The current study was designed to investigate the foliar application of hesperidin (HSP) at varying effluent rates (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L^(−1)) on wheat growth under tannery wastewater irrigated soil. Cr toxicity caused a change in the concentration of chlorophyll molecules, indicating early signs of stress. Modifications in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, the elevated activity of chlorophyllase, and the generation of reactive oxygen species were causing the reduction in chlorophyll. Cr stress disrupted total soluble protein concentrations and the activity of antioxidation-related enzymes and NRA, suggesting the onset of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the application of HSP reduced oxidative damage by improving protein concentration (37%), chlorophyll concentration (37%), and antioxidant enzyme activity such as CAT (65%), SOD (46%), and POD (68%). Furthermore, HSP raised the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules, which may indicate better redox homeostasis and stress tolerance. These molecules include GSH, GSSG, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins. HSP therapy lessened the impact of Cr stress on lipid peroxidation markers. HSP enhanced these measures during the investigation. Cr stress raised the concentrations of total free amino acids and nitrogen oxide and decreased the radical scavenging activity in wheat. Cr stress raised the concentration of all soluble sugars, primarily reducing and non-reducing sugars, whereas the application of HSP strengthened these osmo protectants even more results of the present investigation indicate that exogenous HSP is a feasible and eco-friendly approach to improving plant resistance against Cr toxicity by efficiently reducing the physiological strain and metabolic stress caused by Cr in wheat plants.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0110500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22376161,52373154,52103181)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chinathe Interdisciplinary Project in Environmental Science and Engineering of Tongji University(2023-3-YB-02)。
文摘Fluorinated gases(F-gases)play a vital role in the chemical industry and in the fields of air conditioning,refrigeration,health care,and organic synthesis.However,the direct emission of waste gases containing F-gases into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse effects and generates toxic substances.Developing porous materials for the energy-efficient capture,separation,and recovery of F-gases is highly desired.Recently,as a highly designable porous adsorbents,metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)exhibit excellent selective sorption performance toward F-gases,especially for the recognition and separation of different F-gases with highly similar properties,showing their great potential in F-gases control and recovery.In this review,we discuss the capture and separation of F-gases and their azeotropic,near-azeotropic,and isomeric mixtures in various application scenarios by MOFs,specifically classify and analyze molecular interaction between F-gases and MOFs,and interpret the mechanisms underlying their high performance regarding both adsorption capacity and selectivity,providing a repertoire for future materials design.Challenges faced in the transformation research roadmap of MOFs adsorbent separation technologies toward F-gases are also discussed,and areas for future research endeavors are highlighted.
基金supported by Key R&D Program of Hebei(21327315D,21373804D)the Special Research Assistant Funding Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(E129ST15)+4 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28030302-4)Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources-CAS(ZD201802)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28030302)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2021095)Hebei Dairy Cattle Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(HBCT2018120206).
文摘Insects are the most widely distributed and most abundant biological resources on earth,and are as precious a biological resource as plants and microorganisms.With the increasing population pressure and the serious shortage of food resources,insects as an ideal food substitute have gradually been paid more attention by scientists.In addition to being used as food and feed,the application value of insects in waste treatment,medicine and other aspects(such as ornamental and pollination)has also been widely recognized around the world.However,industrialization of insect resources still faces many challenges in terms of acceptability,safety,nutrition and productivity.We argue that insect mass production should be purpose-oriented and targeted cultivation.For example,insects used for food and feeding should be safe,tasty and nutritious.Insects used for waste disposal should maximize their survival rate and their conversion rate of the waste.For insects with medicinal significance,it is necessary to clarify their medicinal active ingredients and related pharmacological mechanism,and to cultivate insect strains with high content of active ingredients by proper induction.A goal-driven development strategy will help to avoid the risk of the insect industry technically and managerially.
基金Project supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20050247016)the Program forNew Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-05-0387).
文摘The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20677025)Social Development Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BS2006052)Social Development Foundation of Zhenjiang City (No.SH2006076)
文摘The influence of coexisting copper （Cu） ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied. Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time, the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carded out using gas chromatography （GC）. The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation. The effect of Cu^2＋ on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life 00.5） of degradation. It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed. But Cu^2＋ could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water. The t0.5 for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil. As for photodegradation, t0.5 for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 min and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min. The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms. However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system. The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed. Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20007002)the Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KSCX2-SW-128)the Science and Technology Commission Fund of Shanghai City, China (No. 02DZ1201)
文摘In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.
文摘In this study, the authors have investigated the effects of various factors on both aerobic and anaerobic degradation of 4-t-octylphenol （4-t-OP） in granular sludge. In comparison, the aerobic degradation rate was much higher than that of anaerobic degradation. The optimal pH values for 4-t-OP degradation in granular sludge were 9 and 7 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. And the degradation rate decreased with an increase in the initial 4-t-OP concentration. Addition of yeast extract or homologous compounds such as phenol also enhanced the 4-t-OP degradation, especially under the aerobic condition. To investigate the bacterial community in this study, the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was applied, based on the primers, for the 16S rDNA V3 region of bacteria, γ-proteobacteria and bacillus were identified as the major species of sludge.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20677024).
文摘The extracellular enzyme secretion and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were studied in agitated and shallow stationary liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Veratryl alcohol and Tween80 were added to cultures as lignin peroxidase （LIP） and manganese peroxidase （MnP） inducer, respectively. Shallow stationary cultures were suitable for the production of enzyme, whereas agitated cultures enhanced overall biodegradation by facilitating interphase mass transfer of PAHs into aqueous phases. The use of a LiP stimulator, veratryl alcohol, did not increase PAH degradation but significantly enhanced LiP activity. In contrast, Tween80 increased both MnP secretion and PAH degradation in shallow stationary cultures. On the other hand, high PAH degradation was observed in agitated cultures in the absence of detectable LiP and MnP activities. The results suggested that extracellular peroxidase activities are not directly related to the PAH degradation, and the increased solubility rather than enzyme activity may be more important in the promotion of PAH degradation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20707014)the Program for Young Excellent Talents of Tongji University.
文摘A new strategy using an arnperometric biosensor with Escherichia coli （E. coli） that provides a rapid toxicity determination of chemical compounds is described. The CellSense biosensor system comprises a biological component immobilized in intimate contact with a transducer which converts the biochemical signal into a quantifiable electrical signal. Toxicity assessment of heavy metals using E.coli biosensors could be finished within 30 min and the 50% effective concentrations （ECso） values of four heavy metals were determined. The results shows that inhibitory effects of four heavy metals to E.coli can be ranked in a decreasing order of Hg^2＋ 〉 Cu^2＋ 〉 Zn^2＋ 〉 Ni^2＋, which accords to the results of conventional bacterial counting method. The toxicity test of organic compounds by using CellSense biosensor was also demonstrated. The CellSense biosensor with E. coli shows a good, reproducible behavior and can be used for reproducible measurements.
基金the Education Ministryof China (No. 305005)the Department of Sci-ence and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China (No.2007C210054)
文摘The high concentration of heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb) in tannery sludge causes severe heavy metal emissions in the process of incineration. In the present investigation, the tannery sludge was treated with 85% phosphoric acid before the incineration process in the tube furnace to control the heavy metal emissions. The thermal behavior and heavy metal vaporization of pre-treated tannery sludge were investigated, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also implemente...
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation(No.PCRRF09008)the Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No.08Dz1202800)
文摘Landfill leachates with different ages （mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation） were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles （SP） （〉 1.2 μm）, coarse colloids （CC） （1.2-0.45 μm）, fine colloids （FC） （0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight （MW））, and dissolved organic matters （DM, 〈 5 kDa/1 kDa MW）. The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands （COD）, total solid （TS）, pH, NH4^＋-N, total organic carbon （TOC） and fixed solid （FS）. It was found that COD, NH^4＋-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions （〈 5 kDa/1 kDa） dominated （over 50%） in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%-7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20377022, 20237010)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2002CB412307).
文摘Bisphenol A （BPA） is the monomer component of polycarbonate plastics and classified as an endocrine disrupting chemical （EDC）. The reproductive toxicity of BPA has been extensively studied in mammals; however, relatively little information is available on the immunotoxic responses of fish to BPA. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPA on the immune functions of lymphocytes and macrophages in Carassius auratus. The effects of BPA were compared with those of two natural steroid hormones, estradiol and hydrocortisone. Proliferation of the two types of cells in response to PHA was measured using colorimetric MTT assay. Macrophage respiratory burst stimulated by Con A was measured using chemiluminescence assay. Results showed that BPA （0.054-5.4 mg/L）, estradiol （0.0002-2.0 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （5-50 mg/L） significantly induced Carassius auratus lymphocyte proliferation while higher doses of hydrocortisone （500-5000 mg/L） appeared to be inhibitory. BPA （0.005-50 mg/L）, estradiol （0.005-800 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （0.005-500 mg/L） markedly enhanced macrophage proliferation, whereas higher doses of BPA （500-1000 mg/L） appeared to inhibit cell proliferation. Furthermore, higher dosage of BPA （50 mg/L） and hydrocortisone （50 and 500 mg/L） suppressed the macrophages respiratory burst while estradiol is stimulative all the doses tested （0.05-500 mg/L）. In conclusion, BPA could have immunotoxicity to Carassius auratus and functional changes of lymphocyte and macrophage in Carassius auratus may be different between low and high dosages.
基金The Society Development Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BS2001039)
文摘An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.
