The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 m...The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide,we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species.We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic(e.g.,angiosperms and gymnosperms)and ecological(e.g.,tropical,temperate,and boreal)groups of tree species,explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density,and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors(e.g.,climatic and soil variables)and evolutionary history(i.e.,phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages)in driving global wood density variation.We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal.Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones,with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions(highest in subtropical desert).Our study revealed that at a global scale,for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined,phylogeny and species(representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process)explained 84.3%and 7.7%of total wood density variation,respectively,whereas current environment explained 2.7%of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account.When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately,the three proportions of explained variation are,respectively,84.2%,7.5%and 6.7%for angiosperms,and 45.7%,21.3%and 18.6%for gymnosperms.Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.展开更多
Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate...Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate the promoting effects of N input on GHG emissions in forest soils. Here, we quantify the separate and combined effects of biochar amendment(0, 20, and 40 t·ha) and N addition(0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N·ha·yr) on soil GHG fluxes in a long-term field experiment at a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) plantation.Results: Low and moderate N inputs(≤60 kg N·ha·yr) significantly increase mean annual soil carbon dioxide(CO) and nitrous oxide(NO) emissions by 17.0%–25.4% and 29.8%–31.2%, respectively, while decreasing methane(CH) uptake by 12.4%–15.9%, leading to increases in the global warming potential(GWP) of soil CHand NO fluxes by 32.4%–44.0%. Moreover, N addition reduces soil organic carbon(C;SOC) storage by 0.2%–6.5%. Compared to the control treatment, biochar amendment increases mean annual soil CO2emissions, CHuptake, and SOC storage by 18.4%–25.4%, 7.6%–15.8%, and 7.1%–13.4%, respectively, while decreasing NO emissions by 17.6%–19.2%, leading to a GWP decrease of 18.4%–21.4%. Biochar amendments significantly enhance the promoting effects of N addition on soil COemissions, while substantially offsetting the promotion of N2O emissions, inhibition of CHuptake, and decreased SOC storage, resulting in a GWP decrease of 9.1%–30.3%.Additionally, soil COand CHfluxes are significantly and positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and pH. Meanwhile, NO emissions have a significant and positive correlation with soil MBC and a negative correlation with pH.Conclusions: Biochar amendment can increase SOC storage and offset the enhanced GWP mediated by elevated N deposition and is, thus, a potential strategy for increasing soil C sinks and decreasing GWPs of soil CHand NO under increasing atmospheric N deposition in Moso bamboo plantations.展开更多
Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys Pubescens)expansion into adjacent forests has been widely reported to affect plant diversity and its association with mycorrhizal fungi in subtropical China,which will likely have significant...Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys Pubescens)expansion into adjacent forests has been widely reported to affect plant diversity and its association with mycorrhizal fungi in subtropical China,which will likely have significant impacts on soil respiration.However,there is still limited information on how Moso bamboo expansion changes soil respiration components and their linkage with microbial community composition and activity.Based on a mesh exclusion method,soil respirations derived from roots,arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)mycelium,and free-living microbes were investigated in a pure Moso bamboo forest(expanded),an adjacent broadleaved forest(nonexpanded),and a mixed bamboo-broadleaved forest(expanding).Our results showed that bamboo expansion decreased the cumulative CO_(2)effluxes from total soil respiration,root respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration(by 19.01%,30.34%,and 29.92%on average),whereas increased those from AM mycelium(by 78.67%in comparison with the broadleaved forests).Bamboo expansion significantly decreased soil organic carbon(C)content,bacterial and fungal abundances,and enzyme activities involved in C,N and P cycling whereas enhanced the interactive relationships among bacterial communities.In contrast,the ingrowth of AM mycelium increased the activities ofβ-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and decreased the interactive relationships among bacterial communities.Changes in soil heterotrophic respiration and AM mycelium respiration had positive correlations with soil enzyme activities and fungal abundances.In summary,our findings suggest that bamboo expansion decreased soil heterotrophic respiration by decreasing soil microbial activity but increased the contribution of AM mycelial respiration to soil C efflux,which may potentially increase soil C loss from AM mycelial pathway.展开更多
Silicon(Si) treatment has been shown to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of lead(Pb) in many plants,including rice.The mechanisms responsible for this effect are poorly understood.We investigated the effects of Si...Silicon(Si) treatment has been shown to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of lead(Pb) in many plants,including rice.The mechanisms responsible for this effect are poorly understood.We investigated the effects of Si treatment on Pb toxicity and accumulation in two rice mutants(lsi1 and lsi2) defective in Si uptake and in their wild types.Si did not alleviate Pb-induced inhibition of root elongation in shortterm experiments,but reduced Pb accumulation in wild types,but not in mutants,in long-term experiments.Pre-treatment with Si reduced Pb concentration in xylem sap and Pb accumulation in wild types but not in mutants.In split-root experiments,Si treatment reduced Pb accumulation but did not alter Pb localization in roots.Si treatment suppressed the expression of many genes encoding proteins that may participate in Pb uptake and transport in the wild type,but not in the lsi1 mutant.These results indicate that Si accumulation in shoots is required to reduce Pb uptake in rice and that the effect is achieved via Siinduced suppression of genes encoding proteins involved in Pb uptake and/or transport.展开更多
Chinese hickory(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)is an important economic forest in Southeastern China.A large amount of hickory husk waste is generated every year but with a low proportion of returning.Meanwhile,intensive man...Chinese hickory(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)is an important economic forest in Southeastern China.A large amount of hickory husk waste is generated every year but with a low proportion of returning.Meanwhile,intensive management has resulted in soil degradation of Chinese hickory plantations.This study aims to investigate the effects of three Chinese hickory husk returning modes on soil amendment,including soil acidity,soil nutrition,and microbial community.The field experiment carried out four treatments:control(CK),hickory husk mulching(HM),hickory husk biochar(BC),and hickory husk organic fertilizer(OF).The phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)biomarker method was employed to determine the soil microbial community.After one year of treatment,the results showed that:(i)HM and BC significantly increased soil pH by 0.33 and 1.71 units,respectively;(ii)HM,BC and OF treatments significantly increased the soil organic carbon,alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorous,and available potassium.The OF treatment demonstrated the most significant improvement in the soil nutrient;(iii)The soil microbial biomass significantly increased in the HM,BC and OF treatments,and all microbial groups showed an increasing trend.HM treatment increased the fungal/bacterial ratio(F/B).The OF treatment significantly decreased the Shannon-Wiener diversity(H’)and evenness index(J)of the microbial community(P<0.05).Considering the treatments effects,costs,and ease of operation,our recommended returning modes of Chinese hickory husk are mulching and organic fertilizer produced by composting with manure.展开更多
Salinity severely affects plant growth and development.Thus,it is crucial to identify the genes functioning in salt stress response and unravel the mechanism by which plants against salt stress.This study used the pho...Salinity severely affects plant growth and development.Thus,it is crucial to identify the genes functioning in salt stress response and unravel the mechanism by which plants against salt stress.This study used the phosphoproteomic assay and found that 123 of the 4000 quantitative analyzed phosphopeptides were induced by salt stress.The functional annotation of the non-redundant protein database(NR)showed 23 differentially expressed transcription factors,including a phosphopeptide covering the Serine 31 in the RAV(related to ABI3/VP1)transcription factor(named SiRAV1).SiRAV1 was located in the nucleus.Phenotypic and physiological analysis showed that overexpressing SiRAV1 in foxtail millet enhanced salt tolerance and alleviated the salt-induced increases of H_(2)O_(2) accumulation,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and percent of electrolyte leakage.Further analysis showed that SiRAV1 positively regulated SiCAT expression to modulate the catalase(CAT)activity by directly binding to the SiCAT promoter in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,we found that phosphorylation of SiRAV1 at the Ser31 site positively regulated salt tolerance in foxtail millet via enhancing its binding ability to SiCAT promoter but did not affect its subcellular localization.Overall,our results define a mechanism for SiRAV1 function in salt response where salt-triggered phosphorylation of SiRAV1 at Ser31 enhances its binding ability to SiCAT promoter,and the increased SiCAT expression contributes to salt tolerance in foxtail millet.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be co...Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.展开更多
Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved b...Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol(1∶15,v/v)for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.展开更多
Although increasing attention has been paid to upward shift of plant species in altitude as a response to global warming,research on this phenomenon at low altitudinal and low latitudinal zones did not receive enough ...Although increasing attention has been paid to upward shift of plant species in altitude as a response to global warming,research on this phenomenon at low altitudinal and low latitudinal zones did not receive enough attention.In this study,an investigation was carried out to test the relationship between the upward spread of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens) along altitudinal gradient and the increasing air temperature over the past decade within the Tianmu Mountain region,situated in southeastern China.Results showed that the peak elevation of Moso bamboo population establishment rose by an average of 9.8 m(±2.7 m) during the past decade and significant correlation existed with mean annual temperature(P < 0.0001,n = 339) but not with annual precipitation(P = 0.7,n = 339),indicating that the upward shift of Moso bamboo along altitudinal gradients was driven primarily by warming temperatures.This upward shift could potentially reduce biodiversity by altering the species composition of the ecosystem.However,there is also the potential for increased carbon sequestration capacity of local forest systems,which would produce an additional carbon sink to combat rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and future global warming.展开更多
Horticultural plants play various and critical roles for humans by providing fruits,vegetables,materials for beverages,and herbal medicines and by acting as ornamentals.They have also shaped human art,culture,and envi...Horticultural plants play various and critical roles for humans by providing fruits,vegetables,materials for beverages,and herbal medicines and by acting as ornamentals.They have also shaped human art,culture,and environments and thereby have influenced the lifestyles of humans.With the advent of sequencing technologies,there has been a dramatic increase in the number of sequenced genomes of horticultural plant species in the past decade.The genomes of horticultural plants are highly diverse and complex,often with a high degree of heterozygosity and a high ploidy due to their long and complex history of evolution and domestication.Here we summarize the advances in the genome sequencing of horticultural plants,the reconstruction of pan-genomes,and the development of horticultural genome databases.We also discuss past,present,and future studies related to genome sequencing,data storage,data quality,data sharing,and data visualization to provide practical guidance for genomic studies of horticultural plants.Finally,we propose a horticultural plant genome project as well as the roadmap and technical details toward three goals of the project.展开更多
Developing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated non-transgenic mutants in asexually propagated perennial crop plants is challenging but highly desirable.Here,we report a highly useful method using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient ...Developing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated non-transgenic mutants in asexually propagated perennial crop plants is challenging but highly desirable.Here,we report a highly useful method using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient CRISPR/Cas9 gene expression system to create non-transgenic mutant plants without the need for sexual segregation.We have also developed a rapid,cost-effective,and high-throughput mutant screening protocol based on Illumina sequencing followed by high-resolution melting(HRM)analysis.Using tetraploid tobacco as a model species and the phytoene desaturase(PDS)gene as a target,we successfully created and expediently identified mutant plants,which were verified as tetra-allelic mutants.We produced pds mutant shoots at a rate of 47.5%from tobacco leaf explants,without the use of antibiotic selection.Among these pds plants,17.2%were confirmed to be non-transgenic,for an overall non-transgenic mutation rate of 8.2%.Our method is reliable and effective in creating non-transgenic mutant plants without the need to segregate out transgenes through sexual reproduction.This method should be applicable to many economically important,heterozygous,perennial crop species that are more difficult to regenerate.展开更多
Most Rhododendron species are ornamental flowering species widely distributed in Asia,North America,and West Europe.Rhododendron fortunei,one of the endemic Rhododendron species in China,has beautiful flowers with bri...Most Rhododendron species are ornamental flowering species widely distributed in Asia,North America,and West Europe.Rhododendron fortunei,one of the endemic Rhododendron species in China,has beautiful flowers with bright colors and is being exploited to meet the needs of the flower market.Polyploid plants usually show superiority in growth,disease resistance,and adaption over their diploid relatives.Here,we report the first case of polyploid induction in R.fortunei.In order to induce polyploidy in R.fortunei,germinating seeds were treated with different concentrations of oryzalin for 16 h.By evaluating ploidy level with flow cytometry,a total of 34 polyploid R.fortunei lines,including 27 tetraploid lines and seven octoploid lines,were obtained.A comparison of treatments indicated that 7.5 mg L^-1 oryzalin was the optimal concentration for polyploid induction in seeds of R.fortunei.Compared with diploid plants,tetraploid and octoploid plants exhibited slower growth rates and had thicker and rounder curled leaves with more leaf epidermal hairs.Moreover,larger stomata at lower density were also observed in the leaves of polyploid plants.Chlorophyll contents were also significantly increased in polyploid plants,which leads to a darker green leaf color.Both small and large individuals exhibiting the same characteristics were observed among the obtained tetraploid plants.Overall,our study establishes a feasible method for polyploid induction in R.fortunei,thus providing a basis for breeding new R.fortunei varieties.展开更多
Camptotheac acuminata Decne is a unique tree species in China with an important secondary metabolite,camptothecin(CPT),used in the treatment of cancer.Nitrogen(N)is an important element that affects plant growth and t...Camptotheac acuminata Decne is a unique tree species in China with an important secondary metabolite,camptothecin(CPT),used in the treatment of cancer.Nitrogen(N)is an important element that affects plant growth and the accumulation of CPT.Reports on the effect of N on CPT synthesis from a genetic perspective are scarce.To explore the effects of different N sources and levels on CPT synthesis in C.acuminata,two-year-old seedlings were fertilized with different concentrations of pure ammonium sulphate,source of ammonium N(NH4+-N),and potassium nitrate for nitrate N(NO3--N).Concentrations of 2.5,5,7.5,and10 g pot-1 NH4+-N and NO3--N were used.The results showed that 7.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments were best for growth and fresh weight of leaves.Compared with the other treatments,the CPT content,tryptophan synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase activities,and expression of the CaTSB and CaTDCl genes under the 2.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments peaked significantly at 30 days.However,the expression of CaTDC2 surpassed that of the other two genes at 60 days.Therefore,compared with NH4+-N source,the NO3--N source was more beneficial for growth,and NO3--N was better for CPT yield.Consequently,leaves of C.acuminata treated with 2.5 g NO3--N could be harvested after 30 days to obtain maximum CPT content.CaTDC1 is more closely linked to CPT synthesis.The results of this study improved the production of CPT in C.acuminata via fertilization.展开更多
Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. ...Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. Determining the genetic diversity of S. microcarpa provides key information for germplasm evaluation and species conservation. Here we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of eight natural populations of S. microcarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 144 individuals in 8 wild populations. The 156 bands were generated from 14 pairs of informative SSR primers, with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 45.67%. The average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.1007 and 0.1658, respectively. The total genetic variation of S. microcarpa existed mainly within the eight populations, rather than among populations, and reached 86.41%. A cluster analysis showed that the eight wild populations of S. microcarpa could be classified into four groups, at a threshold of 4.0, based on an analysis of the SSR genotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the phylogenetic relationships and the geographic locations of the S. microcarpa populations. In particular, populations from Fuyang, Jiande, and Lin’an in Zhejiang Province had close phylogenetic relationships and geographic distances. In addition, these three populations had the highest genetic diversity and the most individuals, suggesting that these three locations may be the S.microcarpa distribution center. This study serves as a model for studying the genetic diversity of endangered plant species.展开更多
Polyploidy is a common phenomenon among willow species.In this study,genome sequencing was conducted for Salix matsudana Koidz(also named Chinese willow),an important greening and arbor tree species,and the genome of ...Polyploidy is a common phenomenon among willow species.In this study,genome sequencing was conducted for Salix matsudana Koidz(also named Chinese willow),an important greening and arbor tree species,and the genome of this species was compared with those of four other tree species in Salicaceae.The total genome sequence of S.matsudana was 655.72 Mb in size,with repeated sequences accounting for 45.97%of the total length.In total,531.43 Mb of the genome sequence could be mapped onto 38 chromosomes using the published genetic map as a reference.The genome of S.matsudana could be divided into two groups,the A and B genomes,through homology analysis with the genome of Populus trichocarpa,and the A and B genomes contained 23,985 and 25,107 genes,respectively.4DTv combined transposon analysis predicted that allotetraploidy in S.matsudana appeared~4 million years ago.The results from this study will help reveal the evolutionary history of S.matsudana and lay a genetic basis for its breeding.展开更多
Myeloblastosis(MYB) is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants(Taxodium...Myeloblastosis(MYB) is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants(Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis, Cryptomeria japonica cv. Araucarioides, Cryptomer Japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Taiwania cryptomerioides and Glyptostrobus pensilis). The deduced amino acid sequences for MYBs showed that the nine MYB proteins contained two DNA binding domains. The first domain is from amino acid position 29 to 78, wherein three tryptophanes at 33, 53 and 73 were separated by 19 amino acids, respectively. The second domain is from amino acid position 82 to 127, wherein three tryptophanes at 86, 105 and 124 were separated by 18 amino acids, respectively, whereas the first tryptophane at amino acid position 86 is replaced by a phenylalanine. The characterization of these conserved domains at nine MYBs indicated that they all belong to the R2R3-MYB group. The secondary structure analysis showed that α-helix and β-turn are the major motifs of the predicted secondary structure of MYBs. The three dimensional model of each MYB protein showed that the structure is like clip, making it more flexible and mobile. The similarities between the nine MYB proteins in Taxodiaceae were calculated. The highest identical value of 99% is between CjsMYB, CjMYB and CjaMYB, whereas the lowest value of 82% is between TaMYB and ClMYB. According to the phylogenetic tree, the distances between different genera were relatively large whereas those within genera were relatively small. As expected, accessions of the same genus formed a subgroup before being grouped with other genera.展开更多
The hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance(S.alfredii)may be employed for zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)-polluted soil remediation.However,the low phytoremediation efficiency,related to the low biomass production,limits its u...The hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance(S.alfredii)may be employed for zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)-polluted soil remediation.However,the low phytoremediation efficiency,related to the low biomass production,limits its use with that purpose.In this experiment,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizers,and organic manure were applied to investigate the phytoremediation ability of S.alfredii.Hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted using Zn-Cd polluted soil.The hydroponic experiment indicated that appropriate fertilizer application could increase(p<0.05)the amount of accumulated Zn and Cd in S.alfredii.When N supply ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 mmol L^(−1),it could improve growth and accumulation of Zn and Cd in whole plants of S.alfredii.The 1 mmol L^(−1) N was an optimal N dosage for shoot biomass production and Cd accumulation in shoots,while the 2.5 mmol L^(−1) was an optimal N dosage for Zn accumulation in shoots.Both low(<0.05 mmol L^(−1))and high(>0.8 mmol L^(−1))P supply decreased growth,and Zn/Cd accumulation in whole plants of the studied species.The 0.1 mmol L^(−1) P was an optimal dosage for S.alfredii biomass production and Zn/Cd accumulation in shoots.The supply levels within the range from 0.3 to 1 mmol L^(−1) K could significantly improve the biomass production of S.alfredii and its capability to accumulate Zn and Cd in the biomass.The 0.5 mmol L^(−1) K was an optimal dosage for the whole biomass production and Zn accumulation in shoots,while the 1 mmol L^(−1) was an optimal K dosage for Zn accumulation in shoots,which was 17.2%higher than the control.Moreover,the soil pot experiment showed that the combination of organic(fermented manure)and inorganic fertilizers made significant effects on the Zn and Cd-polluted soil remediation by S.alfredii.These effects varied,however,with the application of different proportions of N,P,K and organic matter.The Zn accumulation by S.alfredii reached the highest efficiency ability under the highest fertilizer mixing rate(N:50 mg kg^(−1),P:40 mg kg^(−1),K:100 mg kg^(−1),organic matter:1%).Even more,S.alfredii showed the strongest ability to accumulate Cd with a lower fertilizer mixing rate(N:25mg kg^(−1),P:20mg kg^(−1),K:50 mg kg^(−1),organic matter:0.5%).展开更多
Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an excellent fast-growing timber species occurring in southern China and has significant value in the forestry industry. In order to enhance the phosphorus utilization efficienc...Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an excellent fast-growing timber species occurring in southern China and has significant value in the forestry industry. In order to enhance the phosphorus utilization efficiency in Chinese fir, four clones named X6, S3, S39 and FK were used, and low phosphorus(LP) stress experiments were performed to analyze the response of different clones to phosphorus deficiency. According to the results on seedling height, maximum root length, leaf blade aspect ratio, root ratio, malondialdehyde content, acid phosphates activity,proline content, soluble protein level, and chlorophyll a and b levels of the tested clones, compared to the control groups(CK), the phosphorus high efficiency clone X6 was screen out for transcriptome sequencing experiments. De novo RNA-seq was then used to sequence the root transcriptomes of X6 under LP stress and CK, and we then compared the gene expression differences under the two conditions. A total of 3416 SDEGs were obtained by comparing the LP and CK groups, among which 1742 were up-regulated and 1682 were down-regulated. All SDEGs obtained from the LP and CK treated samples were subjected to KEGG annotation and classification. Through classification statistical analysis using WEGO software,607 SDEGs obtained KEGG pathway annotations, which were related to 206 metabolic pathways. In Chinese fir subjected to LP stress, 53 SDEGs related with phosphorus metabolism, and phosphate uptake and transport were obtained from our transcriptome data. Based on the phosphorus metabolism pathway obtained by KEGG classification, combined with previously report on gene annotation related with phosphorus metabolism, the enzymes encoded by SDEG related with phosphorus metabolism and their expression pattern were mapped onto phosphorus metabolism pathway.展开更多
Willow(Salix)is one of the most important ornamental tree species in landscape plants.One species,Salix matsudana,is widely used as a shade tree and border tree because of its soft branches and plump crown.Some variet...Willow(Salix)is one of the most important ornamental tree species in landscape plants.One species,Salix matsudana,is widely used as a shade tree and border tree because of its soft branches and plump crown.Some varieties of S.matsudana were salt tolerant and could grow normally in coastal regions.However,the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance for S.matsudana have been less clear.Here,we addressed this issue by performing a mapping experiment containing 195 intraspecific F1 progeny of S.matsudana,derived from salt-sensitive‘yanjiang’and salt-tolerant‘9901’,grown by cuttings in a 100 mM NaCl solution.Growth performance of these progeny under salt stress was investigated,displaying marked genotypic variability with the coefficients of variance of 28.64–86.11%in shoot and root growth traits.We further mapped specific QTLs contributing to these differences to the Salix genome.Of the 204 QTLs identified,a few were detected to explain a remarkably larger portion of the phenotypic variation than many others.Many detected QTLs were found to reside in the region of candidate genes of known biological function.The discovery of growth QTLs expressed under salt stress provides important information for marker-assisted breeding of salt tolerant Salix varieties and founds the basis for the application of S.matsudana in coastal afforestation.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Province(2022AH050873)the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSS-KF2023-08)+1 种基金the Provincial Natural Resources Fund(1908085QC140)the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD1000600).
文摘The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide,we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species.We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic(e.g.,angiosperms and gymnosperms)and ecological(e.g.,tropical,temperate,and boreal)groups of tree species,explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density,and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors(e.g.,climatic and soil variables)and evolutionary history(i.e.,phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages)in driving global wood density variation.We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal.Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones,with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions(highest in subtropical desert).Our study revealed that at a global scale,for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined,phylogeny and species(representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process)explained 84.3%and 7.7%of total wood density variation,respectively,whereas current environment explained 2.7%of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account.When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately,the three proportions of explained variation are,respectively,84.2%,7.5%and 6.7%for angiosperms,and 45.7%,21.3%and 18.6%for gymnosperms.Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.31470529,32125027)Zhejiang A&F University Research and Development Fund,China(Nos.2022LFR006,2021LFR060).
文摘Background: Nitrogen(N) deposition affects soil greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, while biochar application reduces GHG emissions in agricultural soils. However, it remains unclear whether biochar amendment can alleviate the promoting effects of N input on GHG emissions in forest soils. Here, we quantify the separate and combined effects of biochar amendment(0, 20, and 40 t·ha) and N addition(0, 30, 60, and 90 kg N·ha·yr) on soil GHG fluxes in a long-term field experiment at a Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis) plantation.Results: Low and moderate N inputs(≤60 kg N·ha·yr) significantly increase mean annual soil carbon dioxide(CO) and nitrous oxide(NO) emissions by 17.0%–25.4% and 29.8%–31.2%, respectively, while decreasing methane(CH) uptake by 12.4%–15.9%, leading to increases in the global warming potential(GWP) of soil CHand NO fluxes by 32.4%–44.0%. Moreover, N addition reduces soil organic carbon(C;SOC) storage by 0.2%–6.5%. Compared to the control treatment, biochar amendment increases mean annual soil CO2emissions, CHuptake, and SOC storage by 18.4%–25.4%, 7.6%–15.8%, and 7.1%–13.4%, respectively, while decreasing NO emissions by 17.6%–19.2%, leading to a GWP decrease of 18.4%–21.4%. Biochar amendments significantly enhance the promoting effects of N addition on soil COemissions, while substantially offsetting the promotion of N2O emissions, inhibition of CHuptake, and decreased SOC storage, resulting in a GWP decrease of 9.1%–30.3%.Additionally, soil COand CHfluxes are significantly and positively correlated with soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and pH. Meanwhile, NO emissions have a significant and positive correlation with soil MBC and a negative correlation with pH.Conclusions: Biochar amendment can increase SOC storage and offset the enhanced GWP mediated by elevated N deposition and is, thus, a potential strategy for increasing soil C sinks and decreasing GWPs of soil CHand NO under increasing atmospheric N deposition in Moso bamboo plantations.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31971631,32271850)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province under grant number LZ22C160001.
文摘Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys Pubescens)expansion into adjacent forests has been widely reported to affect plant diversity and its association with mycorrhizal fungi in subtropical China,which will likely have significant impacts on soil respiration.However,there is still limited information on how Moso bamboo expansion changes soil respiration components and their linkage with microbial community composition and activity.Based on a mesh exclusion method,soil respirations derived from roots,arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)mycelium,and free-living microbes were investigated in a pure Moso bamboo forest(expanded),an adjacent broadleaved forest(nonexpanded),and a mixed bamboo-broadleaved forest(expanding).Our results showed that bamboo expansion decreased the cumulative CO_(2)effluxes from total soil respiration,root respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration(by 19.01%,30.34%,and 29.92%on average),whereas increased those from AM mycelium(by 78.67%in comparison with the broadleaved forests).Bamboo expansion significantly decreased soil organic carbon(C)content,bacterial and fungal abundances,and enzyme activities involved in C,N and P cycling whereas enhanced the interactive relationships among bacterial communities.In contrast,the ingrowth of AM mycelium increased the activities ofβ-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and decreased the interactive relationships among bacterial communities.Changes in soil heterotrophic respiration and AM mycelium respiration had positive correlations with soil enzyme activities and fungal abundances.In summary,our findings suggest that bamboo expansion decreased soil heterotrophic respiration by decreasing soil microbial activity but increased the contribution of AM mycelial respiration to soil C efflux,which may potentially increase soil C loss from AM mycelial pathway.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972495 to JFS)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LQ20C160005)Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (2020KJ002)。
文摘Silicon(Si) treatment has been shown to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of lead(Pb) in many plants,including rice.The mechanisms responsible for this effect are poorly understood.We investigated the effects of Si treatment on Pb toxicity and accumulation in two rice mutants(lsi1 and lsi2) defective in Si uptake and in their wild types.Si did not alleviate Pb-induced inhibition of root elongation in shortterm experiments,but reduced Pb accumulation in wild types,but not in mutants,in long-term experiments.Pre-treatment with Si reduced Pb concentration in xylem sap and Pb accumulation in wild types but not in mutants.In split-root experiments,Si treatment reduced Pb accumulation but did not alter Pb localization in roots.Si treatment suppressed the expression of many genes encoding proteins that may participate in Pb uptake and transport in the wild type,but not in the lsi1 mutant.These results indicate that Si accumulation in shoots is required to reduce Pb uptake in rice and that the effect is achieved via Siinduced suppression of genes encoding proteins involved in Pb uptake and/or transport.
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY20C160003)the National College Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202110341063).
文摘Chinese hickory(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)is an important economic forest in Southeastern China.A large amount of hickory husk waste is generated every year but with a low proportion of returning.Meanwhile,intensive management has resulted in soil degradation of Chinese hickory plantations.This study aims to investigate the effects of three Chinese hickory husk returning modes on soil amendment,including soil acidity,soil nutrition,and microbial community.The field experiment carried out four treatments:control(CK),hickory husk mulching(HM),hickory husk biochar(BC),and hickory husk organic fertilizer(OF).The phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA)biomarker method was employed to determine the soil microbial community.After one year of treatment,the results showed that:(i)HM and BC significantly increased soil pH by 0.33 and 1.71 units,respectively;(ii)HM,BC and OF treatments significantly increased the soil organic carbon,alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorous,and available potassium.The OF treatment demonstrated the most significant improvement in the soil nutrient;(iii)The soil microbial biomass significantly increased in the HM,BC and OF treatments,and all microbial groups showed an increasing trend.HM treatment increased the fungal/bacterial ratio(F/B).The OF treatment significantly decreased the Shannon-Wiener diversity(H’)and evenness index(J)of the microbial community(P<0.05).Considering the treatments effects,costs,and ease of operation,our recommended returning modes of Chinese hickory husk are mulching and organic fertilizer produced by composting with manure.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902062)the South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences(QNXM-02).
文摘Salinity severely affects plant growth and development.Thus,it is crucial to identify the genes functioning in salt stress response and unravel the mechanism by which plants against salt stress.This study used the phosphoproteomic assay and found that 123 of the 4000 quantitative analyzed phosphopeptides were induced by salt stress.The functional annotation of the non-redundant protein database(NR)showed 23 differentially expressed transcription factors,including a phosphopeptide covering the Serine 31 in the RAV(related to ABI3/VP1)transcription factor(named SiRAV1).SiRAV1 was located in the nucleus.Phenotypic and physiological analysis showed that overexpressing SiRAV1 in foxtail millet enhanced salt tolerance and alleviated the salt-induced increases of H_(2)O_(2) accumulation,malondialdehyde(MDA)content,and percent of electrolyte leakage.Further analysis showed that SiRAV1 positively regulated SiCAT expression to modulate the catalase(CAT)activity by directly binding to the SiCAT promoter in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,we found that phosphorylation of SiRAV1 at the Ser31 site positively regulated salt tolerance in foxtail millet via enhancing its binding ability to SiCAT promoter but did not affect its subcellular localization.Overall,our results define a mechanism for SiRAV1 function in salt response where salt-triggered phosphorylation of SiRAV1 at Ser31 enhances its binding ability to SiCAT promoter,and the increased SiCAT expression contributes to salt tolerance in foxtail millet.
基金supported by Zhejiang A&F University(2022LFR083)Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C02038)the International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan(1632021006)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)present in drinking water as dissolved nitrates can directly affect people’s health,making it important to control N pollution in water source areas.N pollution caused by agricultural fertilizers can be controlled by reducing the amount of fertilizer applied,but pollution caused by soil and water erosion in hilly areas can only be controlled by conservation forests.The catchment area around Fushi Reservoir was selected as a test site and mechanisms of N loss from a vertical spatial perspective through field observations were determined.The main N losses occurred from June to September,accounting for 85.9-95.9%of the annual loss,with the losses in June and July accounting for 46.0%of the total,and in August and September for 41.9%.The N leakage from the water source area was effectively reduced by 38.2%through the optimization of the stand structure of the conservation forests.Establishing well-structured forests for water conservation is crucial to ensure the security of drinking water.This preliminary research lays the foundation for revealing then loss mechanisms in water source areas and improving the control of non-point source pollution in these areas.
基金the National Natural Science foundationof China(No.20875060) for financial support
文摘Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol(1∶15,v/v)for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.
基金funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31070440,31270517)China QianRen Program,NSERC-Discovery GrantZhejiang A & F University Research and Development Fund (2012FR023)
文摘Although increasing attention has been paid to upward shift of plant species in altitude as a response to global warming,research on this phenomenon at low altitudinal and low latitudinal zones did not receive enough attention.In this study,an investigation was carried out to test the relationship between the upward spread of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens) along altitudinal gradient and the increasing air temperature over the past decade within the Tianmu Mountain region,situated in southeastern China.Results showed that the peak elevation of Moso bamboo population establishment rose by an average of 9.8 m(±2.7 m) during the past decade and significant correlation existed with mean annual temperature(P < 0.0001,n = 339) but not with annual precipitation(P = 0.7,n = 339),indicating that the upward shift of Moso bamboo along altitudinal gradients was driven primarily by warming temperatures.This upward shift could potentially reduce biodiversity by altering the species composition of the ecosystem.However,there is also the potential for increased carbon sequestration capacity of local forest systems,which would produce an additional carbon sink to combat rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and future global warming.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (30800879)project 2009R50035 supported by Forest Seedling Industry Innovative Team of Zhejiang province in China
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801898)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Kjd18033A)+2 种基金open funds of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement(ZW201909)the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding(TGB2018004)the Outstanding Youth Program of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.
文摘Horticultural plants play various and critical roles for humans by providing fruits,vegetables,materials for beverages,and herbal medicines and by acting as ornamentals.They have also shaped human art,culture,and environments and thereby have influenced the lifestyles of humans.With the advent of sequencing technologies,there has been a dramatic increase in the number of sequenced genomes of horticultural plant species in the past decade.The genomes of horticultural plants are highly diverse and complex,often with a high degree of heterozygosity and a high ploidy due to their long and complex history of evolution and domestication.Here we summarize the advances in the genome sequencing of horticultural plants,the reconstruction of pan-genomes,and the development of horticultural genome databases.We also discuss past,present,and future studies related to genome sequencing,data storage,data quality,data sharing,and data visualization to provide practical guidance for genomic studies of horticultural plants.Finally,we propose a horticultural plant genome project as well as the roadmap and technical details toward three goals of the project.
基金We thank the financial support from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture SCRI(grant no.2015-70016-23027)the Florida Citrus Development Foundation(2016-001)+1 种基金the Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Projects of China(2014ZX0801008B-001)The Connecticut-Storrs Agriculture Experimental Station,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and the Innovative Research Project of JAAS(ZX-17-2006)also contributed financially to some experiments presented in this manuscript.
文摘Developing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated non-transgenic mutants in asexually propagated perennial crop plants is challenging but highly desirable.Here,we report a highly useful method using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient CRISPR/Cas9 gene expression system to create non-transgenic mutant plants without the need for sexual segregation.We have also developed a rapid,cost-effective,and high-throughput mutant screening protocol based on Illumina sequencing followed by high-resolution melting(HRM)analysis.Using tetraploid tobacco as a model species and the phytoene desaturase(PDS)gene as a target,we successfully created and expediently identified mutant plants,which were verified as tetra-allelic mutants.We produced pds mutant shoots at a rate of 47.5%from tobacco leaf explants,without the use of antibiotic selection.Among these pds plants,17.2%were confirmed to be non-transgenic,for an overall non-transgenic mutation rate of 8.2%.Our method is reliable and effective in creating non-transgenic mutant plants without the need to segregate out transgenes through sexual reproduction.This method should be applicable to many economically important,heterozygous,perennial crop species that are more difficult to regenerate.
基金supported by the Tree Breeding Research Project of Zhejiang Province,China(2016C02056-12)。
文摘Most Rhododendron species are ornamental flowering species widely distributed in Asia,North America,and West Europe.Rhododendron fortunei,one of the endemic Rhododendron species in China,has beautiful flowers with bright colors and is being exploited to meet the needs of the flower market.Polyploid plants usually show superiority in growth,disease resistance,and adaption over their diploid relatives.Here,we report the first case of polyploid induction in R.fortunei.In order to induce polyploidy in R.fortunei,germinating seeds were treated with different concentrations of oryzalin for 16 h.By evaluating ploidy level with flow cytometry,a total of 34 polyploid R.fortunei lines,including 27 tetraploid lines and seven octoploid lines,were obtained.A comparison of treatments indicated that 7.5 mg L^-1 oryzalin was the optimal concentration for polyploid induction in seeds of R.fortunei.Compared with diploid plants,tetraploid and octoploid plants exhibited slower growth rates and had thicker and rounder curled leaves with more leaf epidermal hairs.Moreover,larger stomata at lower density were also observed in the leaves of polyploid plants.Chlorophyll contents were also significantly increased in polyploid plants,which leads to a darker green leaf color.Both small and large individuals exhibiting the same characteristics were observed among the obtained tetraploid plants.Overall,our study establishes a feasible method for polyploid induction in R.fortunei,thus providing a basis for breeding new R.fortunei varieties.
基金This research was sponsored by the 13th Five-Year-Plan National Projects for Camptotheca acuminata Decne Effi cient Cultivation Technology Research of China(2017YFD0600706).
文摘Camptotheac acuminata Decne is a unique tree species in China with an important secondary metabolite,camptothecin(CPT),used in the treatment of cancer.Nitrogen(N)is an important element that affects plant growth and the accumulation of CPT.Reports on the effect of N on CPT synthesis from a genetic perspective are scarce.To explore the effects of different N sources and levels on CPT synthesis in C.acuminata,two-year-old seedlings were fertilized with different concentrations of pure ammonium sulphate,source of ammonium N(NH4+-N),and potassium nitrate for nitrate N(NO3--N).Concentrations of 2.5,5,7.5,and10 g pot-1 NH4+-N and NO3--N were used.The results showed that 7.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments were best for growth and fresh weight of leaves.Compared with the other treatments,the CPT content,tryptophan synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase activities,and expression of the CaTSB and CaTDCl genes under the 2.5 g NH4+-N and NO3--N treatments peaked significantly at 30 days.However,the expression of CaTDC2 surpassed that of the other two genes at 60 days.Therefore,compared with NH4+-N source,the NO3--N source was more beneficial for growth,and NO3--N was better for CPT yield.Consequently,leaves of C.acuminata treated with 2.5 g NO3--N could be harvested after 30 days to obtain maximum CPT content.CaTDC1 is more closely linked to CPT synthesis.The results of this study improved the production of CPT in C.acuminata via fertilization.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY13C160007)the Graduate Special Fund Innovative Projects of Jiangxi Province(YC2014-B035)+2 种基金Talent start research projects of Jiyang college of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University(JY2018RC0X)the University Teachers’ Professional Development Project of Zhejiang Province(FX2015050)the Experiment Program of Forest Resources Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province(2014088)
文摘Although most Sinojackia species are endangered, they contribute greatly to the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Sinojackia microcarpa, an endangered species, is distributed only in three provinces of eastern China. Determining the genetic diversity of S. microcarpa provides key information for germplasm evaluation and species conservation. Here we used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to investigate the genetic diversity of eight natural populations of S. microcarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 144 individuals in 8 wild populations. The 156 bands were generated from 14 pairs of informative SSR primers, with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 45.67%. The average values of Nei’s genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were 0.1007 and 0.1658, respectively. The total genetic variation of S. microcarpa existed mainly within the eight populations, rather than among populations, and reached 86.41%. A cluster analysis showed that the eight wild populations of S. microcarpa could be classified into four groups, at a threshold of 4.0, based on an analysis of the SSR genotypes. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the phylogenetic relationships and the geographic locations of the S. microcarpa populations. In particular, populations from Fuyang, Jiande, and Lin’an in Zhejiang Province had close phylogenetic relationships and geographic distances. In addition, these three populations had the highest genetic diversity and the most individuals, suggesting that these three locations may be the S.microcarpa distribution center. This study serves as a model for studying the genetic diversity of endangered plant species.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971681)Jiangsu Province Forestry Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project(LYKJ[2018]36)Nantong University Scientific Research Start-up Project for Introducing Talents(18R08).
文摘Polyploidy is a common phenomenon among willow species.In this study,genome sequencing was conducted for Salix matsudana Koidz(also named Chinese willow),an important greening and arbor tree species,and the genome of this species was compared with those of four other tree species in Salicaceae.The total genome sequence of S.matsudana was 655.72 Mb in size,with repeated sequences accounting for 45.97%of the total length.In total,531.43 Mb of the genome sequence could be mapped onto 38 chromosomes using the published genetic map as a reference.The genome of S.matsudana could be divided into two groups,the A and B genomes,through homology analysis with the genome of Populus trichocarpa,and the A and B genomes contained 23,985 and 25,107 genes,respectively.4DTv combined transposon analysis predicted that allotetraploidy in S.matsudana appeared~4 million years ago.The results from this study will help reveal the evolutionary history of S.matsudana and lay a genetic basis for its breeding.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(30800879)project 2009R50035 supported by Forest Seedling Industry Innovative Team of Zhejiang province in China
文摘Myeloblastosis(MYB) is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants(Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis, Cryptomeria japonica cv. Araucarioides, Cryptomer Japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Taiwania cryptomerioides and Glyptostrobus pensilis). The deduced amino acid sequences for MYBs showed that the nine MYB proteins contained two DNA binding domains. The first domain is from amino acid position 29 to 78, wherein three tryptophanes at 33, 53 and 73 were separated by 19 amino acids, respectively. The second domain is from amino acid position 82 to 127, wherein three tryptophanes at 86, 105 and 124 were separated by 18 amino acids, respectively, whereas the first tryptophane at amino acid position 86 is replaced by a phenylalanine. The characterization of these conserved domains at nine MYBs indicated that they all belong to the R2R3-MYB group. The secondary structure analysis showed that α-helix and β-turn are the major motifs of the predicted secondary structure of MYBs. The three dimensional model of each MYB protein showed that the structure is like clip, making it more flexible and mobile. The similarities between the nine MYB proteins in Taxodiaceae were calculated. The highest identical value of 99% is between CjsMYB, CjMYB and CjaMYB, whereas the lowest value of 82% is between TaMYB and ClMYB. According to the phylogenetic tree, the distances between different genera were relatively large whereas those within genera were relatively small. As expected, accessions of the same genus formed a subgroup before being grouped with other genera.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(2017YFD0801302)。
文摘The hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance(S.alfredii)may be employed for zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)-polluted soil remediation.However,the low phytoremediation efficiency,related to the low biomass production,limits its use with that purpose.In this experiment,nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizers,and organic manure were applied to investigate the phytoremediation ability of S.alfredii.Hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted using Zn-Cd polluted soil.The hydroponic experiment indicated that appropriate fertilizer application could increase(p<0.05)the amount of accumulated Zn and Cd in S.alfredii.When N supply ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 mmol L^(−1),it could improve growth and accumulation of Zn and Cd in whole plants of S.alfredii.The 1 mmol L^(−1) N was an optimal N dosage for shoot biomass production and Cd accumulation in shoots,while the 2.5 mmol L^(−1) was an optimal N dosage for Zn accumulation in shoots.Both low(<0.05 mmol L^(−1))and high(>0.8 mmol L^(−1))P supply decreased growth,and Zn/Cd accumulation in whole plants of the studied species.The 0.1 mmol L^(−1) P was an optimal dosage for S.alfredii biomass production and Zn/Cd accumulation in shoots.The supply levels within the range from 0.3 to 1 mmol L^(−1) K could significantly improve the biomass production of S.alfredii and its capability to accumulate Zn and Cd in the biomass.The 0.5 mmol L^(−1) K was an optimal dosage for the whole biomass production and Zn accumulation in shoots,while the 1 mmol L^(−1) was an optimal K dosage for Zn accumulation in shoots,which was 17.2%higher than the control.Moreover,the soil pot experiment showed that the combination of organic(fermented manure)and inorganic fertilizers made significant effects on the Zn and Cd-polluted soil remediation by S.alfredii.These effects varied,however,with the application of different proportions of N,P,K and organic matter.The Zn accumulation by S.alfredii reached the highest efficiency ability under the highest fertilizer mixing rate(N:50 mg kg^(−1),P:40 mg kg^(−1),K:100 mg kg^(−1),organic matter:1%).Even more,S.alfredii showed the strongest ability to accumulate Cd with a lower fertilizer mixing rate(N:25mg kg^(−1),P:20mg kg^(−1),K:50 mg kg^(−1),organic matter:0.5%).
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding(Northeast Forestry University)support Program(Grant No.201201)
文摘Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an excellent fast-growing timber species occurring in southern China and has significant value in the forestry industry. In order to enhance the phosphorus utilization efficiency in Chinese fir, four clones named X6, S3, S39 and FK were used, and low phosphorus(LP) stress experiments were performed to analyze the response of different clones to phosphorus deficiency. According to the results on seedling height, maximum root length, leaf blade aspect ratio, root ratio, malondialdehyde content, acid phosphates activity,proline content, soluble protein level, and chlorophyll a and b levels of the tested clones, compared to the control groups(CK), the phosphorus high efficiency clone X6 was screen out for transcriptome sequencing experiments. De novo RNA-seq was then used to sequence the root transcriptomes of X6 under LP stress and CK, and we then compared the gene expression differences under the two conditions. A total of 3416 SDEGs were obtained by comparing the LP and CK groups, among which 1742 were up-regulated and 1682 were down-regulated. All SDEGs obtained from the LP and CK treated samples were subjected to KEGG annotation and classification. Through classification statistical analysis using WEGO software,607 SDEGs obtained KEGG pathway annotations, which were related to 206 metabolic pathways. In Chinese fir subjected to LP stress, 53 SDEGs related with phosphorus metabolism, and phosphate uptake and transport were obtained from our transcriptome data. Based on the phosphorus metabolism pathway obtained by KEGG classification, combined with previously report on gene annotation related with phosphorus metabolism, the enzymes encoded by SDEG related with phosphorus metabolism and their expression pattern were mapped onto phosphorus metabolism pathway.
基金This work was supported by‘Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(JASTIF),CX(16)1005)’Research&Development Programme in Jiangsu Province(Modern Agriculture)(No.BE2016328)+2 种基金the Fund for 333 Engineering Project in Jiangsu Province(No.BRA2015125)‘the Fund for the 12th Six Peak Talent Project in Jiangsu Province(No.2015-NY-042)’‘the Fund for 226 Engineering Project in Nantong City(No.2014008)’。
文摘Willow(Salix)is one of the most important ornamental tree species in landscape plants.One species,Salix matsudana,is widely used as a shade tree and border tree because of its soft branches and plump crown.Some varieties of S.matsudana were salt tolerant and could grow normally in coastal regions.However,the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance for S.matsudana have been less clear.Here,we addressed this issue by performing a mapping experiment containing 195 intraspecific F1 progeny of S.matsudana,derived from salt-sensitive‘yanjiang’and salt-tolerant‘9901’,grown by cuttings in a 100 mM NaCl solution.Growth performance of these progeny under salt stress was investigated,displaying marked genotypic variability with the coefficients of variance of 28.64–86.11%in shoot and root growth traits.We further mapped specific QTLs contributing to these differences to the Salix genome.Of the 204 QTLs identified,a few were detected to explain a remarkably larger portion of the phenotypic variation than many others.Many detected QTLs were found to reside in the region of candidate genes of known biological function.The discovery of growth QTLs expressed under salt stress provides important information for marker-assisted breeding of salt tolerant Salix varieties and founds the basis for the application of S.matsudana in coastal afforestation.
