The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmu...The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmust be tailored to meet the dynamic needs of enterprises. However, internal research and development can beprohibitively expensive, driving many enterprises to outsource software development and upgrades to externalservice providers. This paper presents a software upgrade outsourcing model for enterprises and service providersthat accounts for the impact of market fluctuations on software adaptability. To mitigate the risk of adverseselection due to asymmetric information about the service provider’s cost and asymmetric information aboutthe enterprise’s revenues, we propose pay-per-time and revenue-sharing contracts in two distinct informationasymmetry scenarios. These two contracts specify the time and transfer payments for software upgrades. Througha comparative analysis of the optimal solutions under the two contracts and centralized decision-making withfull-information, we examine the characteristics of the solutions under two information asymmetry scenarios andanalyze the incentive effects of the two contracts on the various stakeholders. Overall, our study offers valuableinsights for firms seeking to optimize their outsourcing strategies and maximize their returns on investment insoftware upgrades.展开更多
Ir is recognized as efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The high price,however,has hindered its application in the production of hydrogen.In this work,we prepared the self-supported FeIr alloy nano...Ir is recognized as efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The high price,however,has hindered its application in the production of hydrogen.In this work,we prepared the self-supported FeIr alloy nanoparticles,taking advantage of solid-state synthesis method.The as-prepared FeIr alloy possesses a novel morphology of pollen,which is consist of smaller FeIr nanoparticles.DFT calculations reveal that the change of the free Gibbs for Ir is negative after the adsorption of active H,while it is positive for the case of Fe.Thus,the alloying of Fe and Ir not only effectively reduces the cost,but also can achieve more adequate adsorption of active H species.Benefitting from this,the as-prepared FeIr alloy nanoparticle exhibits superior HER performance with an overpotential of 19 m V at a current density of 10 m V/cm^(2)and a Tafel slope of 32 m V/dec,when tested in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),better than pure Ir and Pt/C.This work paves the way to the exploration of efficient alloy electrocatalysts for HER.展开更多
文摘The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmust be tailored to meet the dynamic needs of enterprises. However, internal research and development can beprohibitively expensive, driving many enterprises to outsource software development and upgrades to externalservice providers. This paper presents a software upgrade outsourcing model for enterprises and service providersthat accounts for the impact of market fluctuations on software adaptability. To mitigate the risk of adverseselection due to asymmetric information about the service provider’s cost and asymmetric information aboutthe enterprise’s revenues, we propose pay-per-time and revenue-sharing contracts in two distinct informationasymmetry scenarios. These two contracts specify the time and transfer payments for software upgrades. Througha comparative analysis of the optimal solutions under the two contracts and centralized decision-making withfull-information, we examine the characteristics of the solutions under two information asymmetry scenarios andanalyze the incentive effects of the two contracts on the various stakeholders. Overall, our study offers valuableinsights for firms seeking to optimize their outsourcing strategies and maximize their returns on investment insoftware upgrades.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52072255)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant Nos.LTY20E020001,LY21E020001)。
文摘Ir is recognized as efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).The high price,however,has hindered its application in the production of hydrogen.In this work,we prepared the self-supported FeIr alloy nanoparticles,taking advantage of solid-state synthesis method.The as-prepared FeIr alloy possesses a novel morphology of pollen,which is consist of smaller FeIr nanoparticles.DFT calculations reveal that the change of the free Gibbs for Ir is negative after the adsorption of active H,while it is positive for the case of Fe.Thus,the alloying of Fe and Ir not only effectively reduces the cost,but also can achieve more adequate adsorption of active H species.Benefitting from this,the as-prepared FeIr alloy nanoparticle exhibits superior HER performance with an overpotential of 19 m V at a current density of 10 m V/cm^(2)and a Tafel slope of 32 m V/dec,when tested in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4),better than pure Ir and Pt/C.This work paves the way to the exploration of efficient alloy electrocatalysts for HER.
