Immunotherapy techniques,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors,chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapies and cancer vaccines,have been burgeoning with great success,particularly for specific cancer types.However,s...Immunotherapy techniques,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors,chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapies and cancer vaccines,have been burgeoning with great success,particularly for specific cancer types.However,side effects with fatal risks,dysfunction in tumor microenvironment and low immune response rates remain the bottlenecks in immunotherapy.Nano metal-organic frameworks(nMOFs),with an accurate structure and a narrow size distribution,are emerging as a solution to these problems.In addition to their function of temporospatial delivery,a large library of their compositions,together with flexibility in chemical interaction and inherent immune efficacy,offers opportunities for various designs of nMOFs for immunotherapy.In this review,we overview state-of-the-art research on nMOFs-based immunotherapies as well as their combination with other therapies.We demonstrate that nMOFs are predominantly customized for vaccine delivery or tumor-microenvironment modulation.Finally,a prospect of nMOFs in cancer immunotherapy will be discussed.展开更多
Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)are neoplastic cells that are detached from primary tumors and enter circulation.Enumeration and characterization of CTCs are of significance in cancer diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment mo...Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)are neoplastic cells that are detached from primary tumors and enter circulation.Enumeration and characterization of CTCs are of significance in cancer diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment monitoring.CTC survival in the bloodstream is a limiting step for the development of metastases in distant organs.Recent technological advances,especially in single-cell molecular analyses have uncovered heterogeneous CTC survival mechanisms.Undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT),increasing stem cell-like properties,and forming cell clusters enable CTCs to adapt to the harsh microenvironment of the circulation.Expressing and releasing several immunosuppressive molecules help CTCs escape from anti-cancer immune mechanisms.This review article summarizes the biological characteristics of CTCs and focuses on the recent understanding of the mechanisms by which CTCs survive in circulation.Additionally,the clinical and therapeutic implications of CTCs are discussed.展开更多
Anti virulence strategy has been considered as one of the most promising approaches to combat drug-rcesistant bacterial infections.Porc-forming toxins(PFTs)are the largest class of bacterial toxins,inficting their vir...Anti virulence strategy has been considered as one of the most promising approaches to combat drug-rcesistant bacterial infections.Porc-forming toxins(PFTs)are the largest class of bacterial toxins,inficting their virulence ffect through creating pores on the cell membrane.However,curent solutions for eliminating PFTs are mostly designed based on their molecular structure,requiring customized design for different interactions.In the present study,we employed erythroliposome(denoted as RM-PL),a biomimetic platform constructed by artificial lipid membranes and natural erythrocyle membranes,to necutralize different hemolytic PFTs regardless of their molecular structure.When tested with model PFTs,including a-hemolysin,listeriolysin O,and streptolysin O,RM-PL could completely inhibit toxin-induced hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner.In vivo studies further confirmed that RM-PL.could eficiently neuralize various toxins and save animals'lives without causing damage to 0rgans or tissues.In addition,we explored the underlying mechanisms of this efficient detoxification ability and found that it was mainly macrophages in the spleen and the liver that took up RM-PL-absorbed toxins through a variety of endocytosis pathways and digested them in lysosomes.In summary,the biomimetic RM-PL presented a promising system for broad-spectrum and powerful toxin neutralization with a mech-anism of lysosome-mediaed loxin degradation.展开更多
Biliary stricture is defined as the reduction and narrowing of the bile duct lumen, which can be caused by many factors such as cancer and inflammation. Biliary stent placement can effectively alleviate benign and mal...Biliary stricture is defined as the reduction and narrowing of the bile duct lumen, which can be caused by many factors such as cancer and inflammation. Biliary stent placement can effectively alleviate benign and malignant biliary strictures. However, the commonly used plastic or metallic biliary stents are far from ideal and do not satisfy all clinical requirements,although several types of biodegradable biliary stents have been developed and used clinically. In this review, we summarized current development status of biodegradable stents with the emphasis on the stent materials. We also presented the future development trends based on the published literature.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51773154,31771090,31971323 and 81871315)Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation(18JC1414500)N.W.would like to acknowledge supports from both Burapha and VISTEC.
文摘Immunotherapy techniques,such as immune checkpoint inhibitors,chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapies and cancer vaccines,have been burgeoning with great success,particularly for specific cancer types.However,side effects with fatal risks,dysfunction in tumor microenvironment and low immune response rates remain the bottlenecks in immunotherapy.Nano metal-organic frameworks(nMOFs),with an accurate structure and a narrow size distribution,are emerging as a solution to these problems.In addition to their function of temporospatial delivery,a large library of their compositions,together with flexibility in chemical interaction and inherent immune efficacy,offers opportunities for various designs of nMOFs for immunotherapy.In this review,we overview state-of-the-art research on nMOFs-based immunotherapies as well as their combination with other therapies.We demonstrate that nMOFs are predominantly customized for vaccine delivery or tumor-microenvironment modulation.Finally,a prospect of nMOFs in cancer immunotherapy will be discussed.
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2019J01596).
文摘Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)are neoplastic cells that are detached from primary tumors and enter circulation.Enumeration and characterization of CTCs are of significance in cancer diagnosis,prognosis,and treatment monitoring.CTC survival in the bloodstream is a limiting step for the development of metastases in distant organs.Recent technological advances,especially in single-cell molecular analyses have uncovered heterogeneous CTC survival mechanisms.Undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT),increasing stem cell-like properties,and forming cell clusters enable CTCs to adapt to the harsh microenvironment of the circulation.Expressing and releasing several immunosuppressive molecules help CTCs escape from anti-cancer immune mechanisms.This review article summarizes the biological characteristics of CTCs and focuses on the recent understanding of the mechanisms by which CTCs survive in circulation.Additionally,the clinical and therapeutic implications of CTCs are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81773283).
文摘Anti virulence strategy has been considered as one of the most promising approaches to combat drug-rcesistant bacterial infections.Porc-forming toxins(PFTs)are the largest class of bacterial toxins,inficting their virulence ffect through creating pores on the cell membrane.However,curent solutions for eliminating PFTs are mostly designed based on their molecular structure,requiring customized design for different interactions.In the present study,we employed erythroliposome(denoted as RM-PL),a biomimetic platform constructed by artificial lipid membranes and natural erythrocyle membranes,to necutralize different hemolytic PFTs regardless of their molecular structure.When tested with model PFTs,including a-hemolysin,listeriolysin O,and streptolysin O,RM-PL could completely inhibit toxin-induced hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner.In vivo studies further confirmed that RM-PL.could eficiently neuralize various toxins and save animals'lives without causing damage to 0rgans or tissues.In addition,we explored the underlying mechanisms of this efficient detoxification ability and found that it was mainly macrophages in the spleen and the liver that took up RM-PL-absorbed toxins through a variety of endocytosis pathways and digested them in lysosomes.In summary,the biomimetic RM-PL presented a promising system for broad-spectrum and powerful toxin neutralization with a mech-anism of lysosome-mediaed loxin degradation.
文摘Biliary stricture is defined as the reduction and narrowing of the bile duct lumen, which can be caused by many factors such as cancer and inflammation. Biliary stent placement can effectively alleviate benign and malignant biliary strictures. However, the commonly used plastic or metallic biliary stents are far from ideal and do not satisfy all clinical requirements,although several types of biodegradable biliary stents have been developed and used clinically. In this review, we summarized current development status of biodegradable stents with the emphasis on the stent materials. We also presented the future development trends based on the published literature.
