Objective:To determine the genetic diversity of Plasmodium(P.)knowlesi isolates from Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia,targeting the S-type SSU rRNA gene and including aspects of natural selection and hap...Objective:To determine the genetic diversity of Plasmodium(P.)knowlesi isolates from Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia,targeting the S-type SSU rRNA gene and including aspects of natural selection and haplotype.Methods:Thirty-nine blood samples infected with P.knowlesi were collected in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.The S-type SSU rRNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction,cloned into a vector,and sequenced.The natural selection and haplotype of the S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences were determined using DnaSP v6 and illustrated using NETWORK v10.This study's 39 S-type SSU rRNA sequences and eight sequences from the Genbank database were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11.Results:Overall,the phylogenetic analysis showed no evidence of a geographical cluster of P.knowlesi isolates from different areas in Malaysia based on the S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences.The S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences were relatively conserved and with a purifying effect.Haplotype sharing of the S-type SSU rRNA gene was observed between the P.knowlesi isolates in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo,but not between Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.Conclusions:This study suggests that the S-type SSU rRNA gene of P.knowlesi isolates in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo,and Peninsular Malaysia has fewer polymorphic sites,representing the conservation of the gene.These features make the S-type SSU rRNA gene suitable for comparative studies,such as determining the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among P.knowlesi species.展开更多
Heavy metal contents along the Northwest coast of Sabah were determined to interpret the pollution level in the marine sediment. The metal abundance is regulated by the physico-chemical properties such as the average ...Heavy metal contents along the Northwest coast of Sabah were determined to interpret the pollution level in the marine sediment. The metal abundance is regulated by the physico-chemical properties such as the average sediment pH(7.82, 9.00 and 8.99), organic matter(0.62%, 1.60%, and 2.27%), moisture content(25.00%, 29.70%, and 15.00%) and sandy texture in Kota Belud, Kudat and Mantanani Island,respectively. The major elements show Ca>Fe>Mg>Al>Mn for all study sites, while the heavy metals show Ni>Cr>Zn>Cu>Co>Pb, Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb>Co and Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni, for Kota Belud, Kudat and Mantanani Island, respectively. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the Sediment Quality Assessment(SQA). The SQA parameters indicated none to moderate pollution in Kota Belud that shows Class 0, Class 1 and Class 2 pollution. The parameters also indicated none to low pollution in Kudat and Mantanani Island that show only Class 0 pollution. The enrichment factor(EF) suggested minor to moderately severe metal enrichment by anthropogenic sources in Kota Belud, whereas only minor enrichment in Kudat and Mantanani Island. The modified pollution degree(MCD<1.5) and pollution load index(0 PLI<1) indicating only low pollution level in the marine sediments for all study sites. The objectives of this study are:(1) to determine the physico-chemical parameters of sediments,(2) interpret the heavy metal contents and(3) evaluate the sediment quality.展开更多
Coastal areas of Kudat are dominated by fisheries activities. Development of infrastructure for fishing facilities like jetty, landing centre and other human activities can increase the loading of nutrients in coastal...Coastal areas of Kudat are dominated by fisheries activities. Development of infrastructure for fishing facilities like jetty, landing centre and other human activities can increase the loading of nutrients in coastal area. High load of nutrients accelerates the blooming of phytoplankton and in long run creates eutrophication. This study was conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrients and relationship of phytoplankton density in coastal water of Kudat. Five stations were selected with three replicated in the study area. Phytoplankton samples, water samples and in situ environmental parameters were collected from May 2019 to February 2020 (10 months). The highest concentration of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) was observed in May 2019, but the highest concentration of phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) observed in July 2019. On the other hand, higher concentrations of phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) were determined than the concentration of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) in all stations during study period. The distribution of nutrients is due to monsoonal runoff from surrounding areas as well due to anthropogenic activities. Among the 21 species three of them are from harmful algal species and but dominated by diatoms. Poor relationship observed among the dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton density, indicates that the relationship does not depend on only nutrients but with favourable environmental parameters. Anthropogenic activity can lead to excessive load of nutrients in Kudat coastal water and in long run cause eutrophication problem in ecosystem with potentially larger economic impacts in a long run period.展开更多
The nutritional values of different species of sea cucumber are greatly concerned because of their dietary and curative properties. In this study, two species of sea cucumber, Holothuria edulis, a low-valued noncommer...The nutritional values of different species of sea cucumber are greatly concerned because of their dietary and curative properties. In this study, two species of sea cucumber, Holothuria edulis, a low-valued noncommercial species, and Holothuria scabra, a high-valued commercial species were selected to compare its proximate composition and fatty acids. H. edulis a prevalent species in coastal water of Sabah is not commercially importance like H. scabra. Sea cucumbers were captured live from the Sabah marine habitat. All samples were immediately eviscerated, freeze-dried and stored at 4°C in until analyzed. Silylating agent N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was used to derivitization of fatty acid prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Proximate compositions (%), such as moisture, crude protein, crude lipids and ash were carried using standard methods. Major fatty acids in H. edulis and H. scabra were saturated fatty acid (SFA) accounted for 83.95% and 98.60%, respectively and dominated with Palmitic acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), arachidonic acid of 16.05% was found only in H. edulis, but absent H. scabra. Proximate compositions (dry weight) were varied greatly within these two species. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipids and ash of 85.5%, 70.5%, 1.37% and 1.27% respectively were obtained in H. edulis. On the other hand 84.5% of moisture, 51.2% of crude protein, 0.27% of crude lipids and 4.44% of ashes were determined in H. scabra. Significantly higher protein (p H. edulis compare to H. scabra could be the choice of option for the utilization of this non commercial species as nutraceutical industry and also alternatives to reduce the pressure on heavily exploited species of H. scabra.展开更多
The X-ray fluorescence and ICP methods were used to analyze 60 outcrop samples of black shale, of which 15 were collected from Belait, 15 from the Setap Shale, 15 from Temburong, and 15 from the Trusmadi for- mations....The X-ray fluorescence and ICP methods were used to analyze 60 outcrop samples of black shale, of which 15 were collected from Belait, 15 from the Setap Shale, 15 from Temburong, and 15 from the Trusmadi for- mations. The average compositions of the shales from the study area are 64.62%, 63.95%, 62.32%, 63.84% SiO2, 1.84%, 2.14%, 2.04%, 1.99% MgO, 2.55%, 3.12%, 2.89%, 2.72% K2O, 0.32%, 0.30%, 0.32%, 0.53% CaO, 5.86%, 6.06%, 7.14%, 6.60% Fe2O3, 207×10-6, 180×10-6, 213×10-6, 200×10-6 Rb, and 56×10-6, 49×10-6, 50×10-6, 32×10-6 Sr for the Setap Shale, Temburong, Belait and Trusmadi samples, respectively. The high Rb/Sr ratios of 3.8, 3.7, 4.2, and 6.1 are attributed to the lowest contents of Sr due to reducing conditions prevailing. The high Rb/K ratio sug- gests either brackish marine or rapid deposition that prevented equilibrium between Rb and K in the shales and ma- rine waters.展开更多
Marudu Bay is part of the Tun Mustapha Marine Park, the largest marine protected area within the Malaysian region of the Coral Triangle Initiative. The bay is known for its diversed fisheries resources including bival...Marudu Bay is part of the Tun Mustapha Marine Park, the largest marine protected area within the Malaysian region of the Coral Triangle Initiative. The bay is known for its diversed fisheries resources including bivalves. Although some of these bivalve species are commercially important, their occurrence, distribution and stock status in the bay are not well documented. Hence, the current study was conducted to determine the occurrence, distribution and the stock status of marsh clam, Polymerasoda spp. in the mangrove swamp situated at the southernmost of the Marudu Bay. Samplings were carried out at the mangrove swamps which covered an area of 500 sequare meter per sampling site. Two marsh clams species, Polymesoda erosa and P. expansa were found to inhabit the sampling sites. In general, juvenile marsh clams were noticed to dominate the seaward mangrove swamp, whereas the high tidal regions were dominated by adults. The current study also suggested a link in the distribution and the morphometric measurements of the marsh clams with the sediment grain size.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kota Kinabalu Wetland is important</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ly</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> h...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kota Kinabalu Wetland is important</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ly</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> habited of mangrove, diverse aquatic flora and fauna as well as feeding stop for migratory birds. This wetland is inundated with the tidal flow, as connected with a small river and nearby coastal areas, thus. A study was carried out to determine the spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity at Kota Kinabalu (KK) Wetlands. Five stations, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">which river mouth of Likas Bay, river channel (two stations) and inundated area (two stations) in KK Wetland were selected for this study. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> parameters of water, water for nutrients and phytoplankton samples were collected from May 2019 until October 2019. The highest concentration of nitrate (0.115 mg/L) was recorded at inundated area of wetland (S5) while the lowest nitrate concentration (0.0047 mg/L) was found at river (S3) flowing towards wetland. The concentrations of ammonia (0.2004 to 2.311 mg/L) were recorded relatively higher at every station compared to other dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN). The concentration of phosphate was determined in the ranges of 0.0089 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.0513 mg/L. Nitrate, ammonia and phosphate showed no significant difference (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.737) in terms </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIN concentration at all five sampling stations during the study period. Twenty-four genera of phytoplankton were identified, dominated by diatoms (55.29%), followed by dinoflagellates (24.95%), Chrysophyta (11.15%), Spirotrichea (5.28%) and Cyanophyta (3.33%). Dominating species throughout the study period include </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Chaetoceros </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp., </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pseduo-nitzschia </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp., and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cylindrotheca closterium, Peridinium quinquecorne and Alexandrium sp. </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phytoplankton species composition</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> observed the highest in river mouth area in July with the highest density of 12.115</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">× 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mL</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The study showed that nutrient concentration was insignificant (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.614) in altering the phytoplankton density, as influences with the tidal water.</span></span>展开更多
This study was conducted to observe the abundance and distribution of phy-<span style="font-family:Verdana;">toplankton and temporal and spatial variation physico-chemical water parame</span><...This study was conducted to observe the abundance and distribution of phy-<span style="font-family:Verdana;">toplankton and temporal and spatial variation physico-chemical water parame</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ters in coastal water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Water samples and in-situ water quality parameters were taken from five selected locations from May 2019 to February 2020. The sampling location was selected based on human-induced activities such as Marina Resort’s Jetty (ST1), Sabah Ports’ Jetty </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ST2), aquaculture cage/pent (ST3), river’s mouth (ST4) and Landung</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Ayang’s water village (ST5). Water parameters: pH, salinity (ppt), dissolved </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">oxygen (mg/L) temperature (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and depth (m) were recorded once every</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> month from the selected station. Identification of phytoplanktonic species and cell density </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(cell/mL) were determined from collected water samples. S</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ignificant differ</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ences (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) between physicochemical parameters to months were observed during the study period. However, in spatial variations, significant differences (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) of pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and temperature (<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C) observed. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 21 phytoplankton species were identified from the study area, where 4 species belonged to Dinophyceae (HABs blooming species) and 17 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae. The influences of physicochemical water parameters were not significant in phytoplankton diversity and abundance. In addition to these parameters, the nutrients in the water might have important roles in the blooming of phytoplankton, which are essential and vital to address in this type of research.</span></span></span></span>展开更多
Groundwater occurs as a thin lens of freshwater floating over seawater in small islands aquifers.The impacts of climate change and pressure on island resources have been the greatest threats faced by the small islands...Groundwater occurs as a thin lens of freshwater floating over seawater in small islands aquifers.The impacts of climate change and pressure on island resources have been the greatest threats faced by the small islands.This paper represents a case study of groundwater response towards the climate change and pressure on island resources in Manukan Island of Sabah,Malaysia.A modeling software SEAW-展开更多
Study was conducted with the aim to understand the temporal and spatial variations of water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, NO3-, NO2-, NH3-N and PO4-P, and phytoplankton cell density) in Ambon...Study was conducted with the aim to understand the temporal and spatial variations of water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, NO3-, NO2-, NH3-N and PO4-P, and phytoplankton cell density) in Ambong Bay, Sabah, Malaysia in order to provide reference for future mariculture development in the bay. Samplings were carried out once a month in two stations (coastal and open sea) within the bay for 12 months period from September 2015 to August 2016. Results showed that there were significant differences in pH and NO2- when compared spatially, whereas salinity, DO, TSS, phytoplankton cell density, NO3-, NH3-N, and PO4-P were temporally significant. The fermentation processes by anaerobic bacteria, organic acids from decaying vegetation and acidic clays in the mangrove soils might explain the significant spatial differences in pH and NO2-. The bay was dominated by dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum spp. (mean abundance of 16.23% and 24.44%, respectively) a potentially toxic algae species. Correlation matrix showed that NH3-N was positively correlated with PO4-P (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with salinity (r = –0.517, p < 0.01). Besides, salinity was positively correlated with DO (r = 0.505, p < 0.05) and TSS (r = 0.408, p < 0.05). In addition, DO and TSS were also positively correlated (r = 0.451, p < 0.05). Phytoplankton cell density was positively correlated with TSS (r = 0.644, p < 0.01). In general, the water quality in Ambong Bay is within the standard values permitted by the Malaysia Marine Water Quality standard for marine life, fisheries, coral reefs, recreational and mariculture (Class 2), except for NO3-. In conclusion, any mariculture operation to take place in Ambong Bay in the near future should take the temporal variation of the water quality into account. Moreover, effects of toxic phytoplankton to culture fishes should also be taken care and monitored frequently.展开更多
Nutrients are influenced by anthropogenic activities and consequently change the diversity and density of phytoplankton. The spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity and densit...Nutrients are influenced by anthropogenic activities and consequently change the diversity and density of phytoplankton. The spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity and density were determined in river estuary, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Samples of water and phytoplankton were collected from six locations of river estuary during the month of May 2019 to October 2019. The highest abundances of 86% diatoms were determined during the study period. This was followed by 13% and 1% of dinoflagellates and Cyanobacteria respectively. The most dominance species of Skeletonema costatum, with density of 1186.69 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L and Thalassiosira sp. (938.01 ×10<sup>3</sup> cells/L) were recorded from Station 1 (upstream) and Station 5 (mangrove area) respectively. The Chaetoceros sp. (84.25 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L) was the dominated in Station 6 (control site). Station 4 (residential area) accounted the highest diversity of species such as Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp., Peridinium sp., Gonyaulax sp., and Cylindrotheca sp. with total cell density of 142.98 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L. The high diversity index of 5.2 to 7.09 and evenness index of 1.81 to 2.87 were determined from this river estuary. Very poor relationship was observed with the cell density and dissolved inorganic nutrients, phosphate (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.2437), ammonium (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.301) and nitrate (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.406). The diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in this river estuary not only depend on nutrients, but might be associated with other environmental factors, tidal fluctuations and rate of discharge of nutrient inputs from surrounding areas. This study suggests that long term monitoring not only the nutrients, but discharges and flushing of nutrient during rainfall and tidal fluctuation together with environmental factors should be considered in order to conclude status on the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in river estuary.展开更多
Through the use of purification and recirculation superheating techniques on molten glass,the Ni65Cu33Co2 alloy was successfully undercooled to a maximum temperature of 292 K.High-speed photography was employed to cap...Through the use of purification and recirculation superheating techniques on molten glass,the Ni65Cu33Co2 alloy was successfully undercooled to a maximum temperature of 292 K.High-speed photography was employed to capture the process of interface migration of the alloy liquid,allowing for an analysis of the relationship between the morphological characteristics of the alloy liquid solidification front and the degree of undercooling.Additionally,the microstructure of the alloy was examined using metallographic microscopy,leading to a systematic study of the microscopic morphological characteristics and evolution laws of the refined structure during rapid solidification.The research reveals that the grain refining mechanism of the Ni-Cu-Co ternary alloy is consistent with that of the binary alloy(Ni-Cu).Specifically,under low undercooling conditions,intense dendritic remelting was found to cause grain refinement,while under high undercooling conditions,recrystallization driven by accumulated stress and plastic strain resulting from the interaction between the liquid flow and the primary dendrites caused by rapid solidification was identified as the main factor contributing to grain refinement.Furthermore,the study highlights the significant role of the Co element in influencing the solidification rate and reheat effect of the alloy.The addition of Co was also found to facilitate the formation of non-segregated solidification structure,indicating its importance in the overall solidification process.展开更多
Non-equilibrium solidification structures of Cu55Ni45 and Cu55Ni43Co2 alloys were prepared by the molten glass purification cycle superheating method.The variation of the recalescence phenomenon with the degree of und...Non-equilibrium solidification structures of Cu55Ni45 and Cu55Ni43Co2 alloys were prepared by the molten glass purification cycle superheating method.The variation of the recalescence phenomenon with the degree of undercooling in the rapid solidification process was investigated using an infrared thermometer.The addition of the Co element affected the evolution of the recalescence phenomenon in Cu-Ni alloys.The images of the solid-liquid interface migration during the rapid solidification of supercooled melts were captured by using a high-speed camera.The solidification rate of Cu-Ni alloys,with the addition of Co elements,was explored.Finally,the grain refinement structure with low supercooling was characterised using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The effect of Co on the microstructural evolution during nonequilibrium solidification of Cu-Ni alloys under conditions of small supercooling is investigated by comparing the microstructures of Cu55Ni45 and Cu55Ni43Co2 alloys.The experimental results show that the addition of a small amount of Co weakens the recalescence behaviour of the Cu55Ni45 alloy and significantly reduces the thermal strain in the rapid solidification phase.In the rapid solidification phase,the thermal strain is greatly reduced,and there is a significant increase in the characteristic undercooling degree.Furthermore,the addition of Co and the reduction of Cu not only result in a lower solidification rate of the alloy,but also contribute to the homogenisation of the grain size.展开更多
Lignin extraction from bark can maximize the utilization of biomass waste,offer cost-effectiveness,and promote environmental friendliness when employed as an adhesive material in bark particleboard production.Particle...Lignin extraction from bark can maximize the utilization of biomass waste,offer cost-effectiveness,and promote environmental friendliness when employed as an adhesive material in bark particleboard production.Particles of fine(0.2 to 1.0 mm),medium(1.0 to 2.5 mm),and coarse(2.5 to 12.0 mm)sizes,derived from the bark of Leucaena leucocephala,were hot-pressed using a heating plate at 175℃for 7 min to create single-layer particleboards measuring 320 mm×320 mm×10 mm,targeting a density of 700 kg/m^(3).Subsequently,the samples were trimmed and conditioned at 20℃and 65%relative humidity.In this study,we compared bark particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde(UF)adhesive to fine-sized particleboard bonded with demethylated lignin adhesive.The results indicated that bark particleboards utilizing demethylated lignin and UF adhesives exhibited similar qualities.Coarse particleboard showed differences in modulus of elasticity(MOE)and modulus of rupture(MOR),while medium-sized particles exhibited significant variations in moisture content(MC)and water absorption(WA).Furthermore,the thickness swelling of coarse and medium-sized particles under wet and oven-dried conditions exhibited notable distinctions.Overall,the demethylated lignin adhesive extracted from L.leucocephala bark demonstrated similar quality to UF adhesive,with particle size correlating inversely to the strength of the bark particleboard.展开更多
Tropical peat comprises decomposed dead plant material and acts like a sponge to absorb water,making it fully saturated.However,drought periods dry it readily and increases its vulnerability to fire.Peat fires emit gr...Tropical peat comprises decomposed dead plant material and acts like a sponge to absorb water,making it fully saturated.However,drought periods dry it readily and increases its vulnerability to fire.Peat fires emit greenhouse gases and particles contributing to haze,and prevention by constructing fire-break canals to reduce fire spread into forest reserves is crucial.This paper aims to determine peat physical and chemical properties near a fire-break canal at different fire frequency areas.Peat sampling was conducted at two forest reserves in Malaysia which represent low fire frequency and high fire frequency areas.The results show that peat properties were not affected by the construction of a fire-break canal,however lignin and cellulose content increased significantly from the distance of the canal in both areas.The study concluded that fire frequency did not significantly influence peat properties except for porosity.The higher fibre content in the high frequency area did not influence moisture content nor the ability to regain moisture.Thus,fire frequency might contribute differently to changes in physical and chemical properties,hence management efforts to construct fire-break canals and restoration efforts should protect peatlands from further degradation.These findings will benefit future management and planning for forest reserves.展开更多
Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both cus...Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both customers,i.e.,people,and industries as wearable devices collect sensitive information about patients(both admitted and outdoor)in smart healthcare infrastructures.In addition to privacy,outliers or noise are among the crucial issues,which are directly correlated with IoT infrastructures,as most member devices are resource-limited and could generate or transmit false data that is required to be refined before processing,i.e.,transmitting.Therefore,the development of privacy-preserving information fusion techniques is highly encouraged,especially those designed for smart IoT-enabled domains.In this paper,we are going to present an effective hybrid approach that can refine raw data values captured by the respectivemember device before transmission while preserving its privacy through the utilization of the differential privacy technique in IoT infrastructures.Sliding window,i.e.,δi based dynamic programming methodology,is implemented at the device level to ensure precise and accurate detection of outliers or noisy data,and refine it prior to activation of the respective transmission activity.Additionally,an appropriate privacy budget has been selected,which is enough to ensure the privacy of every individualmodule,i.e.,a wearable device such as a smartwatch attached to the patient’s body.In contrast,the end module,i.e.,the server in this case,can extract important information with approximately the maximum level of accuracy.Moreover,refined data has been processed by adding an appropriate nose through the Laplace mechanism to make it useless or meaningless for the adversary modules in the IoT.The proposed hybrid approach is trusted from both the device’s privacy and the integrity of the transmitted information perspectives.Simulation and analytical results have proved that the proposed privacy-preserving information fusion technique for wearable devices is an ideal solution for resource-constrained infrastructures such as IoT and the Internet ofMedical Things,where both device privacy and information integrity are important.Finally,the proposed hybrid approach is proven against well-known intruder attacks,especially those related to the privacy of the respective device in IoT infrastructures.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to purify mutton samples by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).[Methods]Fourteen organophosphorus pesticide residues in samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by ga...[Objectives]This study was conducted to purify mutton samples by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).[Methods]Fourteen organophosphorus pesticide residues in samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in selective ion scanning mode(SIM).[Results]The organophosphorus pesticide standard solutions showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1-10.0μg/ml with correlation coefficients(r)not lower than 0.999,and the detection limits(S=3 N)ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg.The average recovery values were in the range of 80.2%-99.7%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs,n=3)in the range of 1.8%-6.3%,at the addition levels of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg.[Conclusions]The method is simple,sensitive and accurate,and can be used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in mutton.展开更多
Probiotics have a long history of use in human production and life.With the gradual deepening of the research on the functions of probiotics,their various nutritional and health benefits for the human body have also b...Probiotics have a long history of use in human production and life.With the gradual deepening of the research on the functions of probiotics,their various nutritional and health benefits for the human body have also become increasingly clear.Existing research shows that probiotics can regulate intestinal flora,and improve immunity and even the symptoms of some diseases.Therefore,in the food industry,the application of probiotics from traditional fermented foods to functional foods has become more and more extensive.In this paper,the research progress of nutritional function and application of probiotics in food at home and abroad was reviewed,in order to provide some reference for the safe application of probiotics in food.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia(FRGS0322-SG-1/2013)Universiti Malaysia Sabah(GUG0521-2/2020).
文摘Objective:To determine the genetic diversity of Plasmodium(P.)knowlesi isolates from Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia,targeting the S-type SSU rRNA gene and including aspects of natural selection and haplotype.Methods:Thirty-nine blood samples infected with P.knowlesi were collected in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.The S-type SSU rRNA gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction,cloned into a vector,and sequenced.The natural selection and haplotype of the S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences were determined using DnaSP v6 and illustrated using NETWORK v10.This study's 39 S-type SSU rRNA sequences and eight sequences from the Genbank database were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11.Results:Overall,the phylogenetic analysis showed no evidence of a geographical cluster of P.knowlesi isolates from different areas in Malaysia based on the S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences.The S-type SSU rRNA gene sequences were relatively conserved and with a purifying effect.Haplotype sharing of the S-type SSU rRNA gene was observed between the P.knowlesi isolates in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo,but not between Sabah,Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.Conclusions:This study suggests that the S-type SSU rRNA gene of P.knowlesi isolates in Sabah,Malaysian Borneo,and Peninsular Malaysia has fewer polymorphic sites,representing the conservation of the gene.These features make the S-type SSU rRNA gene suitable for comparative studies,such as determining the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among P.knowlesi species.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia for University Malaysia Sabah under the research grant TR@M001-2019。
文摘Heavy metal contents along the Northwest coast of Sabah were determined to interpret the pollution level in the marine sediment. The metal abundance is regulated by the physico-chemical properties such as the average sediment pH(7.82, 9.00 and 8.99), organic matter(0.62%, 1.60%, and 2.27%), moisture content(25.00%, 29.70%, and 15.00%) and sandy texture in Kota Belud, Kudat and Mantanani Island,respectively. The major elements show Ca>Fe>Mg>Al>Mn for all study sites, while the heavy metals show Ni>Cr>Zn>Cu>Co>Pb, Cr>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb>Co and Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni, for Kota Belud, Kudat and Mantanani Island, respectively. The pollution degree of heavy metals was evaluated by using the Sediment Quality Assessment(SQA). The SQA parameters indicated none to moderate pollution in Kota Belud that shows Class 0, Class 1 and Class 2 pollution. The parameters also indicated none to low pollution in Kudat and Mantanani Island that show only Class 0 pollution. The enrichment factor(EF) suggested minor to moderately severe metal enrichment by anthropogenic sources in Kota Belud, whereas only minor enrichment in Kudat and Mantanani Island. The modified pollution degree(MCD<1.5) and pollution load index(0 PLI<1) indicating only low pollution level in the marine sediments for all study sites. The objectives of this study are:(1) to determine the physico-chemical parameters of sediments,(2) interpret the heavy metal contents and(3) evaluate the sediment quality.
文摘Coastal areas of Kudat are dominated by fisheries activities. Development of infrastructure for fishing facilities like jetty, landing centre and other human activities can increase the loading of nutrients in coastal area. High load of nutrients accelerates the blooming of phytoplankton and in long run creates eutrophication. This study was conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrients and relationship of phytoplankton density in coastal water of Kudat. Five stations were selected with three replicated in the study area. Phytoplankton samples, water samples and in situ environmental parameters were collected from May 2019 to February 2020 (10 months). The highest concentration of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) was observed in May 2019, but the highest concentration of phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) observed in July 2019. On the other hand, higher concentrations of phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) were determined than the concentration of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>) in all stations during study period. The distribution of nutrients is due to monsoonal runoff from surrounding areas as well due to anthropogenic activities. Among the 21 species three of them are from harmful algal species and but dominated by diatoms. Poor relationship observed among the dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton density, indicates that the relationship does not depend on only nutrients but with favourable environmental parameters. Anthropogenic activity can lead to excessive load of nutrients in Kudat coastal water and in long run cause eutrophication problem in ecosystem with potentially larger economic impacts in a long run period.
文摘The nutritional values of different species of sea cucumber are greatly concerned because of their dietary and curative properties. In this study, two species of sea cucumber, Holothuria edulis, a low-valued noncommercial species, and Holothuria scabra, a high-valued commercial species were selected to compare its proximate composition and fatty acids. H. edulis a prevalent species in coastal water of Sabah is not commercially importance like H. scabra. Sea cucumbers were captured live from the Sabah marine habitat. All samples were immediately eviscerated, freeze-dried and stored at 4°C in until analyzed. Silylating agent N, O-Bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was used to derivitization of fatty acid prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Proximate compositions (%), such as moisture, crude protein, crude lipids and ash were carried using standard methods. Major fatty acids in H. edulis and H. scabra were saturated fatty acid (SFA) accounted for 83.95% and 98.60%, respectively and dominated with Palmitic acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), arachidonic acid of 16.05% was found only in H. edulis, but absent H. scabra. Proximate compositions (dry weight) were varied greatly within these two species. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipids and ash of 85.5%, 70.5%, 1.37% and 1.27% respectively were obtained in H. edulis. On the other hand 84.5% of moisture, 51.2% of crude protein, 0.27% of crude lipids and 4.44% of ashes were determined in H. scabra. Significantly higher protein (p H. edulis compare to H. scabra could be the choice of option for the utilization of this non commercial species as nutraceutical industry and also alternatives to reduce the pressure on heavily exploited species of H. scabra.
文摘The X-ray fluorescence and ICP methods were used to analyze 60 outcrop samples of black shale, of which 15 were collected from Belait, 15 from the Setap Shale, 15 from Temburong, and 15 from the Trusmadi for- mations. The average compositions of the shales from the study area are 64.62%, 63.95%, 62.32%, 63.84% SiO2, 1.84%, 2.14%, 2.04%, 1.99% MgO, 2.55%, 3.12%, 2.89%, 2.72% K2O, 0.32%, 0.30%, 0.32%, 0.53% CaO, 5.86%, 6.06%, 7.14%, 6.60% Fe2O3, 207×10-6, 180×10-6, 213×10-6, 200×10-6 Rb, and 56×10-6, 49×10-6, 50×10-6, 32×10-6 Sr for the Setap Shale, Temburong, Belait and Trusmadi samples, respectively. The high Rb/Sr ratios of 3.8, 3.7, 4.2, and 6.1 are attributed to the lowest contents of Sr due to reducing conditions prevailing. The high Rb/K ratio sug- gests either brackish marine or rapid deposition that prevented equilibrium between Rb and K in the shales and ma- rine waters.
文摘Marudu Bay is part of the Tun Mustapha Marine Park, the largest marine protected area within the Malaysian region of the Coral Triangle Initiative. The bay is known for its diversed fisheries resources including bivalves. Although some of these bivalve species are commercially important, their occurrence, distribution and stock status in the bay are not well documented. Hence, the current study was conducted to determine the occurrence, distribution and the stock status of marsh clam, Polymerasoda spp. in the mangrove swamp situated at the southernmost of the Marudu Bay. Samplings were carried out at the mangrove swamps which covered an area of 500 sequare meter per sampling site. Two marsh clams species, Polymesoda erosa and P. expansa were found to inhabit the sampling sites. In general, juvenile marsh clams were noticed to dominate the seaward mangrove swamp, whereas the high tidal regions were dominated by adults. The current study also suggested a link in the distribution and the morphometric measurements of the marsh clams with the sediment grain size.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Kota Kinabalu Wetland is important</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ly</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> habited of mangrove, diverse aquatic flora and fauna as well as feeding stop for migratory birds. This wetland is inundated with the tidal flow, as connected with a small river and nearby coastal areas, thus. A study was carried out to determine the spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity at Kota Kinabalu (KK) Wetlands. Five stations, </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">which river mouth of Likas Bay, river channel (two stations) and inundated area (two stations) in KK Wetland were selected for this study. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In-situ</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> parameters of water, water for nutrients and phytoplankton samples were collected from May 2019 until October 2019. The highest concentration of nitrate (0.115 mg/L) was recorded at inundated area of wetland (S5) while the lowest nitrate concentration (0.0047 mg/L) was found at river (S3) flowing towards wetland. The concentrations of ammonia (0.2004 to 2.311 mg/L) were recorded relatively higher at every station compared to other dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN). The concentration of phosphate was determined in the ranges of 0.0089 </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 0.0513 mg/L. Nitrate, ammonia and phosphate showed no significant difference (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.737) in terms </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">DIN concentration at all five sampling stations during the study period. Twenty-four genera of phytoplankton were identified, dominated by diatoms (55.29%), followed by dinoflagellates (24.95%), Chrysophyta (11.15%), Spirotrichea (5.28%) and Cyanophyta (3.33%). Dominating species throughout the study period include </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Chaetoceros </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp., </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Pseduo-nitzschia </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">sp., and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Cylindrotheca closterium, Peridinium quinquecorne and Alexandrium sp. </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Phytoplankton species composition</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> observed the highest in river mouth area in July with the highest density of 12.115</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">× 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> cells/</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mL</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The study showed that nutrient concentration was insignificant (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">= 0.614) in altering the phytoplankton density, as influences with the tidal water.</span></span>
文摘This study was conducted to observe the abundance and distribution of phy-<span style="font-family:Verdana;">toplankton and temporal and spatial variation physico-chemical water parame</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ters in coastal water of Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Water samples and in-situ water quality parameters were taken from five selected locations from May 2019 to February 2020. The sampling location was selected based on human-induced activities such as Marina Resort’s Jetty (ST1), Sabah Ports’ Jetty </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(ST2), aquaculture cage/pent (ST3), river’s mouth (ST4) and Landung</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Ayang’s water village (ST5). Water parameters: pH, salinity (ppt), dissolved </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">oxygen (mg/L) temperature (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and depth (m) were recorded once every</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> month from the selected station. Identification of phytoplanktonic species and cell density </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(cell/mL) were determined from collected water samples. S</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ignificant differ</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ences (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) between physicochemical parameters to months were observed during the study period. However, in spatial variations, significant differences (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) of pH, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and temperature (<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, "font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">°</span>C) observed. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A total of 21 phytoplankton species were identified from the study area, where 4 species belonged to Dinophyceae (HABs blooming species) and 17 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae. The influences of physicochemical water parameters were not significant in phytoplankton diversity and abundance. In addition to these parameters, the nutrients in the water might have important roles in the blooming of phytoplankton, which are essential and vital to address in this type of research.</span></span></span></span>
文摘Groundwater occurs as a thin lens of freshwater floating over seawater in small islands aquifers.The impacts of climate change and pressure on island resources have been the greatest threats faced by the small islands.This paper represents a case study of groundwater response towards the climate change and pressure on island resources in Manukan Island of Sabah,Malaysia.A modeling software SEAW-
文摘Study was conducted with the aim to understand the temporal and spatial variations of water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, NO3-, NO2-, NH3-N and PO4-P, and phytoplankton cell density) in Ambong Bay, Sabah, Malaysia in order to provide reference for future mariculture development in the bay. Samplings were carried out once a month in two stations (coastal and open sea) within the bay for 12 months period from September 2015 to August 2016. Results showed that there were significant differences in pH and NO2- when compared spatially, whereas salinity, DO, TSS, phytoplankton cell density, NO3-, NH3-N, and PO4-P were temporally significant. The fermentation processes by anaerobic bacteria, organic acids from decaying vegetation and acidic clays in the mangrove soils might explain the significant spatial differences in pH and NO2-. The bay was dominated by dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum spp. (mean abundance of 16.23% and 24.44%, respectively) a potentially toxic algae species. Correlation matrix showed that NH3-N was positively correlated with PO4-P (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with salinity (r = –0.517, p < 0.01). Besides, salinity was positively correlated with DO (r = 0.505, p < 0.05) and TSS (r = 0.408, p < 0.05). In addition, DO and TSS were also positively correlated (r = 0.451, p < 0.05). Phytoplankton cell density was positively correlated with TSS (r = 0.644, p < 0.01). In general, the water quality in Ambong Bay is within the standard values permitted by the Malaysia Marine Water Quality standard for marine life, fisheries, coral reefs, recreational and mariculture (Class 2), except for NO3-. In conclusion, any mariculture operation to take place in Ambong Bay in the near future should take the temporal variation of the water quality into account. Moreover, effects of toxic phytoplankton to culture fishes should also be taken care and monitored frequently.
文摘Nutrients are influenced by anthropogenic activities and consequently change the diversity and density of phytoplankton. The spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton diversity and density were determined in river estuary, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Samples of water and phytoplankton were collected from six locations of river estuary during the month of May 2019 to October 2019. The highest abundances of 86% diatoms were determined during the study period. This was followed by 13% and 1% of dinoflagellates and Cyanobacteria respectively. The most dominance species of Skeletonema costatum, with density of 1186.69 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L and Thalassiosira sp. (938.01 ×10<sup>3</sup> cells/L) were recorded from Station 1 (upstream) and Station 5 (mangrove area) respectively. The Chaetoceros sp. (84.25 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L) was the dominated in Station 6 (control site). Station 4 (residential area) accounted the highest diversity of species such as Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp., Peridinium sp., Gonyaulax sp., and Cylindrotheca sp. with total cell density of 142.98 × 10<sup>3</sup> cells/L. The high diversity index of 5.2 to 7.09 and evenness index of 1.81 to 2.87 were determined from this river estuary. Very poor relationship was observed with the cell density and dissolved inorganic nutrients, phosphate (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.2437), ammonium (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.301) and nitrate (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.406). The diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in this river estuary not only depend on nutrients, but might be associated with other environmental factors, tidal fluctuations and rate of discharge of nutrient inputs from surrounding areas. This study suggests that long term monitoring not only the nutrients, but discharges and flushing of nutrient during rainfall and tidal fluctuation together with environmental factors should be considered in order to conclude status on the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton in river estuary.
基金Funded by the Basic Research Project in Shanxi Province(No.202103021224183)。
文摘Through the use of purification and recirculation superheating techniques on molten glass,the Ni65Cu33Co2 alloy was successfully undercooled to a maximum temperature of 292 K.High-speed photography was employed to capture the process of interface migration of the alloy liquid,allowing for an analysis of the relationship between the morphological characteristics of the alloy liquid solidification front and the degree of undercooling.Additionally,the microstructure of the alloy was examined using metallographic microscopy,leading to a systematic study of the microscopic morphological characteristics and evolution laws of the refined structure during rapid solidification.The research reveals that the grain refining mechanism of the Ni-Cu-Co ternary alloy is consistent with that of the binary alloy(Ni-Cu).Specifically,under low undercooling conditions,intense dendritic remelting was found to cause grain refinement,while under high undercooling conditions,recrystallization driven by accumulated stress and plastic strain resulting from the interaction between the liquid flow and the primary dendrites caused by rapid solidification was identified as the main factor contributing to grain refinement.Furthermore,the study highlights the significant role of the Co element in influencing the solidification rate and reheat effect of the alloy.The addition of Co was also found to facilitate the formation of non-segregated solidification structure,indicating its importance in the overall solidification process.
文摘Non-equilibrium solidification structures of Cu55Ni45 and Cu55Ni43Co2 alloys were prepared by the molten glass purification cycle superheating method.The variation of the recalescence phenomenon with the degree of undercooling in the rapid solidification process was investigated using an infrared thermometer.The addition of the Co element affected the evolution of the recalescence phenomenon in Cu-Ni alloys.The images of the solid-liquid interface migration during the rapid solidification of supercooled melts were captured by using a high-speed camera.The solidification rate of Cu-Ni alloys,with the addition of Co elements,was explored.Finally,the grain refinement structure with low supercooling was characterised using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The effect of Co on the microstructural evolution during nonequilibrium solidification of Cu-Ni alloys under conditions of small supercooling is investigated by comparing the microstructures of Cu55Ni45 and Cu55Ni43Co2 alloys.The experimental results show that the addition of a small amount of Co weakens the recalescence behaviour of the Cu55Ni45 alloy and significantly reduces the thermal strain in the rapid solidification phase.In the rapid solidification phase,the thermal strain is greatly reduced,and there is a significant increase in the characteristic undercooling degree.Furthermore,the addition of Co and the reduction of Cu not only result in a lower solidification rate of the alloy,but also contribute to the homogenisation of the grain size.
基金the financial support provided by UMS Great(GUG0217-1/2018),which played a crucial role in the completion of this study.
文摘Lignin extraction from bark can maximize the utilization of biomass waste,offer cost-effectiveness,and promote environmental friendliness when employed as an adhesive material in bark particleboard production.Particles of fine(0.2 to 1.0 mm),medium(1.0 to 2.5 mm),and coarse(2.5 to 12.0 mm)sizes,derived from the bark of Leucaena leucocephala,were hot-pressed using a heating plate at 175℃for 7 min to create single-layer particleboards measuring 320 mm×320 mm×10 mm,targeting a density of 700 kg/m^(3).Subsequently,the samples were trimmed and conditioned at 20℃and 65%relative humidity.In this study,we compared bark particleboard bonded with urea formaldehyde(UF)adhesive to fine-sized particleboard bonded with demethylated lignin adhesive.The results indicated that bark particleboards utilizing demethylated lignin and UF adhesives exhibited similar qualities.Coarse particleboard showed differences in modulus of elasticity(MOE)and modulus of rupture(MOR),while medium-sized particles exhibited significant variations in moisture content(MC)and water absorption(WA).Furthermore,the thickness swelling of coarse and medium-sized particles under wet and oven-dried conditions exhibited notable distinctions.Overall,the demethylated lignin adhesive extracted from L.leucocephala bark demonstrated similar quality to UF adhesive,with particle size correlating inversely to the strength of the bark particleboard.
基金This research was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia via the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS/1/2020/WAB03/UPM/02/1)。
文摘Tropical peat comprises decomposed dead plant material and acts like a sponge to absorb water,making it fully saturated.However,drought periods dry it readily and increases its vulnerability to fire.Peat fires emit greenhouse gases and particles contributing to haze,and prevention by constructing fire-break canals to reduce fire spread into forest reserves is crucial.This paper aims to determine peat physical and chemical properties near a fire-break canal at different fire frequency areas.Peat sampling was conducted at two forest reserves in Malaysia which represent low fire frequency and high fire frequency areas.The results show that peat properties were not affected by the construction of a fire-break canal,however lignin and cellulose content increased significantly from the distance of the canal in both areas.The study concluded that fire frequency did not significantly influence peat properties except for porosity.The higher fibre content in the high frequency area did not influence moisture content nor the ability to regain moisture.Thus,fire frequency might contribute differently to changes in physical and chemical properties,hence management efforts to construct fire-break canals and restoration efforts should protect peatlands from further degradation.These findings will benefit future management and planning for forest reserves.
基金Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia under theResearch GrantLRGS/1/2019/UKM-UKM/5/2 and Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University for financing this researcher through Supporting Project Number(PNURSP2024R235),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Due to the overwhelming characteristics of the Internet of Things(IoT)and its adoption in approximately every aspect of our lives,the concept of individual devices’privacy has gained prominent attention from both customers,i.e.,people,and industries as wearable devices collect sensitive information about patients(both admitted and outdoor)in smart healthcare infrastructures.In addition to privacy,outliers or noise are among the crucial issues,which are directly correlated with IoT infrastructures,as most member devices are resource-limited and could generate or transmit false data that is required to be refined before processing,i.e.,transmitting.Therefore,the development of privacy-preserving information fusion techniques is highly encouraged,especially those designed for smart IoT-enabled domains.In this paper,we are going to present an effective hybrid approach that can refine raw data values captured by the respectivemember device before transmission while preserving its privacy through the utilization of the differential privacy technique in IoT infrastructures.Sliding window,i.e.,δi based dynamic programming methodology,is implemented at the device level to ensure precise and accurate detection of outliers or noisy data,and refine it prior to activation of the respective transmission activity.Additionally,an appropriate privacy budget has been selected,which is enough to ensure the privacy of every individualmodule,i.e.,a wearable device such as a smartwatch attached to the patient’s body.In contrast,the end module,i.e.,the server in this case,can extract important information with approximately the maximum level of accuracy.Moreover,refined data has been processed by adding an appropriate nose through the Laplace mechanism to make it useless or meaningless for the adversary modules in the IoT.The proposed hybrid approach is trusted from both the device’s privacy and the integrity of the transmitted information perspectives.Simulation and analytical results have proved that the proposed privacy-preserving information fusion technique for wearable devices is an ideal solution for resource-constrained infrastructures such as IoT and the Internet ofMedical Things,where both device privacy and information integrity are important.Finally,the proposed hybrid approach is proven against well-known intruder attacks,especially those related to the privacy of the respective device in IoT infrastructures.
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei Province.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to purify mutton samples by gel permeation chromatography(GPC).[Methods]Fourteen organophosphorus pesticide residues in samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)in selective ion scanning mode(SIM).[Results]The organophosphorus pesticide standard solutions showed good linearity in the mass concentration range of 0.1-10.0μg/ml with correlation coefficients(r)not lower than 0.999,and the detection limits(S=3 N)ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg.The average recovery values were in the range of 80.2%-99.7%,with relative standard deviations(RSDs,n=3)in the range of 1.8%-6.3%,at the addition levels of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg.[Conclusions]The method is simple,sensitive and accurate,and can be used for the determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues in mutton.
基金Supported by The Fourth Batch of High-end Talent Project in Hebei Province.
文摘Probiotics have a long history of use in human production and life.With the gradual deepening of the research on the functions of probiotics,their various nutritional and health benefits for the human body have also become increasingly clear.Existing research shows that probiotics can regulate intestinal flora,and improve immunity and even the symptoms of some diseases.Therefore,in the food industry,the application of probiotics from traditional fermented foods to functional foods has become more and more extensive.In this paper,the research progress of nutritional function and application of probiotics in food at home and abroad was reviewed,in order to provide some reference for the safe application of probiotics in food.
