Twenty varieties of improved sorghum were grown in Machache at the Department of Agricultural Research station, located (29˚22'60"S and 27˚52'0"E) in the central foothills of Lesotho in Maseru distri...Twenty varieties of improved sorghum were grown in Machache at the Department of Agricultural Research station, located (29˚22'60"S and 27˚52'0"E) in the central foothills of Lesotho in Maseru district. The varieties were planted in a randomized complete block design. At maturity, they were harvested, dried, threshed, milled and analyzed in the crop science laboratory at the National University of Lesotho. The proximate and mineral contents were analyzed from samples in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The proximate composition parameters measured were crude proteins, crude fiber, crude fat, moisture content, and carbohydrates. The minerals analyzed were, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium. The results showed the nutritional contents ranging from (4.7% - 16.16%), (0.35% - 2.10%), (1.25% - 4.00%), (71.60% - 84.06%), (5.53% - 10.18%), for protein, fat, fiber and carbohydrate, and moisture content, respectively. Mineral content ranged from (1342.96 - 3500.34 mg/kg), (25.97 - 185.25 mg/kg), (50.71 - 511.71 mg/kg), (29.35 - 4542.13 mg/kg), (577.19 - 3041.52 mg/kg), (0.25 - 4.07 mg/kg), (1.96 - 18.61 mg/kg), (67.14 - 122.96 mg/kg), (4.73 - 11.39 mg/kg) for phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese respectively. The following varieties were found to have the highest and appreciable amounts of nutrients and minerals that are crucial in the country diet;protein content was KARI Mtama 1, zinc, IESX 16 2533-SB-SSI-19, and iron IESX 16 2535-SB-SSI-34.展开更多
This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits th...This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits that are experienced by SMMEs during and after the registration process leading to the transition from informal to formal business,the level of awareness by the SMMEs of the registration information,and the procedures in addition to the potential factors that inspire or discourage informal and prospective business registration.The reason for including both informal and formal SMMEs in the survey was to compare the perceptions of these groups of businesses regarding the triggers and/or barriers to register as a formal business.The results show that for both informal and formal businesses,the liability of paying taxes was a major challenge while improved workers’health and safety accrued as a major benefit.Own research emerged as the main source of access to business registration information and procedure.The costs involved in registration were highlighted as one of the major factors discouraging registration but the prospects of expanding the customer base and the ability to achieve a higher turnover as some of the main inspiring factors.The study recommends the development of policies that provide an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises but also to implement measures that improve productivity through access to finance,skills,infrastructure,markets,and technology transfers.展开更多
Pervasive low levels of education and weak civil society activism in poor rural communities are cited as constraining factors for participatory development (PD), resulting in technical capacity for participation being...Pervasive low levels of education and weak civil society activism in poor rural communities are cited as constraining factors for participatory development (PD), resulting in technical capacity for participation being skewed against the community participants. This paper highlights the outcomes of a research study that examined the applicability of the participatory development concept in conditions characterised by low levels of education and weak civil society. The research was undertaken in two rural villages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, utilising both quantitative and qualitative approaches entailing interviews with 18 key informants followed by two focus group discussions each with seven participants respectively. The research found that rural communities were not aware of the government policy placing people participation at the centre of rural development interventions;and that they would not support it as they believed it was government's role to champion their development. The research also found that the government officials that lead the implementation effort of the rural development programmes did not believe that the participation policy was practical, citing capacity limitations among rural communities. The researcher recommends a moderated rural people participation process, which features creation of a facilitative institutional infrastructure to optimise productive participation of rural people in local development processes.展开更多
This paper evaluates the determinants of risk exposure when development finance institutions consider approval of funding to different development markets utilising multiple regression econometric models and the Devel...This paper evaluates the determinants of risk exposure when development finance institutions consider approval of funding to different development markets utilising multiple regression econometric models and the Development Bank of South Africa(DBSA)as a case study.The research presents the classical development finance institution(DFI)business model and market size estimation with the contemporary DFI risk classification and enterprise risk management framework.In addition to reviewing the profile of financial and non-financial products and services,the related project cycles and the DFI credit risk pricing and mitigation approaches for the different development markets.Our results suggest that there is a correlation between the funding of under-resourced municipalities by DBSA and its exposure to financial risk though the correlation is not overwhelmingly significant,but also evidence of a negative correlation between the funding of under-resourced municipalities and the minimization of the financial risk exposure of DBSA.Likewise,there is a negative correlation between funding to all three different sizes of a municipality and ability of the DFI to absorb future losses(non-performing loan coverage ratio).The negative correlation is highest for secondary cities followed by metros and least for under resourced municipalities.The research concludes with four major recommendations of what the role of the DFI should be in enhancing access of under-resourced municipalities to development funding.展开更多
A comparative study was carried out to investigate the suitability of some selected Nigerian vegetable oils as alternative quenchant to SAE40 engine oil for industrial heat treatment of Medium Carbon steels. The study...A comparative study was carried out to investigate the suitability of some selected Nigerian vegetable oils as alternative quenchant to SAE40 engine oil for industrial heat treatment of Medium Carbon steels. The study involved the characterization of physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of cotton seed oil, palm kernel oil, neem seed oil and palm oil. The quenching performance of these vegetable oils was conducted at quenchant bath temperatures of 34oC, 50oC, 70oC, and 100oC. SAE40 engine oil (Standard quenchant) and tap water served as control. The effect of cooling rates of the quenching media on mechanical properties and microstructure of the quenched steel samples were investigated. The results obtained show that the different vegetable oils have different viscosity and viscosity-temperature behavior just as their molecular structures were different. The mechanical properties of the as-quenched specimens in these oils show that the hardness of steel quenched in palm kernel oil was highest 40.85HRC. As received sample absorbed the highest amount of energy (183 J) before fracture while sample quenched in water absorbs least energy (28 J). Hence vegetable oil is suitable as alternative quenchant to petroleum based SAE40 engine oil for quenching medium carbon steels, without cracking or distortion, the most suitable among them being palm kernel oil.展开更多
Wine tourism is a fast growing sector,with an estimated 30%growth in 2018 and has emerged as a strong and rising area of special interest tourism,representing an increasingly important element of regional and rural to...Wine tourism is a fast growing sector,with an estimated 30%growth in 2018 and has emerged as a strong and rising area of special interest tourism,representing an increasingly important element of regional and rural tourism development.In Greece wine has played an important role since ancient times,as it was an integral part of nutrition and religion,and by 800BC,Greeks had begun to perfect their techniques in winemaking.Wine tourism in our days,constitutes a factor for attracting visitors from all over the world.The present paper is an effort to explore and investigate the factors that affect the behavior of wine tourists in the island of Santorini,shaping their motives and intentions.More specifically,the aim of this paper is to explore the motivating factors that influence winery visitation,wine tourists’level of satisfaction,interest and knowledge on wine,as well as their demographic characteristics.The methodological approach was based on quantitative research;more specifically a survey was conducted with the use of structured questionnaires.Results showed that the most popular activity for wine tourists visiting Santorini wineries was wine tasting and the main motives influencing the decision for winery visitation involved wine tasting and experiencing the atmosphere of the winery.This research also showed that the most important factors contributing to wine tourist’s satisfaction concerned the attitude,professionalism and knowledge of winery staff,as well as service quality.展开更多
The“success”of a polygraph examination is predicated on the establishment of differential or emotional salience(a“psychological set”)with an examinee.This,according to polygraph proponents,guarantees that an exami...The“success”of a polygraph examination is predicated on the establishment of differential or emotional salience(a“psychological set”)with an examinee.This,according to polygraph proponents,guarantees that an examinee will respond appropriately during the administration of the in-test(questioning)phase of the polygraph examination.However,polygraph procedure,as prescribed by its governing body,the American Polygraph Association(APA),is a static clinical Westernised process that does not make any provision for human multiplicity(culture/ethnicity,idiosyncrasies,level of education,language proficiency,ideologies,and so forth).Identical(one size fits all)test procedures are applied across the board–a highly controversial methodology.This article,instead of rigidly focusing on validity and reliability issues per se,explores the degree to which certain intentional and unintentional human behaviour modification strategies have the potential to counterbalance claimed polygraph rectitude from a metaphysical and discursive standpoint.The article exposes concerns(potential flaws)relating to polygraph theory in the context of the“psychological set”and is intended to serve as a caveat regarding the unmitigated use thereof.展开更多
Climate change and ozone depletion are topics challenging the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities,particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances.One such substance is chlorodifluorometh...Climate change and ozone depletion are topics challenging the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities,particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances.One such substance is chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22),a cheap,widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential and a chemical target for phase-out under the Montreal protocol.Botswana like all signatory countries to the Montreal Protocol is required to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan(HPMP).This study focused on evaluating the environmental and socioeconomic implications of phasing out HCFC-22 in Botswana.A census of nine HCFC-22-importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to company size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services,Customs officers and HCFC-22 Industrial consumers.Annual HCFC-22 importation figures for Botswana in 2009-2017 from the National Ozone Unit were analysed.It emerged that HCFC-22 phase-out had reduced HCFC-22 consumption by approximately 510,400 kg in 2011-2017,translating to 28,072 ozone depleting potential(ODP)saved.Also,the HCFC-22 phase-out plan saved the country 128 kW h of electricity for 2009-2017.While decreasing demand for HCFC-22,the HPMP had correspondingly occasioned the higher replacement and servicing costs of HCFC-22-compliant equipment,as HCFC-22 substitutes cost more.To deter use of HCFC-22 and promote phase-out,the price of substitute refrigerants can be made less expensive than HCFC-22.Participating stakeholders attest that HCFC-22 phase-out has positive social benefits such as raising community awareness of the ozone depleting phase-out.As a recommendation,the government of Botswana could offer a number of incentives towards HCFC-22 substitutes uptake in order to give impetus to technology transfer.展开更多
Sensory modalities are important for survival but the molecular mechanisms remain challenging due to the polymodal functionality of sensory neurons. Here, we report the C. elegans outer labial lateral(OLL) sensilla se...Sensory modalities are important for survival but the molecular mechanisms remain challenging due to the polymodal functionality of sensory neurons. Here, we report the C. elegans outer labial lateral(OLL) sensilla sensory neurons respond to touch and cold. Mechanosensation of OLL neurons resulted in cell-autonomous mechanically-evoked Ca~(2+) transients and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor currents with a very short latency.Mechanotransduction of OLL neurons might be carried by a novel Na~+ conductance channel, which is insensitive to amiloride. The bona fide mechano-gated Na~+ -selective degenerin/epithelial Na~+ channels, TRP-4, TMC, and Piezo proteins are not involved in this mechanosensation.Interestingly, OLL neurons also mediated cold but not warm responses in a cell-autonomous manner. We further showed that the cold response of OLL neurons is not mediated by the cold receptor TRPA-1 or the temperaturesensitive glutamate receptor GLR-3. Thus, we propose the polymodal functionality of OLL neurons in mechanosensation and cold sensation.展开更多
Pure ZnO, ZnO–CuO nanocomposites can be synthesized by using a modified perfume spray pyrolysis method（MSP）. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles（NPs） has been observed by X-ray diffraction pattern and is ne...Pure ZnO, ZnO–CuO nanocomposites can be synthesized by using a modified perfume spray pyrolysis method（MSP）. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles（NPs） has been observed by X-ray diffraction pattern and is nearly 36 nm. Morphological studies have been analyzed by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy（FESEM） and its elemental analysis was reported by Elemental X-ray Analysis（EDX）; these studies confirmed that ZnO and CuO have hexagonal structure and monoclinic structure respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared（FTIR） spectra revealed that the presence of functional frequencies of ZnO and CuO were observed at 443 and 616 cm-1.The average bandgap value at 3.25 e V using UV–vis spectra for the entitled composite has described a blue shift that has been observed here. The antibacterial study against both gram positive and negative bacteria has been studied by the disc diffusion method. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on ZnO–CuO nanocomposite synthesized by a modified perfume spray pyrolysis method.展开更多
Uganda’s health care sector is choking with various challenges,such as poor physical infrastructure,inadequate professionals to run the few existing health centers,poor culture of adherence to professional ethical st...Uganda’s health care sector is choking with various challenges,such as poor physical infrastructure,inadequate professionals to run the few existing health centers,poor culture of adherence to professional ethical standards by some health care practitioners,shortages of medicines in most government hospitals/health centers,and corruption.Most of the challenges are more endemic in rural areas.It is on the above premise that this article discusses some of the challenges that health centers face in provision of care to the increasing number of HIV/AIDS patients in hard-to-reach rural communities in northern Uganda and the implications of such challenges on the economy.Uganda’s success in the fight against HIV/AIDS in the early 1990s was globally applauded because of its aggressive grassroots behavioral change crusades aimed at reducing the number of sexual partners.The success inspired a wave of financial aid programs from the US government to fight the disease across the developing world.However,the success was short-lived as the rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Uganda is currently rising,with the health care system struggling to provide care for the ballooning number of patients.To contribute to the curtailing cases of new infections,this article discuses the integration of the traditional authority and knowledge system in the national HIV/AIDS care and prevention program along with the biomedical approach currently being used.展开更多
文摘Twenty varieties of improved sorghum were grown in Machache at the Department of Agricultural Research station, located (29˚22'60"S and 27˚52'0"E) in the central foothills of Lesotho in Maseru district. The varieties were planted in a randomized complete block design. At maturity, they were harvested, dried, threshed, milled and analyzed in the crop science laboratory at the National University of Lesotho. The proximate and mineral contents were analyzed from samples in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The proximate composition parameters measured were crude proteins, crude fiber, crude fat, moisture content, and carbohydrates. The minerals analyzed were, phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium. The results showed the nutritional contents ranging from (4.7% - 16.16%), (0.35% - 2.10%), (1.25% - 4.00%), (71.60% - 84.06%), (5.53% - 10.18%), for protein, fat, fiber and carbohydrate, and moisture content, respectively. Mineral content ranged from (1342.96 - 3500.34 mg/kg), (25.97 - 185.25 mg/kg), (50.71 - 511.71 mg/kg), (29.35 - 4542.13 mg/kg), (577.19 - 3041.52 mg/kg), (0.25 - 4.07 mg/kg), (1.96 - 18.61 mg/kg), (67.14 - 122.96 mg/kg), (4.73 - 11.39 mg/kg) for phosphorus, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese respectively. The following varieties were found to have the highest and appreciable amounts of nutrients and minerals that are crucial in the country diet;protein content was KARI Mtama 1, zinc, IESX 16 2533-SB-SSI-19, and iron IESX 16 2535-SB-SSI-34.
文摘This paper presents the views of 623 informal and formal small,medium,and micro enterprises(SMMEs)operating in the Gauteng Province of South Africa.The objective of the study was to identify challenges and benefits that are experienced by SMMEs during and after the registration process leading to the transition from informal to formal business,the level of awareness by the SMMEs of the registration information,and the procedures in addition to the potential factors that inspire or discourage informal and prospective business registration.The reason for including both informal and formal SMMEs in the survey was to compare the perceptions of these groups of businesses regarding the triggers and/or barriers to register as a formal business.The results show that for both informal and formal businesses,the liability of paying taxes was a major challenge while improved workers’health and safety accrued as a major benefit.Own research emerged as the main source of access to business registration information and procedure.The costs involved in registration were highlighted as one of the major factors discouraging registration but the prospects of expanding the customer base and the ability to achieve a higher turnover as some of the main inspiring factors.The study recommends the development of policies that provide an enabling environment for sustainable enterprises but also to implement measures that improve productivity through access to finance,skills,infrastructure,markets,and technology transfers.
文摘Pervasive low levels of education and weak civil society activism in poor rural communities are cited as constraining factors for participatory development (PD), resulting in technical capacity for participation being skewed against the community participants. This paper highlights the outcomes of a research study that examined the applicability of the participatory development concept in conditions characterised by low levels of education and weak civil society. The research was undertaken in two rural villages in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, utilising both quantitative and qualitative approaches entailing interviews with 18 key informants followed by two focus group discussions each with seven participants respectively. The research found that rural communities were not aware of the government policy placing people participation at the centre of rural development interventions;and that they would not support it as they believed it was government's role to champion their development. The research also found that the government officials that lead the implementation effort of the rural development programmes did not believe that the participation policy was practical, citing capacity limitations among rural communities. The researcher recommends a moderated rural people participation process, which features creation of a facilitative institutional infrastructure to optimise productive participation of rural people in local development processes.
文摘This paper evaluates the determinants of risk exposure when development finance institutions consider approval of funding to different development markets utilising multiple regression econometric models and the Development Bank of South Africa(DBSA)as a case study.The research presents the classical development finance institution(DFI)business model and market size estimation with the contemporary DFI risk classification and enterprise risk management framework.In addition to reviewing the profile of financial and non-financial products and services,the related project cycles and the DFI credit risk pricing and mitigation approaches for the different development markets.Our results suggest that there is a correlation between the funding of under-resourced municipalities by DBSA and its exposure to financial risk though the correlation is not overwhelmingly significant,but also evidence of a negative correlation between the funding of under-resourced municipalities and the minimization of the financial risk exposure of DBSA.Likewise,there is a negative correlation between funding to all three different sizes of a municipality and ability of the DFI to absorb future losses(non-performing loan coverage ratio).The negative correlation is highest for secondary cities followed by metros and least for under resourced municipalities.The research concludes with four major recommendations of what the role of the DFI should be in enhancing access of under-resourced municipalities to development funding.
文摘A comparative study was carried out to investigate the suitability of some selected Nigerian vegetable oils as alternative quenchant to SAE40 engine oil for industrial heat treatment of Medium Carbon steels. The study involved the characterization of physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of cotton seed oil, palm kernel oil, neem seed oil and palm oil. The quenching performance of these vegetable oils was conducted at quenchant bath temperatures of 34oC, 50oC, 70oC, and 100oC. SAE40 engine oil (Standard quenchant) and tap water served as control. The effect of cooling rates of the quenching media on mechanical properties and microstructure of the quenched steel samples were investigated. The results obtained show that the different vegetable oils have different viscosity and viscosity-temperature behavior just as their molecular structures were different. The mechanical properties of the as-quenched specimens in these oils show that the hardness of steel quenched in palm kernel oil was highest 40.85HRC. As received sample absorbed the highest amount of energy (183 J) before fracture while sample quenched in water absorbs least energy (28 J). Hence vegetable oil is suitable as alternative quenchant to petroleum based SAE40 engine oil for quenching medium carbon steels, without cracking or distortion, the most suitable among them being palm kernel oil.
文摘Wine tourism is a fast growing sector,with an estimated 30%growth in 2018 and has emerged as a strong and rising area of special interest tourism,representing an increasingly important element of regional and rural tourism development.In Greece wine has played an important role since ancient times,as it was an integral part of nutrition and religion,and by 800BC,Greeks had begun to perfect their techniques in winemaking.Wine tourism in our days,constitutes a factor for attracting visitors from all over the world.The present paper is an effort to explore and investigate the factors that affect the behavior of wine tourists in the island of Santorini,shaping their motives and intentions.More specifically,the aim of this paper is to explore the motivating factors that influence winery visitation,wine tourists’level of satisfaction,interest and knowledge on wine,as well as their demographic characteristics.The methodological approach was based on quantitative research;more specifically a survey was conducted with the use of structured questionnaires.Results showed that the most popular activity for wine tourists visiting Santorini wineries was wine tasting and the main motives influencing the decision for winery visitation involved wine tasting and experiencing the atmosphere of the winery.This research also showed that the most important factors contributing to wine tourist’s satisfaction concerned the attitude,professionalism and knowledge of winery staff,as well as service quality.
文摘The“success”of a polygraph examination is predicated on the establishment of differential or emotional salience(a“psychological set”)with an examinee.This,according to polygraph proponents,guarantees that an examinee will respond appropriately during the administration of the in-test(questioning)phase of the polygraph examination.However,polygraph procedure,as prescribed by its governing body,the American Polygraph Association(APA),is a static clinical Westernised process that does not make any provision for human multiplicity(culture/ethnicity,idiosyncrasies,level of education,language proficiency,ideologies,and so forth).Identical(one size fits all)test procedures are applied across the board–a highly controversial methodology.This article,instead of rigidly focusing on validity and reliability issues per se,explores the degree to which certain intentional and unintentional human behaviour modification strategies have the potential to counterbalance claimed polygraph rectitude from a metaphysical and discursive standpoint.The article exposes concerns(potential flaws)relating to polygraph theory in the context of the“psychological set”and is intended to serve as a caveat regarding the unmitigated use thereof.
文摘Climate change and ozone depletion are topics challenging the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities,particularly emissions of ozone depleting substances.One such substance is chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22),a cheap,widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential and a chemical target for phase-out under the Montreal protocol.Botswana like all signatory countries to the Montreal Protocol is required to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan(HPMP).This study focused on evaluating the environmental and socioeconomic implications of phasing out HCFC-22 in Botswana.A census of nine HCFC-22-importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to company size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services,Customs officers and HCFC-22 Industrial consumers.Annual HCFC-22 importation figures for Botswana in 2009-2017 from the National Ozone Unit were analysed.It emerged that HCFC-22 phase-out had reduced HCFC-22 consumption by approximately 510,400 kg in 2011-2017,translating to 28,072 ozone depleting potential(ODP)saved.Also,the HCFC-22 phase-out plan saved the country 128 kW h of electricity for 2009-2017.While decreasing demand for HCFC-22,the HPMP had correspondingly occasioned the higher replacement and servicing costs of HCFC-22-compliant equipment,as HCFC-22 substitutes cost more.To deter use of HCFC-22 and promote phase-out,the price of substitute refrigerants can be made less expensive than HCFC-22.Participating stakeholders attest that HCFC-22 phase-out has positive social benefits such as raising community awareness of the ozone depleting phase-out.As a recommendation,the government of Botswana could offer a number of incentives towards HCFC-22 substitutes uptake in order to give impetus to technology transfer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471023, 31771113, and 31800878)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671695, 2020T130592, 2019T120505, and 2018M640551)。
文摘Sensory modalities are important for survival but the molecular mechanisms remain challenging due to the polymodal functionality of sensory neurons. Here, we report the C. elegans outer labial lateral(OLL) sensilla sensory neurons respond to touch and cold. Mechanosensation of OLL neurons resulted in cell-autonomous mechanically-evoked Ca~(2+) transients and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptor currents with a very short latency.Mechanotransduction of OLL neurons might be carried by a novel Na~+ conductance channel, which is insensitive to amiloride. The bona fide mechano-gated Na~+ -selective degenerin/epithelial Na~+ channels, TRP-4, TMC, and Piezo proteins are not involved in this mechanosensation.Interestingly, OLL neurons also mediated cold but not warm responses in a cell-autonomous manner. We further showed that the cold response of OLL neurons is not mediated by the cold receptor TRPA-1 or the temperaturesensitive glutamate receptor GLR-3. Thus, we propose the polymodal functionality of OLL neurons in mechanosensation and cold sensation.
文摘Pure ZnO, ZnO–CuO nanocomposites can be synthesized by using a modified perfume spray pyrolysis method（MSP）. The crystallite size of the nanoparticles（NPs） has been observed by X-ray diffraction pattern and is nearly 36 nm. Morphological studies have been analyzed by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy（FESEM） and its elemental analysis was reported by Elemental X-ray Analysis（EDX）; these studies confirmed that ZnO and CuO have hexagonal structure and monoclinic structure respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared（FTIR） spectra revealed that the presence of functional frequencies of ZnO and CuO were observed at 443 and 616 cm-1.The average bandgap value at 3.25 e V using UV–vis spectra for the entitled composite has described a blue shift that has been observed here. The antibacterial study against both gram positive and negative bacteria has been studied by the disc diffusion method. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on ZnO–CuO nanocomposite synthesized by a modified perfume spray pyrolysis method.
文摘Uganda’s health care sector is choking with various challenges,such as poor physical infrastructure,inadequate professionals to run the few existing health centers,poor culture of adherence to professional ethical standards by some health care practitioners,shortages of medicines in most government hospitals/health centers,and corruption.Most of the challenges are more endemic in rural areas.It is on the above premise that this article discusses some of the challenges that health centers face in provision of care to the increasing number of HIV/AIDS patients in hard-to-reach rural communities in northern Uganda and the implications of such challenges on the economy.Uganda’s success in the fight against HIV/AIDS in the early 1990s was globally applauded because of its aggressive grassroots behavioral change crusades aimed at reducing the number of sexual partners.The success inspired a wave of financial aid programs from the US government to fight the disease across the developing world.However,the success was short-lived as the rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Uganda is currently rising,with the health care system struggling to provide care for the ballooning number of patients.To contribute to the curtailing cases of new infections,this article discuses the integration of the traditional authority and knowledge system in the national HIV/AIDS care and prevention program along with the biomedical approach currently being used.
