Wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms are popular in Southwest China and umami is important flavor qualities of edible mushrooms.This study aimed to understand the umami taste of Termitomyces intermedius and Termitomyces...Wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms are popular in Southwest China and umami is important flavor qualities of edible mushrooms.This study aimed to understand the umami taste of Termitomyces intermedius and Termitomyces aff.bulborhizus.Ten umami peptides from aqueous extracts were separated using a Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography.The intense umami fraction was evaluated by both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue.They were identified as KLNDAQAPK,DSTDEKFLR,VGKGAHLSGEH,MLKKKKLA,SLGFGGPPGY,TVATFSSSTKPDD,AMDDDEADLLLLAM,VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK.Seven peptides,except VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK were selectively synthesized to verify their taste characteristics.All these 10 peptides had umami or salt taste.The 10 peptides were conducted by molecular docking to study their interaction with identified peptides and the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3.All these 10 peptides perfectly docked the active residues in the T1R3 subunit.Our results provide theoretical basis for the umami taste and address the umami mechanism of two wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms.展开更多
Aroma is central to the worldwide success of truffles as gourmet food and the high prices paid for these edible mushrooms.In this study,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from fruiting bodies of two Chinese truffles of c...Aroma is central to the worldwide success of truffles as gourmet food and the high prices paid for these edible mushrooms.In this study,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from fruiting bodies of two Chinese truffles of commercial relevance,Tuber indicum and Tuber pseudohimalayense,were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).We aimed to characterize the aroma profile and determine whether it would be influenced by provenance and stage of maturation.We thus collected and analyzed young,middle mature and mature fruiting bodies of each species from different locations in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces,located in southwestern China.Overall,76 VOCs were identified,belonging to different chemical classes,i.e.alcohols and phenols,aldehydes and ketones,benzenes and methoxy compounds,hydrocarbons and amines.A large number of volatiles identified in T.indicum and T.pseudohimalayense are reported here for the first time for these truffles.While more than 50%of identified VOCs were produced by both truffle species,considerable differences were present in the aroma profiles of fruiting bodies collected at various maturation stages,revealing a dynamic pattern in the biosynthesis of VOCs.Furthermore,truffles of different provenance had distinct proportions of volatile constituents,suggesting that,besides genetic factors,edaphic and microclimatic conditions influence the synthesis of VOCs in a complex manner.展开更多
A new species of bird's nest fungus,Cyathus wenshanensis is proposed based on a combination of the morphological and molecular evidence.It is characterised by the obconical to cupulate basidiomata covered with hir...A new species of bird's nest fungus,Cyathus wenshanensis is proposed based on a combination of the morphological and molecular evidence.It is characterised by the obconical to cupulate basidiomata covered with hirsute hairs,striations on the outer and inner surface of the peridium,funicular peridioles,a trimitic hyphal system of peridium with generative hyphae having clamp connections,a dimitic hyphal system of peridiole middle,and subglobose,elliptical to ellipsoid-elongate,thick-walled basidiospores.Sequence of the internal transcribed spacers(ITS)gene region was generated,and the phylogenetic analysis was performed with maximum likelihood,maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods.The phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS dataset indicated that C.wenshanensis nested within the genus Cyathus,in which it formed a monophyletic lineage and grouped with C.albinus,C.amazonicus,C.badius,C.parvocinereus,C.pyristriatus and C.uniperidiolus.展开更多
This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the pr...This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.展开更多
In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in th...In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in the selection of forage plant species for pig farming by local people.This study aimed to identify the forage plants used for pig feeding and to catalog indigenous knowledge regarding their use.During 2016 and 2017,ethnobotanical surveys and inventories were conducted in Zhuxi County,Hubei Province,China.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews,key informant reports,free listings,guided field walks,and participatory observations with 77 households in 16 villages in 13 towns/townships.The obtained data were analyzed using a relative frequency citation(RFC)index.Overall,145 wild forage plants from 91 genera and 31 families were recorded.The most cited families were Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Urticaceae,Amaranthaceae,Fabaceae,Cruciferae,Caryophyllaceae,and Lamiaceae.Whole plants(75.9%)and tender leaves(12.4%)were the most frequently used parts of the plants.Most of the forage plants were herbaceous(88.9%).Almost all forage plants could be collected throughout the year(62.7%).Raw and cooked were the two main preparation methods.The most frequently cited species were Taraxacum mongolicum,Bidens pilosa,Sonchus oleraceus,Pilea verrucosa,and Pilea pumila var.obtusifolia.A total of 14 species were identified as the top forage plants in Zhuxi County based on their RFC values(RFC value greater than 0.5).Local people possess rich traditional knowledge about the utilization and management of forage plants for pig feeding.However,the maintenance of this traditional knowledge may be seriously threatened by changes in pig feeding modes and the lack of successors.Appropriate strategies and action plans have been suggested for the conservation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and the sustainable use of forage species resources.These include 1)taking targeted measures to protect forage resources and associated traditional knowledge;2)strengthening research on the forage plants with the highest RFC values for nutritional value,digestibility,other functions,and ecological status;and 3)enhancing the identification of poisonous forage plants.展开更多
Common mycorrhizal networks(CMNs)that connect individual plants of the same or different species together play important roles in nutrient and signal transportation,and plant community organization.However,about 10%of...Common mycorrhizal networks(CMNs)that connect individual plants of the same or different species together play important roles in nutrient and signal transportation,and plant community organization.However,about 10%of land plants are non-mycorrhizal species with roots that do not form any wellrecognized types of mycorrhizas;and each mycorrhizal fungus can only colonize a limited number of plant species,resulting in numerous non-host plants that could not establish typical mycorrhizal symbiosis with a specific mycorrhizal fungus.If and how non-mycorrhizal or non-host plants are able to involve in CMNs remains unclear.Here we summarize studies focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated host and non-host plant interaction.Evidence has showed that some host-supported both arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)and ectomycorrhizal(EM)hyphae can access to non-host plant roots without forming typical mycorrhizal structures,while such non-typical mycorrhizal colonization often inhibits the growth but enhances the induced system resistance of non-host plants.Meanwhile,the host growth is also differentially affected,depending on plant and fungi species.Molecular analyses suggested that the AMF colonization to non-hosts is different from pathogenic and endophytic fungi colonization,and the hyphae in non-host roots may be alive and have some unknown functions.Thus we propose that non-host plants are also important CMNs players.Using non-mycorrhizal model species Arabidopsis,tripartite culture system and new technologies such as nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry and multiomics,to study nutrient and signal transportation between host and non-host plants via CMNs may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying benefits of intercropping and agro-forestry systems,as well as plant community establishment and stability.展开更多
The Clitocybaceae is a recently established family.Currently,the infrafamilial divisions and relationships within the family are vague due to limited sampling and genes employed for phylogenetic analysis.Some mushroom...The Clitocybaceae is a recently established family.Currently,the infrafamilial divisions and relationships within the family are vague due to limited sampling and genes employed for phylogenetic analysis.Some mushrooms of the family contain the neurotoxic muscarine,which has caused many severe and even deadly poisonings worldwide.However,the taxonomic distribution and evolution of the toxin within the family is largely unknown.In this study,phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of ITS and of six molecular loci(ITS,LSU,TEF1,RPB1,RPB2 and ATP6),plus a phylogenomic analysis based on 485 single-copy orthologous genes,were performed to reconstruct the framework of Clitocybaceae.BEAST analysis was used to estimate the divergence times within the family.Additionally,biochemical analysis for muscarine was conducted of 32 representative species.Based on these analyses,an updated classification of Clitocybaceae into six genera(Clitocybe,Collybia,Dendrocollybia,Lepista,Pseudolyophyllum,and Singerocybe)is proposed.The genus Collybia is emended to accommodate four subgenera(Collybia,Crassicybe,Leucocalocybe,and Macrosporocybe).Seventeen new Chinese species and 15 new combinations are proposed.Keys to the genera of Clitocybaceae and the subgenera of Collybia,as well as to the known species of Clitocybe and Collybia subgen.Collybia in China,are presented.In addition,muscarine was detected in 18 species,and these muscarine-containing species formed a major monophyletic clade within Collybia subgen.Collybia.Finally,our phylogenetic,phylogenomic,chemotaxonomic and molecular dating results indicate that the Clitocybaceae is a natural group estimated to have arisen some 60 million years ago,and in this family,muscarine has evolved only once circa 20 million years ago without later losses.展开更多
Despite decades of efforts in genome sequencing and functional characterization,some important protein families remain poorly understood.In this study,we report the classification,evolution,and functions of the largel...Despite decades of efforts in genome sequencing and functional characterization,some important protein families remain poorly understood.In this study,we report the classification,evolution,and functions of the largely uncharacterized AIM24 protein family in plants,including the identification of a novel subfamily.We show that two AIM24 subfamilies(AIM24-A and AIM24-B)are commonly distributed in major plant groups.These two subfamilies not only have modest sequence similarities and different gene structures but also are of independent bacterial ancestry.We performed comparative functional investigations on the two AIM24 subfamilies using three model plants:the moss Physcomitrium patens,the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha,and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Intriguingly,despite their significant differences in sequence and gene structure,both AIM24 subfamilies are involved in ER stress tolerance and the unfolded protein response(UPR).In addition,transformation of the AIM24-A gene from P.patens into the AIM24-B null mutant of A.thaliana could at least partially rescue ER stress tolerance and the UPR.We also discuss the role of AIM24 genes in plant development and other cellular activities.This study provides a unique example of parallel evolution in molecular functions and can serve as a foundation for further investigation of the AIM24 family in plants.展开更多
Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bamb...Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.展开更多
The phylogeny and systematics of cordycipitoid fungi have been extensively studied in the last two decades.However,systematic positions of some taxa in the family Cordycipitaceae have not yet been thoroughly resolved....The phylogeny and systematics of cordycipitoid fungi have been extensively studied in the last two decades.However,systematic positions of some taxa in the family Cordycipitaceae have not yet been thoroughly resolved.In this study,a new phylogenetic framework of Cordycipitaceae is reconstructed using multigene(nrSSU,nrLSU,tef-1α,rpb1 and rpb2)sequence data with large-scale taxon sampling.In addition,ITS sequence data of species belonging to the Lecanicillium lineage in the family Cordycipitaceae are used to further determine their phylogenetic placements.Based on molecular phylogenetic data together with morphological evidence,two new genera(Flavocillium and Liangia),16 new species and four new combina-tions are introduced.In the new genus Flavocillium,one new species F.bifurcatum and three new combinations previously described as Lecanicillium,namely F.acerosium,F.primulinium and F.subprimulinium,are proposed.The genus Liangia is built by the new species Lia.sinensis with Lecanicillium-like asexual morph,isolated from an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria yunnanensis.Due to the absence of Paecilomyces hepiali,an economically and medically significant fungus,in the earlier phylogenetic analyses,its systematic position has been puzzling in both business and academic communities for a long time.Here,P.hepiali is recharacterized using the holotype material along with seven additional samples.It is assigned to the genus Samsoniella(Cordycipitaceae,Hypocreales)possessing Cordyceps-like sexual morph and Isaria-like asexual morph,and thus a new combination,namely S.hepiali is proposed.An additional nine new species in Samsoniella are described:S.alpina,S.antleroides,S.cardinalis,S.cristata,S.lanmaoa,S.kunmingensis,S.ramosa,S.tortricidae and S.yunnanensis.Four new species in Cordyceps are described:C.chaetoclavata,C.cocoonihabita,C.shuifuensis and C.sub-tenuipes.Simplicillium yunnanense,isolated from synnemata of Akanthomyces waltergamsii,is described as a new species.展开更多
How horizontal gene transfer(HGT)has contributed to the evolution of animals and plants remains a major puzzle.Despite recent progress,defining the overall scale and pattern of HGT events in land plants has been large...How horizontal gene transfer(HGT)has contributed to the evolution of animals and plants remains a major puzzle.Despite recent progress,defining the overall scale and pattern of HGT events in land plants has been largely elusive.In this study,we performed systematic analyses for acquired genes in different plant groups and throughout land plant evolution.We found that relatively recent HGT events occurred in char-ophytes and all major land plant groups,but their frequency declined rapidly in seed plants.Two major ep-isodes of HGT events occurred in land plant evolution,corresponding to the early evolution of strepto-phytes and the origin of land plants,respectively.Importantly,a vast majority of the genes acquired in the two episodes have been retained in descendant groups,affecting numerous activities and processes of land plants.We analyzed some of the acquired genes involved in stress responses,ion and metabolite transport,growth and development,and specialized metabolism,and further assessed the cumulative ef-fects of HGT in land plants.展开更多
Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last d...Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last decade,morphology-and phylogeny-based studies on clavicipitoid fungi have increased.The latter have revealed that Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps and Pleurocordyceps consistently cluster together.These genera are currently considered as members of Ophiocordycipitaceae.Nonetheless,information with regard to their diversity and ecology remains sparse.To fill this gap,we collected 29 fresh specimens from insect and fungal substrates from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in Thailand and southwestern China.We performed detailed morphological analyses and constructed photoplates for all isolated fungi.We used extensive taxon sampling and a dataset comprising internal transcribed spacer gene region(ITS),small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region(SSU),large subunit rRNA gene region(LSU),translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region(TEF-1α),RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene region(RPB1)and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)to infer order-,family and genus-level phylogenetic trees.Based on these biphasic analyses,we segregate Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps,and Pleurocordyceps from Ophiocordycipitaceae and introduce the new family Polycephalomycetaceae to accomodate these three genera.The majority of species in this family have a vast range of insect and fungal hosts.The sexual morph of Polycephalomycetaceae has stromatic ascomata,long stipes,thick peridium,and cylindrical secondary spores.The asexual morph is characterized by colonies on the host surface or synnemata with stipes on the host,one or two types of phialides,and cylindrical to fusiform conidia.We expand the number of taxa in the new family by introducing seven new species(Polycephalomyces albiramus,Perennicordyceps lutea,Pleurocordyceps parvicapitata,Pleurocordyceps lanceolatus,Pleurocordyceps nutansis,Pleurocordyceps heilongtanensis,Pleurocordyceps vitellina),nine new hosts,and one new combination(Perennicordyceps elaphomyceticola).The results herein hint at a high level of diversity for Polycephalomycetaceae.Future investigations focusing on obtaining additional collections and specimens from different geographical areas would help to reveal not only the extent of the group’s diversity,but also resolve its deeper phylogenetic placement.展开更多
基金supported by the Yunnan Key Project of Science and Technology(202202AE090001)Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan Province(E23174K2)Postdoctoral Research Funding Projects of Yunnan Province,China(E2313442)。
文摘Wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms are popular in Southwest China and umami is important flavor qualities of edible mushrooms.This study aimed to understand the umami taste of Termitomyces intermedius and Termitomyces aff.bulborhizus.Ten umami peptides from aqueous extracts were separated using a Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography.The intense umami fraction was evaluated by both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue.They were identified as KLNDAQAPK,DSTDEKFLR,VGKGAHLSGEH,MLKKKKLA,SLGFGGPPGY,TVATFSSSTKPDD,AMDDDEADLLLLAM,VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK.Seven peptides,except VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK were selectively synthesized to verify their taste characteristics.All these 10 peptides had umami or salt taste.The 10 peptides were conducted by molecular docking to study their interaction with identified peptides and the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3.All these 10 peptides perfectly docked the active residues in the T1R3 subunit.Our results provide theoretical basis for the umami taste and address the umami mechanism of two wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grant No.2018YFD0400200Guizhou Science and Technology Program under grant No.4002(2018).
文摘Aroma is central to the worldwide success of truffles as gourmet food and the high prices paid for these edible mushrooms.In this study,volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from fruiting bodies of two Chinese truffles of commercial relevance,Tuber indicum and Tuber pseudohimalayense,were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).We aimed to characterize the aroma profile and determine whether it would be influenced by provenance and stage of maturation.We thus collected and analyzed young,middle mature and mature fruiting bodies of each species from different locations in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces,located in southwestern China.Overall,76 VOCs were identified,belonging to different chemical classes,i.e.alcohols and phenols,aldehydes and ketones,benzenes and methoxy compounds,hydrocarbons and amines.A large number of volatiles identified in T.indicum and T.pseudohimalayense are reported here for the first time for these truffles.While more than 50%of identified VOCs were produced by both truffle species,considerable differences were present in the aroma profiles of fruiting bodies collected at various maturation stages,revealing a dynamic pattern in the biosynthesis of VOCs.Furthermore,truffles of different provenance had distinct proportions of volatile constituents,suggesting that,besides genetic factors,edaphic and microclimatic conditions influence the synthesis of VOCs in a complex manner.
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.32170004)Yunnan Fundamental Research Project(Grant No.202001AS070043)received support from Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity,Southwest Forestry University.
文摘A new species of bird's nest fungus,Cyathus wenshanensis is proposed based on a combination of the morphological and molecular evidence.It is characterised by the obconical to cupulate basidiomata covered with hirsute hairs,striations on the outer and inner surface of the peridium,funicular peridioles,a trimitic hyphal system of peridium with generative hyphae having clamp connections,a dimitic hyphal system of peridiole middle,and subglobose,elliptical to ellipsoid-elongate,thick-walled basidiospores.Sequence of the internal transcribed spacers(ITS)gene region was generated,and the phylogenetic analysis was performed with maximum likelihood,maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods.The phylogenetic analyses inferred from ITS dataset indicated that C.wenshanensis nested within the genus Cyathus,in which it formed a monophyletic lineage and grouped with C.albinus,C.amazonicus,C.badius,C.parvocinereus,C.pyristriatus and C.uniperidiolus.
文摘This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 115 taxa from three phyla,nine classes,28 orders,48 families,and 64 genera are treated.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family,five new genera,61 new species,five new combinations,one synonym,one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions.Ageratinicolaceae fam.nov.is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales.The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola,Kevinia,Pseudomultiseptospora(Parabambusicolaceae),Marasmiellomycena,and Vizzinia(Porotheleaceae).Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus,Ageratinicola kunmingensis,Allocryptovalsa aceris,Allophoma yuccae,Apiospora cannae,A.elliptica,A.pallidesporae,Boeremia wisteriae,Calycina papaeana,Clypeo-coccum lichenostigmoides,Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii,Cryphonectria kunmingensis,Diaporthe angustiapiculata,D.campylandrae,D.longipapillata,Diatrypella guangdongense,Dothiorella franceschinii,Endocalyx phoenicis,Epicoc-cum terminosporum,Fulvifomes karaiensis,F.pannaensis,Ganoderma ghatensis,Hysterobrevium baoshanense,Inocybe avellaneorosea,I.lucida,Jahnula oblonga,Kevinia lignicola,Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis,Laboulbenia caprina,L.clavulata,L.cobiae,L.cosmodisci,L.nilotica,L.omalii,L.robusta,L.similis,L.stigmatophora,Laccaria rubriporus,Lasiodiplodia morindae,Lyophyllum agnijum,Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis,Melomastia beihaiensis,Nemania guangdongensis,Nigrograna thailandica,Nigrospora ficuum,Oxydothis chinensis,O.yunnanensis,Petriella thailandica,Phaeoacremonium chinensis,Phialocephala chinensis,Phytophthora debattistii,Polyplosphaeria nigrospora,Pronectria loweniae,Seriascoma acutispora,Setoseptoria bambusae,Stictis anomianthi,Tarzetta tibetensis,Tarzetta urceolata,Tetraploa obpyriformis,Trichoglossum beninense,and Tricoderma pyrrosiae.We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var.brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny.
基金This research was funded by the Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,The People’s Republic of China and the Yunnan Innovative Talents Program,China(No.2018HC009).
文摘In the Qinba mountainous area of Central China,pig farming has a significant impact on the growth of the rural economy and has substantially increased farmer incomes.Traditional knowledge plays an important role in the selection of forage plant species for pig farming by local people.This study aimed to identify the forage plants used for pig feeding and to catalog indigenous knowledge regarding their use.During 2016 and 2017,ethnobotanical surveys and inventories were conducted in Zhuxi County,Hubei Province,China.Data were collected using semi-structured interviews,key informant reports,free listings,guided field walks,and participatory observations with 77 households in 16 villages in 13 towns/townships.The obtained data were analyzed using a relative frequency citation(RFC)index.Overall,145 wild forage plants from 91 genera and 31 families were recorded.The most cited families were Asteraceae,Polygonaceae,Urticaceae,Amaranthaceae,Fabaceae,Cruciferae,Caryophyllaceae,and Lamiaceae.Whole plants(75.9%)and tender leaves(12.4%)were the most frequently used parts of the plants.Most of the forage plants were herbaceous(88.9%).Almost all forage plants could be collected throughout the year(62.7%).Raw and cooked were the two main preparation methods.The most frequently cited species were Taraxacum mongolicum,Bidens pilosa,Sonchus oleraceus,Pilea verrucosa,and Pilea pumila var.obtusifolia.A total of 14 species were identified as the top forage plants in Zhuxi County based on their RFC values(RFC value greater than 0.5).Local people possess rich traditional knowledge about the utilization and management of forage plants for pig feeding.However,the maintenance of this traditional knowledge may be seriously threatened by changes in pig feeding modes and the lack of successors.Appropriate strategies and action plans have been suggested for the conservation of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity and the sustainable use of forage species resources.These include 1)taking targeted measures to protect forage resources and associated traditional knowledge;2)strengthening research on the forage plants with the highest RFC values for nutritional value,digestibility,other functions,and ecological status;and 3)enhancing the identification of poisonous forage plants.
基金This study was grants from Yunnan High Level Talent Introduction Plan,Kunming Institute of Botany(Y9627111K1)Natural Sciences Foundation of China(31901204).
文摘Common mycorrhizal networks(CMNs)that connect individual plants of the same or different species together play important roles in nutrient and signal transportation,and plant community organization.However,about 10%of land plants are non-mycorrhizal species with roots that do not form any wellrecognized types of mycorrhizas;and each mycorrhizal fungus can only colonize a limited number of plant species,resulting in numerous non-host plants that could not establish typical mycorrhizal symbiosis with a specific mycorrhizal fungus.If and how non-mycorrhizal or non-host plants are able to involve in CMNs remains unclear.Here we summarize studies focusing on mycorrhizal-mediated host and non-host plant interaction.Evidence has showed that some host-supported both arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)and ectomycorrhizal(EM)hyphae can access to non-host plant roots without forming typical mycorrhizal structures,while such non-typical mycorrhizal colonization often inhibits the growth but enhances the induced system resistance of non-host plants.Meanwhile,the host growth is also differentially affected,depending on plant and fungi species.Molecular analyses suggested that the AMF colonization to non-hosts is different from pathogenic and endophytic fungi colonization,and the hyphae in non-host roots may be alive and have some unknown functions.Thus we propose that non-host plants are also important CMNs players.Using non-mycorrhizal model species Arabidopsis,tripartite culture system and new technologies such as nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry and multiomics,to study nutrient and signal transportation between host and non-host plants via CMNs may provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying benefits of intercropping and agro-forestry systems,as well as plant community establishment and stability.
基金This study was supported by Yunnan Xingdian Talents Support Plan-Science and Technology Leading Talents Program(202305AB350004)Yunnan Ten-Thousand-Talents Plan-Yunling Scholar Project(YNWR-YLXZ-2018-011)Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan Province.
文摘The Clitocybaceae is a recently established family.Currently,the infrafamilial divisions and relationships within the family are vague due to limited sampling and genes employed for phylogenetic analysis.Some mushrooms of the family contain the neurotoxic muscarine,which has caused many severe and even deadly poisonings worldwide.However,the taxonomic distribution and evolution of the toxin within the family is largely unknown.In this study,phylogenetic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of ITS and of six molecular loci(ITS,LSU,TEF1,RPB1,RPB2 and ATP6),plus a phylogenomic analysis based on 485 single-copy orthologous genes,were performed to reconstruct the framework of Clitocybaceae.BEAST analysis was used to estimate the divergence times within the family.Additionally,biochemical analysis for muscarine was conducted of 32 representative species.Based on these analyses,an updated classification of Clitocybaceae into six genera(Clitocybe,Collybia,Dendrocollybia,Lepista,Pseudolyophyllum,and Singerocybe)is proposed.The genus Collybia is emended to accommodate four subgenera(Collybia,Crassicybe,Leucocalocybe,and Macrosporocybe).Seventeen new Chinese species and 15 new combinations are proposed.Keys to the genera of Clitocybaceae and the subgenera of Collybia,as well as to the known species of Clitocybe and Collybia subgen.Collybia in China,are presented.In addition,muscarine was detected in 18 species,and these muscarine-containing species formed a major monophyletic clade within Collybia subgen.Collybia.Finally,our phylogenetic,phylogenomic,chemotaxonomic and molecular dating results indicate that the Clitocybaceae is a natural group estimated to have arisen some 60 million years ago,and in this family,muscarine has evolved only once circa 20 million years ago without later losses.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970248,32070251,32170242)Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202101AT070186,202201AT070163)+2 种基金Postdoctoral Research Funding Projects of Yunnan Province,the Special Research Assistant Funding Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M723223)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2022398).
文摘Despite decades of efforts in genome sequencing and functional characterization,some important protein families remain poorly understood.In this study,we report the classification,evolution,and functions of the largely uncharacterized AIM24 protein family in plants,including the identification of a novel subfamily.We show that two AIM24 subfamilies(AIM24-A and AIM24-B)are commonly distributed in major plant groups.These two subfamilies not only have modest sequence similarities and different gene structures but also are of independent bacterial ancestry.We performed comparative functional investigations on the two AIM24 subfamilies using three model plants:the moss Physcomitrium patens,the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha,and the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Intriguingly,despite their significant differences in sequence and gene structure,both AIM24 subfamilies are involved in ER stress tolerance and the unfolded protein response(UPR).In addition,transformation of the AIM24-A gene from P.patens into the AIM24-B null mutant of A.thaliana could at least partially rescue ER stress tolerance and the UPR.We also discuss the role of AIM24 genes in plant development and other cellular activities.This study provides a unique example of parallel evolution in molecular functions and can serve as a foundation for further investigation of the AIM24 family in plants.
文摘Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[31870017,31760011]the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China[KC1610530]+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[2017M613017]the Department of Science and Technology of Yunnan Province[2018IA075,2018FY001(-006)]the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China[2019HJ2096001006]the Biodiversity Investigation,Observation and Assessment Program(2019-2023)of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China,and the Yunnan University’s Research Innovation Fund for Graduate Students[YDY17100].
文摘The phylogeny and systematics of cordycipitoid fungi have been extensively studied in the last two decades.However,systematic positions of some taxa in the family Cordycipitaceae have not yet been thoroughly resolved.In this study,a new phylogenetic framework of Cordycipitaceae is reconstructed using multigene(nrSSU,nrLSU,tef-1α,rpb1 and rpb2)sequence data with large-scale taxon sampling.In addition,ITS sequence data of species belonging to the Lecanicillium lineage in the family Cordycipitaceae are used to further determine their phylogenetic placements.Based on molecular phylogenetic data together with morphological evidence,two new genera(Flavocillium and Liangia),16 new species and four new combina-tions are introduced.In the new genus Flavocillium,one new species F.bifurcatum and three new combinations previously described as Lecanicillium,namely F.acerosium,F.primulinium and F.subprimulinium,are proposed.The genus Liangia is built by the new species Lia.sinensis with Lecanicillium-like asexual morph,isolated from an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria yunnanensis.Due to the absence of Paecilomyces hepiali,an economically and medically significant fungus,in the earlier phylogenetic analyses,its systematic position has been puzzling in both business and academic communities for a long time.Here,P.hepiali is recharacterized using the holotype material along with seven additional samples.It is assigned to the genus Samsoniella(Cordycipitaceae,Hypocreales)possessing Cordyceps-like sexual morph and Isaria-like asexual morph,and thus a new combination,namely S.hepiali is proposed.An additional nine new species in Samsoniella are described:S.alpina,S.antleroides,S.cardinalis,S.cristata,S.lanmaoa,S.kunmingensis,S.ramosa,S.tortricidae and S.yunnanensis.Four new species in Cordyceps are described:C.chaetoclavata,C.cocoonihabita,C.shuifuensis and C.sub-tenuipes.Simplicillium yunnanense,isolated from synnemata of Akanthomyces waltergamsii,is described as a new species.
基金This work is funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970248 and 32000176).
文摘How horizontal gene transfer(HGT)has contributed to the evolution of animals and plants remains a major puzzle.Despite recent progress,defining the overall scale and pattern of HGT events in land plants has been largely elusive.In this study,we performed systematic analyses for acquired genes in different plant groups and throughout land plant evolution.We found that relatively recent HGT events occurred in char-ophytes and all major land plant groups,but their frequency declined rapidly in seed plants.Two major ep-isodes of HGT events occurred in land plant evolution,corresponding to the early evolution of strepto-phytes and the origin of land plants,respectively.Importantly,a vast majority of the genes acquired in the two episodes have been retained in descendant groups,affecting numerous activities and processes of land plants.We analyzed some of the acquired genes involved in stress responses,ion and metabolite transport,growth and development,and specialized metabolism,and further assessed the cumulative ef-fects of HGT in land plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31760014,31760011,32060007,32072645)the Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(No.[2019]2451-3)+1 种基金Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and Surrounding areas(Grant No.DBG6280009)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Yunnan Province(No.202207AB110016).
文摘Clavicipitoid fungi comprise three families,namely Clavicipitaceae,Cordycipitaceae,and Ophiocordycipitaceae.They are found worldwide and are specialized pathogens of invertebrate,plant and fungal hosts.Over the last decade,morphology-and phylogeny-based studies on clavicipitoid fungi have increased.The latter have revealed that Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps and Pleurocordyceps consistently cluster together.These genera are currently considered as members of Ophiocordycipitaceae.Nonetheless,information with regard to their diversity and ecology remains sparse.To fill this gap,we collected 29 fresh specimens from insect and fungal substrates from tropical and subtropical evergreen forests in Thailand and southwestern China.We performed detailed morphological analyses and constructed photoplates for all isolated fungi.We used extensive taxon sampling and a dataset comprising internal transcribed spacer gene region(ITS),small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region(SSU),large subunit rRNA gene region(LSU),translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region(TEF-1α),RNA polymerase II largest subunit gene region(RPB1)and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)to infer order-,family and genus-level phylogenetic trees.Based on these biphasic analyses,we segregate Polycephalomyces,Perennicordyceps,and Pleurocordyceps from Ophiocordycipitaceae and introduce the new family Polycephalomycetaceae to accomodate these three genera.The majority of species in this family have a vast range of insect and fungal hosts.The sexual morph of Polycephalomycetaceae has stromatic ascomata,long stipes,thick peridium,and cylindrical secondary spores.The asexual morph is characterized by colonies on the host surface or synnemata with stipes on the host,one or two types of phialides,and cylindrical to fusiform conidia.We expand the number of taxa in the new family by introducing seven new species(Polycephalomyces albiramus,Perennicordyceps lutea,Pleurocordyceps parvicapitata,Pleurocordyceps lanceolatus,Pleurocordyceps nutansis,Pleurocordyceps heilongtanensis,Pleurocordyceps vitellina),nine new hosts,and one new combination(Perennicordyceps elaphomyceticola).The results herein hint at a high level of diversity for Polycephalomycetaceae.Future investigations focusing on obtaining additional collections and specimens from different geographical areas would help to reveal not only the extent of the group’s diversity,but also resolve its deeper phylogenetic placement.
