This paper presents a Zhejiang Province southeastern China seasonal temperature model based on GIS techniques. Terrain variables derived from the 1 km resolution DEM are used as predictors of seasonal temperature, usi...This paper presents a Zhejiang Province southeastern China seasonal temperature model based on GIS techniques. Terrain variables derived from the 1 km resolution DEM are used as predictors of seasonal temperature, using a regression-based approach. Variables used for modelling include: longitude, latitude, elevation, distance from the nearest coast, direction to the nearest coast, slope, aspect, and the ratio of land to sea within given radii. Seasonal temperature data, for the observation period 1971 to 2000, were obtained from 59 meteorological stations. Temperature data from 52 meteorological stations were used to construct the regression model. Data from the other 7 stations were retained for model validation. Seasonal temperature surfaces were constructed using the regression equations, and refined by kriging the residuals from the regression model and subtracting the result from the predicted surface. Latitude, elevation and distance from the sea are found to be the most important predictors of local seasonal temperature. Validation determined that regression plus kriging predicts seasonal temperature with a coefficient of determination (R2), between the estimated and observed values, of 0.757 (autumn) and 0.935 (winter). A simple regression model without kriging yields less accurate results in all seasons except for the autumn temperature.展开更多
The radial basis function (RBF) emerged as a variant of artificial neural network. Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is one type of RBF, and its principal advantages are that it can quickly learn and rapidl...The radial basis function (RBF) emerged as a variant of artificial neural network. Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is one type of RBF, and its principal advantages are that it can quickly learn and rapidly converge to the optimal regression surface with large number of data sets. Hyperspectral reffectance (350 to 2500 nm) data were recorded at two different rice sites in two experiment fields with two cultivars, three nitrogen treatments and one plant density (45 plants m-2). Stepwise multivariable regression model (SMR) and RBF were used to compare their predictability for the leaf area index (LAI) and green leaf chlorophyll density (GLCD) of rice based on reffectance (R) and its three different transformations, the first derivative reffectance (D1), the second derivative reffectance (D2) and the log-transformed re?ectance (LOG). GRNN based on D1 was the best model for the prediction of rice LAI and GLCD. The relationships between different transformations of reffectance and rice parameters could be further improved when RBF was employed. Owing to its strong capacity for nonlinear mapping and good robustness, GRNN could maximize the sensitivity to chlorophyll content using D1. It is concluded that RBF may provide a useful exploratory and predictive tool for the estimation of rice biophysical parameters.展开更多
There is increasing interest in using hyperspectral data for quantitative characterization of vegetation in spatial and temporal scopes. Many spectral indices are being developed to improve vegetation sensitivity by m...There is increasing interest in using hyperspectral data for quantitative characterization of vegetation in spatial and temporal scopes. Many spectral indices are being developed to improve vegetation sensitivity by minimizing the background influence. The chlorophyll absorption continuum index (CACI) is such a measure to calculate the spectral continuum on which the analyses are based on the area of the troughs spanned by the spectral continuum. However, different values of CACI were obtained in this method because different positions of continuums were determined by different users. Furthermore, the sensitivity of CACI to agronomic parameters such as green leaf chlorophyll density (GLCD) has been reduced because the fixed positions of con- tinuums are determined when the red edge shifted with the change in GLCD. A modified chlorophyll absorption continuum index (MCACI) is presented in this article. The red edge inflection point (REIP) replaces the maximum reflectance point (MRP) in near-infrared (NIR) shoulder on the CACI continuum. This MCACI has been proved to increase the sensitivity and predictive power of GLCD.展开更多
Hyperspectral reflectance (350~2500 nm) data were recorded at two different sites of rice in two experiment fields including two cultivars, and three levels of nitrogen (N) application. Twenty-five Vegetation Indices ...Hyperspectral reflectance (350~2500 nm) data were recorded at two different sites of rice in two experiment fields including two cultivars, and three levels of nitrogen (N) application. Twenty-five Vegetation Indices (VIs) were used to predict the rice agronomic parameters including Leaf Area Index (LAI, m2 green leaf/m2 soil) and Green Leaf Chlorophyll Density (GLCD, mg chlorophyll/m2 soil) by the traditional regression models and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF). RBF emerged as a variant of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in the late 1980’s. A large variety of training algorithms has been tested for training RBF networks. In this study, Original RBF (ORBF), Gradient Descent RBF (GDRBF), and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) were employed. Results showed that green waveband Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIgreen) and TCARI/OSAVI have the best prediction power for LAI by exponent model and ORBF respectively, and that TCARI/OSAVI has the best prediction power for GLCD by exponent model and GDRBF. The best performances of RBF are compared with the traditional models, showing that the relationship between VIs and agronomic variables are further improved when RBF is used. Compared with the best traditional models, ORBF using TCARI/OSAVI improves the prediction power for LAI by lowering the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for 0.1119, and GDRBF using TCARI/OSAVI improves the prediction power for GLCD by lowering the RMSE for 26.7853. It is concluded that RBF provides a useful exploratory and predictive tool when applied to the sensitive VIs.展开更多
Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs a...Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world,with its HFC emissions in CO2-equivalent contributing to about 18%of the global emissions for the period2012-16.Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions of HFCs-namely,the bottom-up method,top-down method and tracer ratio method.In this study,the tracer ratio method was adopted to estimate HFC emissions in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),using CO as a tracer.The YRD region might make a significant contribution to Chinese totals owing to its rapid economic growth.Weekly flask measurements for ten HFCs(HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-125,HFC-134 a,HFC-143 a,HFC-152 a,HFC-227 ea,HFC-236 fa,HFC-245 fa and HFC-365 mfc)were conducted at Lin’an Regional Background Station in the YRD over the period 2012-16,and the HFC emissions were 2.4±1.4 Gg yr-1 for HFC-23,2.8±1.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-32,2.2±1.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-125,4.8±4.8 Gg yr-1 for HFC-134 a,0.9±0.6 Gg yr-1 for HFC-152 a,0.3±0.3 Gg yr-1 for HFC-227 ea and 0.3±0.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-245 fa.The YRD total HFC emissions reached 53 Gg CO2-e yr-1,contributing 34%of the national total.The per capita HFC CO2-equivalent emissions rate was 240 kg yr-1,while the values of per unit area emissions and per million GDP emissions reached 150 Mg km-2yr-1 and 3500 kg yr-1(million CNY GDP)-1,which were much higher than national or global levels.展开更多
A quantitative scheme is put forward in our work of forecasting the storm rainfall of typhoons for specific sites.Using the initial parameters,weather situations and physical quantities as well as numerical weather pr...A quantitative scheme is put forward in our work of forecasting the storm rainfall of typhoons for specific sites.Using the initial parameters,weather situations and physical quantities as well as numerical weather prediction products,the scheme constructs multivariate,objective and similarity criteria for environmental factors for the time between the current and forthcoming moment within the domain of forecast.Through defining a non-linear similarity index,this work presents a comprehensive assessment of the similarity between historical samples of typhoons and those being forecast in terms of continuous dynamic states under the multivariate criteria in order to identify similar samples.The historical rainfall records of the similar samples are used to run weighted summarization of the similarity index to determine site-specific and quantitative forecasts of future typhoon rainfall.Samples resembling the typhoon being forecast are selected by defining a non-linear similarity index composed of multiple criteria.Trial tests have demonstrated that this scheme has positive prediction skill.展开更多
In the original version of this article,the unit of the YRD total HFC emissions“Gg CO2-e yr^−1”in the abstract should be Tg CO2-e yr^−1.On Page 581,in the fifth line from the left bottom,the unit of the total CO2-eq...In the original version of this article,the unit of the YRD total HFC emissions“Gg CO2-e yr^−1”in the abstract should be Tg CO2-e yr^−1.On Page 581,in the fifth line from the left bottom,the unit of the total CO2-equivalent emissions of HFCs“Gg yr^−1”should be Tg yr^−1.展开更多
In the context of advection dynamics,19 experiments(Exps.)are performed using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model to explore the condition for the mergence of binary vortices and the self-organizat...In the context of advection dynamics,19 experiments(Exps.)are performed using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model to explore the condition for the mergence of binary vortices and the self-organization of the larger scale vortex.Results show that the initial distance between the centers of binary vortices and the non-axisymmetric distributions of their initial vorticity are two factors affecting the mergence of binary vortices.There is a critical distance for the mergence of initial symmetric binary vortices, however,the mergence of initial non-axisymmetric binary vortices is also affected by the asymmetric structure of initial vortices.The self-organization processes in 19 experiments can be classified into two types:one is the merging of identical,axisymmetric binary vortices in which the interaction of the two vortices undergoes slowly change,rapid change,and the formation,stretching,and development of the filaments of vorticity, and the two vortices merge into a symmetric vortex,with its vorticity piled up in the inner region coming from the two initial vortices,and the vorticity of the spiral band in the outer region from the stretching of the filaments of the two initial vortices.And the other type is the merging of the two non-axisymmetric initial vortices of an elliptic vortex and an eccentric vortex in which the elliptic vortex,on the one hand, mutually rotates,and on the other hand moves towards the center of the computational domain,at the same time expands its vorticity area,and at last forms the inner core of resultant state vortex;and the eccentric vortex mutually rotates,meanwhile continuously stretches,and finally forms the spiral band of resultant state vortex.The interaction process is characteristic of the vorticity piled up in the inner core region of resultant state vortex originating from the elliptic vortex and the vorticity in spiral band mainly from the successive stretch and rupture of the eccentric vortex.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of ZhejiangProvince (No. 30295) and the Key Project of Zhejiang Province (No.011103192), China
文摘This paper presents a Zhejiang Province southeastern China seasonal temperature model based on GIS techniques. Terrain variables derived from the 1 km resolution DEM are used as predictors of seasonal temperature, using a regression-based approach. Variables used for modelling include: longitude, latitude, elevation, distance from the nearest coast, direction to the nearest coast, slope, aspect, and the ratio of land to sea within given radii. Seasonal temperature data, for the observation period 1971 to 2000, were obtained from 59 meteorological stations. Temperature data from 52 meteorological stations were used to construct the regression model. Data from the other 7 stations were retained for model validation. Seasonal temperature surfaces were constructed using the regression equations, and refined by kriging the residuals from the regression model and subtracting the result from the predicted surface. Latitude, elevation and distance from the sea are found to be the most important predictors of local seasonal temperature. Validation determined that regression plus kriging predicts seasonal temperature with a coefficient of determination (R2), between the estimated and observed values, of 0.757 (autumn) and 0.935 (winter). A simple regression model without kriging yields less accurate results in all seasons except for the autumn temperature.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40571115)the National High Tech-nology Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (Nos.2006AA120101 and 2007AA10Z205)
文摘The radial basis function (RBF) emerged as a variant of artificial neural network. Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) is one type of RBF, and its principal advantages are that it can quickly learn and rapidly converge to the optimal regression surface with large number of data sets. Hyperspectral reffectance (350 to 2500 nm) data were recorded at two different rice sites in two experiment fields with two cultivars, three nitrogen treatments and one plant density (45 plants m-2). Stepwise multivariable regression model (SMR) and RBF were used to compare their predictability for the leaf area index (LAI) and green leaf chlorophyll density (GLCD) of rice based on reffectance (R) and its three different transformations, the first derivative reffectance (D1), the second derivative reffectance (D2) and the log-transformed re?ectance (LOG). GRNN based on D1 was the best model for the prediction of rice LAI and GLCD. The relationships between different transformations of reffectance and rice parameters could be further improved when RBF was employed. Owing to its strong capacity for nonlinear mapping and good robustness, GRNN could maximize the sensitivity to chlorophyll content using D1. It is concluded that RBF may provide a useful exploratory and predictive tool for the estimation of rice biophysical parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40571115)the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA120101)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2006BAD10A09)
基金Project (Nos. 40571115 and 40271078) supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China
文摘There is increasing interest in using hyperspectral data for quantitative characterization of vegetation in spatial and temporal scopes. Many spectral indices are being developed to improve vegetation sensitivity by minimizing the background influence. The chlorophyll absorption continuum index (CACI) is such a measure to calculate the spectral continuum on which the analyses are based on the area of the troughs spanned by the spectral continuum. However, different values of CACI were obtained in this method because different positions of continuums were determined by different users. Furthermore, the sensitivity of CACI to agronomic parameters such as green leaf chlorophyll density (GLCD) has been reduced because the fixed positions of con- tinuums are determined when the red edge shifted with the change in GLCD. A modified chlorophyll absorption continuum index (MCACI) is presented in this article. The red edge inflection point (REIP) replaces the maximum reflectance point (MRP) in near-infrared (NIR) shoulder on the CACI continuum. This MCACI has been proved to increase the sensitivity and predictive power of GLCD.
基金Project (Nos. 40571115 and 40271078) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Hyperspectral reflectance (350~2500 nm) data were recorded at two different sites of rice in two experiment fields including two cultivars, and three levels of nitrogen (N) application. Twenty-five Vegetation Indices (VIs) were used to predict the rice agronomic parameters including Leaf Area Index (LAI, m2 green leaf/m2 soil) and Green Leaf Chlorophyll Density (GLCD, mg chlorophyll/m2 soil) by the traditional regression models and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF). RBF emerged as a variant of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in the late 1980’s. A large variety of training algorithms has been tested for training RBF networks. In this study, Original RBF (ORBF), Gradient Descent RBF (GDRBF), and Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) were employed. Results showed that green waveband Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIgreen) and TCARI/OSAVI have the best prediction power for LAI by exponent model and ORBF respectively, and that TCARI/OSAVI has the best prediction power for GLCD by exponent model and GDRBF. The best performances of RBF are compared with the traditional models, showing that the relationship between VIs and agronomic variables are further improved when RBF is used. Compared with the best traditional models, ORBF using TCARI/OSAVI improves the prediction power for LAI by lowering the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for 0.1119, and GDRBF using TCARI/OSAVI improves the prediction power for GLCD by lowering the RMSE for 26.7853. It is concluded that RBF provides a useful exploratory and predictive tool when applied to the sensitive VIs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41575114 and 41730103)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.LY19D050002)the Meteorological Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2019ZD12)。
文摘Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world,with its HFC emissions in CO2-equivalent contributing to about 18%of the global emissions for the period2012-16.Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions of HFCs-namely,the bottom-up method,top-down method and tracer ratio method.In this study,the tracer ratio method was adopted to estimate HFC emissions in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),using CO as a tracer.The YRD region might make a significant contribution to Chinese totals owing to its rapid economic growth.Weekly flask measurements for ten HFCs(HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-125,HFC-134 a,HFC-143 a,HFC-152 a,HFC-227 ea,HFC-236 fa,HFC-245 fa and HFC-365 mfc)were conducted at Lin’an Regional Background Station in the YRD over the period 2012-16,and the HFC emissions were 2.4±1.4 Gg yr-1 for HFC-23,2.8±1.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-32,2.2±1.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-125,4.8±4.8 Gg yr-1 for HFC-134 a,0.9±0.6 Gg yr-1 for HFC-152 a,0.3±0.3 Gg yr-1 for HFC-227 ea and 0.3±0.2 Gg yr-1 for HFC-245 fa.The YRD total HFC emissions reached 53 Gg CO2-e yr-1,contributing 34%of the national total.The per capita HFC CO2-equivalent emissions rate was 240 kg yr-1,while the values of per unit area emissions and per million GDP emissions reached 150 Mg km-2yr-1 and 3500 kg yr-1(million CNY GDP)-1,which were much higher than national or global levels.
基金Specialized Research Project for Social Welfare from Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2005DIB3J104)Science and Technology Planning Project for Zhejiang Province (2007C23065)
文摘A quantitative scheme is put forward in our work of forecasting the storm rainfall of typhoons for specific sites.Using the initial parameters,weather situations and physical quantities as well as numerical weather prediction products,the scheme constructs multivariate,objective and similarity criteria for environmental factors for the time between the current and forthcoming moment within the domain of forecast.Through defining a non-linear similarity index,this work presents a comprehensive assessment of the similarity between historical samples of typhoons and those being forecast in terms of continuous dynamic states under the multivariate criteria in order to identify similar samples.The historical rainfall records of the similar samples are used to run weighted summarization of the similarity index to determine site-specific and quantitative forecasts of future typhoon rainfall.Samples resembling the typhoon being forecast are selected by defining a non-linear similarity index composed of multiple criteria.Trial tests have demonstrated that this scheme has positive prediction skill.
文摘In the original version of this article,the unit of the YRD total HFC emissions“Gg CO2-e yr^−1”in the abstract should be Tg CO2-e yr^−1.On Page 581,in the fifth line from the left bottom,the unit of the total CO2-equivalent emissions of HFCs“Gg yr^−1”should be Tg yr^−1.
基金the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.40333028Gansu Province Tenth Five Plan Key Project(CGS012-A45-118).
文摘In the context of advection dynamics,19 experiments(Exps.)are performed using a quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model to explore the condition for the mergence of binary vortices and the self-organization of the larger scale vortex.Results show that the initial distance between the centers of binary vortices and the non-axisymmetric distributions of their initial vorticity are two factors affecting the mergence of binary vortices.There is a critical distance for the mergence of initial symmetric binary vortices, however,the mergence of initial non-axisymmetric binary vortices is also affected by the asymmetric structure of initial vortices.The self-organization processes in 19 experiments can be classified into two types:one is the merging of identical,axisymmetric binary vortices in which the interaction of the two vortices undergoes slowly change,rapid change,and the formation,stretching,and development of the filaments of vorticity, and the two vortices merge into a symmetric vortex,with its vorticity piled up in the inner region coming from the two initial vortices,and the vorticity of the spiral band in the outer region from the stretching of the filaments of the two initial vortices.And the other type is the merging of the two non-axisymmetric initial vortices of an elliptic vortex and an eccentric vortex in which the elliptic vortex,on the one hand, mutually rotates,and on the other hand moves towards the center of the computational domain,at the same time expands its vorticity area,and at last forms the inner core of resultant state vortex;and the eccentric vortex mutually rotates,meanwhile continuously stretches,and finally forms the spiral band of resultant state vortex.The interaction process is characteristic of the vorticity piled up in the inner core region of resultant state vortex originating from the elliptic vortex and the vorticity in spiral band mainly from the successive stretch and rupture of the eccentric vortex.
