Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.It is highly contagious and can cause death in severe cases.A...Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.It is highly contagious and can cause death in severe cases.As reported by the World Health Organization(WHO),as of 6:36 pm Central European Summer Time(CEST),12 August 2022,there had been 585950285 confirmed cases of COVID-19,including 6425422 deaths(WHO,2022).According to previous studies,healthcare workers(HCWs)have a higher risk of developing COVID-19 compared with the general community,and the severity of COVID-19 is closely related to the health-related effects after discharge(Huang et al.,2021).展开更多
Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vi...Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.展开更多
Objectives:The study aimed at identifying salivary microbiota in caries-free Chinese preschool children using highthroughput sequencing.Methods:Saliva samples were obtained from 35 caries-free preschool children(18 bo...Objectives:The study aimed at identifying salivary microbiota in caries-free Chinese preschool children using highthroughput sequencing.Methods:Saliva samples were obtained from 35 caries-free preschool children(18 boys and 17 girls)with primary dentition,and 16 S ribosomal DNA(r DNA)V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the microorganisms were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq.Results:At 97%similarity level,all of these reads were clustered into 334 operational taxonomic units(OTUs).Among these,five phyla(Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Candidate division TM7)and13 genera(Streptococcus,Rothia,Granulicatella,Prevotella,Enterobacter,Veillonella,Neisseria,Staphylococcus,Janthinobacterium,Pseudomonas,Brevundimonas,Devosia,and Gemella)were the most dominant,constituting 99.4%and 89.9%of the salivary microbiota,respectively.The core salivary microbiome comprised nine genera(Actinomyces,Capnocytophaga,Gemella,Granulicatella,Lachnoanaerobaculum,Neisseria,Porphyromonas,Rothia,and Streptococcus).Analysis of microbial diversity and community structure revealed a similar pattern between male and female subjects.The difference in microbial community composition between them was mainly attributed to Neisseria(P=0.023).Furthermore,functional prediction revealed that the most abundant genes were related to amino acid transport and metabolism.Conclusions:Our results revealed the diversity and composition of salivary microbiota in caries-free preschool children,with little difference between male and female subjects.Identity of the core microbiome,coupled with prediction of gene function,deepens our understanding of oral microbiota in cariesfree populations and provides basic information for associating salivary microecology and oral health.展开更多
B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)is an important antiapoptotic gene that plays a dual role in the maintenance of the dynamic balance between the survival and death of cancer cells.In our previous study,Bcl-2 was shown to delay...B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)is an important antiapoptotic gene that plays a dual role in the maintenance of the dynamic balance between the survival and death of cancer cells.In our previous study,Bcl-2 was shown to delay the G0/G1 to S phase entry by regulating the mitochondrial metabolic pathways to produce lower levels of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and reactive oxygen species(ROS).However,the detailed molecular mechanisms or pathways by which Bcl-2 regulates the cell cycle remain unknown.Here,we compared the effects of Bcl-2 overexpression with an empty vector control in the NIH3T3 cell line synchronized by serum starvation,and evaluated the effects using proteomic analysis.The effect of Bcl-2 on cell cycle regulation was detected by monitoring Bcl-2 and p27 expression.The result of subsequent proteomic analysis of Bcl-2 overexpressing cells identified 169 upregulated and 120 downregulated proteins with a 1.5-fold change.These differentially expressed proteins were enriched in a number of signaling pathways predominantly involving the ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation,according to the data of Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses.These results indicated that Bcl-2 potentially acts at the translation level to influence proteins or enzymes of the respiratory chain or in the ribosome,and thereby regulates the cell cycle.Additionally,differentially expressed proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation were determined to account for most of the effects of Bcl-2 on the cell cycle mediated by the mitochondrial pathway investigated in our previous study.These results can provide assistance for additional in-depth studies on the regulation of the cell cycle by Bcl-2.The results of the proteomic analysis determined the mechanism of Bcl-2-dependent delay of the cell cycle progression.In summary,the results of this study provide a novel mechanistic basis for identifying the key proteins or pathways for designing and developing precisely targeted cancer drugs.展开更多
Piper betle(PB),also known as ubeter,in Malay language,is a tropical Asian vine.PB leaves are commonly chewed by Asians along with betel quid.It contains phenols such as eugenol and hydroxychavicol along with chloroph...Piper betle(PB),also known as ubeter,in Malay language,is a tropical Asian vine.PB leaves are commonly chewed by Asians along with betel quid.It contains phenols such as eugenol and hydroxychavicol along with chlorophyll,P-carotene,and vitamin C(Salehi et al.,2019).Extracts from PB leaves have various medicinal properties including anticancer,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antibacterial effects(Salehi et al.,2019).Previous research has shown that PB induces cell cycle arrest at late S or G2/M phase and causes apoptosis at higher doses(Wu et al.,2014;Guha Majumdar and Subramanian,2019).展开更多
To identify novel genes in castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC),we downloaded three microarray datasets containing CRPC and primary prostate cancer in Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO).R packages affy and limma were ...To identify novel genes in castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC),we downloaded three microarray datasets containing CRPC and primary prostate cancer in Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO).R packages affy and limma were performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between primary prostate cancer and CRPC.After that,we performed functional enrichment analysis including gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway.In addition,protein–protein interaction(PPI)analysis was used to search for hub genes.Finally,to validate the significance of these genes,we performed survival analysis.As a result,we identified 53 upregulated genes and 58 downregulated genes that changed in at least two datasets.Functional enrichment analysis showed significant changes in the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation pathway and aldosteroneregulated sodium reabsorption pathway.PPI network identified hub genes like cortactin-binding protein 2(CTTNBP2),Rho family guanosine triphosphatase(GTPase)3(RND3),protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type R(PTPRR),Jagged1(JAG1),and lumican(LUM).Based on PPI network analysis and functional enrichment analysis,we identified two genes(PTPRR and JAG1)as key genes.Further survival analysis indicated a relationship between high expression of the two genes and poor prognosis of prostate cancer.In conclusion,PTPRR and JAG1 are key genes in the CRPC,which may serve as promising biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC.展开更多
Non-syndromic hearing loss(NSHL)is a common defect in humans.Variants of MARVELD2 at the DFNB49 locus have been shown to cause bilateral,moderate to profound NSHL.However,the role of MARVELD2 in NSHL susceptibility in...Non-syndromic hearing loss(NSHL)is a common defect in humans.Variants of MARVELD2 at the DFNB49 locus have been shown to cause bilateral,moderate to profound NSHL.However,the role of MARVELD2 in NSHL susceptibility in the Chinese population has not been studied.Here we conducted a case-control study in an eastern Chinese population to profile the spectrum and frequency of MARVELD2 variants,as well as the association of MARVELD2 gene variants with NSHL.Our results showed that variants identified in the Chinese population are significantly different from those reported in Slovak,Hungarian,and Czech Roma,as well as Pakistani families.We identified 11 variants in a cohort of 283 NSHL cases.展开更多
Breast cancer,one of the most frequent cancer types,is a leading cause of death in women worldwide.Estrogen receptor(ER)αis a nuclear hormone receptor that plays key roles in mammary gland development and breast canc...Breast cancer,one of the most frequent cancer types,is a leading cause of death in women worldwide.Estrogen receptor(ER)αis a nuclear hormone receptor that plays key roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer.About 75%of breast cancer cases are diagnosed as ER-positive;however,nearly half of these cancers are either intrinsically or inherently resistant to the current anti-estrogen therapies.Recent studies have identified an ER coactivator,Mediator Subunit 1(MED1),as a unique,tissue-specific cofactor that mediates breast cancer metastasis and treatment resistance.MED1 is overexpressed in over 50%of human breast cancer cases and co-amplifies with another important breast cancer gene,receptor tyrosine kinase HER2.Clinically,MED1 expression highly correlates with poor disease-free survival of breast cancer patients,and recent studies have reported an increased frequency of MED1 mutations in the circulating tumor cells of patients after treatment.In this review,we discuss the biochemical characterization of MED1 and its associated MED1/Mediator complex,its crosstalk with HER2 in anti-estrogen resistance,breast cancer stem cell formation,and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,we elaborate on the current advancements in targeting MED1 using state-of-the-art RNA nanotechnology and discuss the future perspectives as well.展开更多
DNA double-stranded break(DSB)is one of the most catastrophic damages of genotoxic insult.Inappropriate repair of DNA DSBs results in the loss of genetic information,mutation,and the generation of harmful genomic rear...DNA double-stranded break(DSB)is one of the most catastrophic damages of genotoxic insult.Inappropriate repair of DNA DSBs results in the loss of genetic information,mutation,and the generation of harmful genomic rearrangements,which predisposes an organism to immunodeficiency,neurological damage,and cancer.The tumor repressor p53 plays a key role in DNA damage response,and has been found to be mutated in 50%of human cancer.p53,p63,and p73 are three members of the p53 gene family.Recent discoveries have shown that human p53 gene encodes at least 12 isoforms.Different p53 members and isoforms play various roles in orchestrating DNA damage response to maintain genomic integrity.This review briefly explores the functions of p53 and its isoforms in DNA DSB repair.展开更多
With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapie...With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapies based on T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells play key roles in cancer immunotherapy. However, their application in clinical practice raises several ethical issues. Thus, studies should focus on proper adherence to basic ethical principles that can effectively guide and solve related clinical problems in the course of treatment, improve treatment effects, and protect the rights and interests of patients. In this review, we discuss cellular immunotherapy-related ethical issues and highlight the ethical practices and current status of cellular immunotherapy in China. These considerations may supplement existing ethical standards in cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
Objective：The aim of this study was to compare complications and oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy（LDP）and open distal pancreatectomy（ODP）at a single center.Methods：Dis...Objective：The aim of this study was to compare complications and oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy（LDP）and open distal pancreatectomy（ODP）at a single center.Methods：Distal pancreatectomies performed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma during a 4-year period were included in this study.A retrospective analysis of a database of this cohort was conducted.Results：Twenty-two patients underwent LDP for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,in comparison to seventy-six patients with comparable tumor characteristics treated by ODP.No patients with locally advanced lesions were included in this study.Comparing LDP group to ODP group,there were no significant differences in operation time（P=0.06）or blood loss（P=0.24）.Complications（pancreatic fistula,P=0.62;intra-abdominal abscess,P=0.44;postpancreatectomy hemorrhage,P=0.34）were similar.There were no significant differences in the number of lymph nodes harvested（11.2±4.6 in LDP group vs.14.4±5.5 in ODP group,P=0.44）nor the rate of patients with positive lymph nodes（36%in LDP group vs.41%in ODP group,P=0.71）.Incidence of positive margins was similar（9%in LDP group vs.13%in ODP group,P=0.61）.The mean overall survival time was（29.6±3.7）months for the LDP group and（27.6±2.1）months for ODP group.There was no difference in overall survival between the two groups（P=0.34）.Conclusions：LDP is a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.A slow-compression of pancreas tissue with the GIA stapler is effective in preventing postoperative pancreatic fistula.The oncologic outcome is comparable with the conventional open approach.Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy contributed to oncological clearance.展开更多
Thanks for the good comment by Matsubara et al.（2017） on our case of＂Antepartum hemorrhage fromprevious-cesarean-sectioned uterus as a potential signof uterine artery pseudoaneurysm＂ （Zhang et al., 2017）,publish...Thanks for the good comment by Matsubara et al.（2017） on our case of＂Antepartum hemorrhage fromprevious-cesarean-sectioned uterus as a potential signof uterine artery pseudoaneurysm＂ （Zhang et al., 2017）,published in the Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B （Biomedicine ＆ Biotechnology）.展开更多
Distance effect has been regarded as the best established marker of basic numerical magnitude processes and is related to individual mathematical abilities. A larger behavioral distance effect is suggested to be conco...Distance effect has been regarded as the best established marker of basic numerical magnitude processes and is related to individual mathematical abilities. A larger behavioral distance effect is suggested to be concomitant with lower mathematical achievement in children. However, the relationship between distance effect and superior mathematical abilities is unclear. One could get superior mathematical abilities by acquiring the skill of abacus-based mental calculation （AMC）, which can be used to solve calculation problems with exceptional speed and high accuracy. In the current study, we explore the relationship between distance effect and superior mathematical abilities by examining whether and how the AMC training modifies numerical magnitude processing. Thus, mathematical competencies were tested in 18 abacus-trained children （who accepted the AMC training） and 18 non-trained children. Electroencephalography （EEG） waveforms were recorded when these children executed numerical comparison tasks in both Arabic digit and dot array forms. We found that： （a） the abacus-trained group had superior mathematical abilities than their peers; （b） distance effects were found both in behavioral results and on EEG wave- forms; （c） the distance effect size of the average amplitude on the late negative-going component was different between groups in the digit task, with a larger effect size for abacus-trained children; （d） both the behavioral and EEG distance effects were modulated by the notation. These results revealed that the neural substrates of magnitude processing were modified by AMC training, and suggested that the mechanism of the representation of numerical magnitude for children with superior mathematical abilities was different from their peers. In addition, the results provide evidence for a view of non-abstract numerical representation.展开更多
This study investigates the long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols （TPs） and Lactobacillus brevis M8 （LB） on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers. In experiment 1,240 ...This study investigates the long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols （TPs） and Lactobacillus brevis M8 （LB） on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers. In experiment 1,240 broiler chickens were selected to investigate the effects of 0.06 g/kg body weight （BW） TP and 1.0 ml/kg BW LB on broilers; in experiment 2, 180 broiler chickens were assigned randomly to three groups to investigate the effects of different dosages of TP （0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 g/kg BW） combined with 1.0 ml/kg BW LB on broilers; in experiment 3, 180 broiler chickens were assigned randomly to three groups to investigate the effects of different dosages of LB （0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml/kg BW） combined with 0.06 g/kg BW TP on broilers. The results showed that TP and LB affected serum biochemical parameters, and TP reduced serum cholesterol （CHO） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） abundances in a dosage-dependent manner （P〈0.05） on Day 84. Meanwhile, broilers fed a diet supplemented with TP or LB had a lower intestinal lipase activity on Day 84 compared with the control group （P〈0.05）. Middle and high dosages of TP increased pancreatic lipase and proventriculus pepsin activities （P〈0.05）. Also middle and high dosages of LB significantly enhanced pancreatic lipase activity （P〈0.05）, while high LB supplementation inhibited intestinal trypsase （P〈0.05） on Day 84. Furthermore, both TP and LB reduced intestinal cytokine expression and nuclear factor-K B （NF-KB） mRNA level on Days 56 and 84. In conclusion, long-term treatment of TP and LB improved lipid metabolism and digestive enzymes activities, and affected intestinal inflammatory status, which may be associated with the NF-KB signal.展开更多
Objective： To explore whether there exist differences in cognitive development between singletons and twins born after in vitro fertilization （IVF） or intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）. Methods： A total of...Objective： To explore whether there exist differences in cognitive development between singletons and twins born after in vitro fertilization （IVF） or intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）. Methods： A total of 566 children were recruited for the study, including 388 children （singletons, n=175; twins, n=213） born after IVF and 178 children （singletons, n=87; twins, n=91 ） born after ICSI. The cognitive development was assessed using the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children （C-WISC）. Results： For all pre-term offspring, all the intelligence quotient （IQ） items between singletons and twins showed no significant differences no matter if they were born after IVF or ICSI. There was a significant difference in the cognitive development of IVF-conceived full-term singletons and twins. The twins born after IVF obtained significantly lower scores than the singletons in verbal IQ （containing information, picture ＆ vocabulary, arithmetic, picture completion, comprehension, and language）, performance IQ （containing maze, visual analysis, object assembly, and performance）, and full scale IQ （P〈0.05）. The cognitive development of full-term sin- gletons and twins born after ICSI did not show any significant differences. There was no significant difference between the parents of the singletons and twins in their characteristics where data were collected, including the age of the mothers, the current employment status, the educational backgrounds, and areas of residence. There were also no consistent differences in the duration of pregnancy, sex composition of the children, age, and height between sin- gletons and twins at the time of our study although there existed significant differences between the two groups in the sex composition of the full-term children born after ICSI （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Compared to the full-term singletons born after IVF, the full-term twins have lower cognitive development. The cognitive development of full-term singletons and twins born after ICSI did not show any significant differences. For all pre-term offspring, singletons and twins born after IVF or ICSI, the results of the cognitive development showed no significant differences.展开更多
This study was designed to investigate the effects of local delivery of adipose-derived stem cells （ADSCs） transfected with transcription factor osterix （OSX） on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. New...This study was designed to investigate the effects of local delivery of adipose-derived stem cells （ADSCs） transfected with transcription factor osterix （OSX） on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. New Zealand white rabbits （n=54） were randomly divided into three groups （18 rabbits per group）. A directed cloning technique was used for the construction of recombinant plasmid pEGFP-OSX, where EGFP is the enhanced green fluorescence protein. After osteodistraction of the dght mandible of all experimental rabbits, rabbits in group A were treated with ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-OSX, group B with ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-N1, and group C with physiological saline. Radiographic and histological examinations were processed after half of the animals within each group were humanely killed by injection of sodium pentothal at Week 2 or 6 after surgery. The distraction bone density was measured as its projectional bone mineral density （BMD）. Three parameters were measured, namely, the thickness of new trabeculae （TNT）, and the volumes of the newly generated cortical bone （NBV1） and the cancellous bone （NBV2） of the distracted regions. Good bone generation in the distraction areas was found in group A, which had the highest BMD, TNT, and NBV in the distraction zones among the groups. There was no significant difference in bone generation in the distraction areas between groups B and C. The results indicate that the transplantation of ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-OSX can effectively promote bone generation during distraction in vivo.展开更多
Xiongdankaiming tablet (XDKMT), a well-known compound in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of acute iridocyclitis and primary open-angle glaucoma. In this paper, accurate and reliable meth...Xiongdankaiming tablet (XDKMT), a well-known compound in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of acute iridocyclitis and primary open-angle glaucoma. In this paper, accurate and reliable methods were developed for the identification of 20 constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/ESI-MSn ), and determination of nine of the constituents (chlorogenic acid, gentiopicroside, isochlorogenic acid B, diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, diosmetin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, acacetin, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid) was developed using HPLC with ultraviolet absorption detector and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-UV/ELSD) for the first time. The best results were obtained on a Zorbax SB-C18 column with gradient elution using water (0.1% formic acid) (A) and methanol (0.1% formic acid) (B) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, owing to their low UV absorption, were detected by ELSD. The other seven compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV with variable wavelengths. The calibration curves of all nine constituents showed good linear regression (R2 >0.9996) within the linearity ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.0460-9.90 μg/ml and 0.115-24.8 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy, in terms of recovery, varied from 95.3% to 104.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 4.4%. Precision (with the intra- and inter-day variations less than 4.4%) was also suitable for its intended use. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of major components in XDKMT, which provides an appropriate method for the quality control of XDKMT.展开更多
Objective： The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional （3D） dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage. Methods： Twe...Objective： The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional （3D） dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage. Methods： Twenty adult patients with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion had the four first premolars ex- tracted. Miniscrews were placed to provide maximum anchorage for upper incisor retraction and intrusion. A computed tomography （CT） scan was performed after placement of the miniscrews and treatment. The 3D reconstructions of pre- and post-CT data were used to assess the dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone. Results： The amounts of upper incisor retraction at the edge and apex were （7.64±1.68） and （3.91±2.10） mm, respectively, and （1.34±0.74） mm of upper central incisor intrusion. Upper alveolar bone height losses at labial alveolar ridge crest （LAC） and palatal alveolar ridge crest （PAC） were 0.543 and 2.612 mm, respectively, and the percentages were （6.49±3.54）% and （27.42±9.77）%, respectively. The shape deformations of LAC-labial cortex bending point （LBP） and PAC-palatal cortex bending point （PBP） were （15.37±5.20）° and （6.43±3.27）°, respectively. Conclusions： Thus, for adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion, meehanobiological response of anterior alveolus should be taken into account during incisor retraction and intrusion. Pursuit of maximum anchorage might lead to upper anterior alveolar bone loss.展开更多
Ustilago coicis causes serious smut on Coix lacryma-jobi in Dayang Town,Jinyun County,Zhejiang Province of China.In this paper,ultrastructural assessments on fungus-host interactions and teliospore development are pre...Ustilago coicis causes serious smut on Coix lacryma-jobi in Dayang Town,Jinyun County,Zhejiang Province of China.In this paper,ultrastructural assessments on fungus-host interactions and teliospore development are presented,and molecular phylogenetic analyses have been done to elucidate the phylogenetic placement of the taxon.Hyphal growth within infected tissues was both intracellular and intercellular and on the surface of fungus-host interaction,and the fungal cell wall and the invaginated host plasma membrane were separated by a sheath comprising two distinct layers between the fungal cell wall and the invaginated host plasma membrane.Ornamentation development of teliospore walls was unique as they appeared to be originated from the exosporium.In addition,internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and large subunit(LSU) sequence data showed that U.coicis is closely related to Ustilago trichophora which infects grass species of the genus Echinochloa(Poaceae).展开更多
基金supported by the Rehabilitation Care Project for Medical Staff Infected with COVID-19 in China launching by Chinese Academy of Engineering and Tencent Foundation.
文摘Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection.It is highly contagious and can cause death in severe cases.As reported by the World Health Organization(WHO),as of 6:36 pm Central European Summer Time(CEST),12 August 2022,there had been 585950285 confirmed cases of COVID-19,including 6425422 deaths(WHO,2022).According to previous studies,healthcare workers(HCWs)have a higher risk of developing COVID-19 compared with the general community,and the severity of COVID-19 is closely related to the health-related effects after discharge(Huang et al.,2021).
文摘Over the past few decades,complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide.The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage.One such product is tea tree oil(TTO),a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant,Melaleuca alternifolia,which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections.Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported.This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential.An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases,such as Web of Science,Google Scholar,PubMed,ScienceDirect,Scopus,and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier,Springer,Frontiers,and Taylor&Francis.Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only,the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement.In addition,the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified,and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection.Therefore,this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81801028)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.LQ19H140002 and LGF18H140004)。
文摘Objectives:The study aimed at identifying salivary microbiota in caries-free Chinese preschool children using highthroughput sequencing.Methods:Saliva samples were obtained from 35 caries-free preschool children(18 boys and 17 girls)with primary dentition,and 16 S ribosomal DNA(r DNA)V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the microorganisms were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq.Results:At 97%similarity level,all of these reads were clustered into 334 operational taxonomic units(OTUs).Among these,five phyla(Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria,Bacteroidetes,and Candidate division TM7)and13 genera(Streptococcus,Rothia,Granulicatella,Prevotella,Enterobacter,Veillonella,Neisseria,Staphylococcus,Janthinobacterium,Pseudomonas,Brevundimonas,Devosia,and Gemella)were the most dominant,constituting 99.4%and 89.9%of the salivary microbiota,respectively.The core salivary microbiome comprised nine genera(Actinomyces,Capnocytophaga,Gemella,Granulicatella,Lachnoanaerobaculum,Neisseria,Porphyromonas,Rothia,and Streptococcus).Analysis of microbial diversity and community structure revealed a similar pattern between male and female subjects.The difference in microbial community composition between them was mainly attributed to Neisseria(P=0.023).Furthermore,functional prediction revealed that the most abundant genes were related to amino acid transport and metabolism.Conclusions:Our results revealed the diversity and composition of salivary microbiota in caries-free preschool children,with little difference between male and female subjects.Identity of the core microbiome,coupled with prediction of gene function,deepens our understanding of oral microbiota in cariesfree populations and provides basic information for associating salivary microecology and oral health.
基金This work was supported by the Ningxia Higher Education Scientific Research Project(No.NGY2018-69)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960480),the Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia(No.2018BEB04008)the Ningxia Medical University Scientific Research Project(No.XT2017015),China.
文摘B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)is an important antiapoptotic gene that plays a dual role in the maintenance of the dynamic balance between the survival and death of cancer cells.In our previous study,Bcl-2 was shown to delay the G0/G1 to S phase entry by regulating the mitochondrial metabolic pathways to produce lower levels of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and reactive oxygen species(ROS).However,the detailed molecular mechanisms or pathways by which Bcl-2 regulates the cell cycle remain unknown.Here,we compared the effects of Bcl-2 overexpression with an empty vector control in the NIH3T3 cell line synchronized by serum starvation,and evaluated the effects using proteomic analysis.The effect of Bcl-2 on cell cycle regulation was detected by monitoring Bcl-2 and p27 expression.The result of subsequent proteomic analysis of Bcl-2 overexpressing cells identified 169 upregulated and 120 downregulated proteins with a 1.5-fold change.These differentially expressed proteins were enriched in a number of signaling pathways predominantly involving the ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation,according to the data of Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses.These results indicated that Bcl-2 potentially acts at the translation level to influence proteins or enzymes of the respiratory chain or in the ribosome,and thereby regulates the cell cycle.Additionally,differentially expressed proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation were determined to account for most of the effects of Bcl-2 on the cell cycle mediated by the mitochondrial pathway investigated in our previous study.These results can provide assistance for additional in-depth studies on the regulation of the cell cycle by Bcl-2.The results of the proteomic analysis determined the mechanism of Bcl-2-dependent delay of the cell cycle progression.In summary,the results of this study provide a novel mechanistic basis for identifying the key proteins or pathways for designing and developing precisely targeted cancer drugs.
基金Project supported by the Taylor’s Research Grant Scheme(No.TRGS/MFS/2/2013/SBS/003)。
文摘Piper betle(PB),also known as ubeter,in Malay language,is a tropical Asian vine.PB leaves are commonly chewed by Asians along with betel quid.It contains phenols such as eugenol and hydroxychavicol along with chlorophyll,P-carotene,and vitamin C(Salehi et al.,2019).Extracts from PB leaves have various medicinal properties including anticancer,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and antibacterial effects(Salehi et al.,2019).Previous research has shown that PB induces cell cycle arrest at late S or G2/M phase and causes apoptosis at higher doses(Wu et al.,2014;Guha Majumdar and Subramanian,2019).
文摘To identify novel genes in castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC),we downloaded three microarray datasets containing CRPC and primary prostate cancer in Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO).R packages affy and limma were performed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between primary prostate cancer and CRPC.After that,we performed functional enrichment analysis including gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway.In addition,protein–protein interaction(PPI)analysis was used to search for hub genes.Finally,to validate the significance of these genes,we performed survival analysis.As a result,we identified 53 upregulated genes and 58 downregulated genes that changed in at least two datasets.Functional enrichment analysis showed significant changes in the positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation pathway and aldosteroneregulated sodium reabsorption pathway.PPI network identified hub genes like cortactin-binding protein 2(CTTNBP2),Rho family guanosine triphosphatase(GTPase)3(RND3),protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type R(PTPRR),Jagged1(JAG1),and lumican(LUM).Based on PPI network analysis and functional enrichment analysis,we identified two genes(PTPRR and JAG1)as key genes.Further survival analysis indicated a relationship between high expression of the two genes and poor prognosis of prostate cancer.In conclusion,PTPRR and JAG1 are key genes in the CRPC,which may serve as promising biomarkers of diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Priorities Program of China(Nos.2014CB541702 and 2014CB541704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.8147068 5?yand 81600817)the Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Applied Research Project(No.2016C33148),China
文摘Non-syndromic hearing loss(NSHL)is a common defect in humans.Variants of MARVELD2 at the DFNB49 locus have been shown to cause bilateral,moderate to profound NSHL.However,the role of MARVELD2 in NSHL susceptibility in the Chinese population has not been studied.Here we conducted a case-control study in an eastern Chinese population to profile the spectrum and frequency of MARVELD2 variants,as well as the association of MARVELD2 gene variants with NSHL.Our results showed that variants identified in the Chinese population are significantly different from those reported in Slovak,Hungarian,and Czech Roma,as well as Pakistani families.We identified 11 variants in a cohort of 283 NSHL cases.
基金Project supported by the National Cancer Institute(No.R01CA197865),the Ride Cincinnati Awardthe National Center for Advancing Translation Science of the National Institutes of Health(No.UL1TR001425),USA
文摘Breast cancer,one of the most frequent cancer types,is a leading cause of death in women worldwide.Estrogen receptor(ER)αis a nuclear hormone receptor that plays key roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer.About 75%of breast cancer cases are diagnosed as ER-positive;however,nearly half of these cancers are either intrinsically or inherently resistant to the current anti-estrogen therapies.Recent studies have identified an ER coactivator,Mediator Subunit 1(MED1),as a unique,tissue-specific cofactor that mediates breast cancer metastasis and treatment resistance.MED1 is overexpressed in over 50%of human breast cancer cases and co-amplifies with another important breast cancer gene,receptor tyrosine kinase HER2.Clinically,MED1 expression highly correlates with poor disease-free survival of breast cancer patients,and recent studies have reported an increased frequency of MED1 mutations in the circulating tumor cells of patients after treatment.In this review,we discuss the biochemical characterization of MED1 and its associated MED1/Mediator complex,its crosstalk with HER2 in anti-estrogen resistance,breast cancer stem cell formation,and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo.Furthermore,we elaborate on the current advancements in targeting MED1 using state-of-the-art RNA nanotechnology and discuss the future perspectives as well.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31571511 and 31871500)
文摘DNA double-stranded break(DSB)is one of the most catastrophic damages of genotoxic insult.Inappropriate repair of DNA DSBs results in the loss of genetic information,mutation,and the generation of harmful genomic rearrangements,which predisposes an organism to immunodeficiency,neurological damage,and cancer.The tumor repressor p53 plays a key role in DNA damage response,and has been found to be mutated in 50%of human cancer.p53,p63,and p73 are three members of the p53 gene family.Recent discoveries have shown that human p53 gene encodes at least 12 isoforms.Different p53 members and isoforms play various roles in orchestrating DNA damage response to maintain genomic integrity.This review briefly explores the functions of p53 and its isoforms in DNA DSB repair.
基金Project supported by the Science and Technology Major Projects of Zhejiang Province(No.2018C03019)China
文摘With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapies based on T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells play key roles in cancer immunotherapy. However, their application in clinical practice raises several ethical issues. Thus, studies should focus on proper adherence to basic ethical principles that can effectively guide and solve related clinical problems in the course of treatment, improve treatment effects, and protect the rights and interests of patients. In this review, we discuss cellular immunotherapy-related ethical issues and highlight the ethical practices and current status of cellular immunotherapy in China. These considerations may supplement existing ethical standards in cancer immunotherapy.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY17H160026)
文摘Objective：The aim of this study was to compare complications and oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy（LDP）and open distal pancreatectomy（ODP）at a single center.Methods：Distal pancreatectomies performed for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma during a 4-year period were included in this study.A retrospective analysis of a database of this cohort was conducted.Results：Twenty-two patients underwent LDP for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,in comparison to seventy-six patients with comparable tumor characteristics treated by ODP.No patients with locally advanced lesions were included in this study.Comparing LDP group to ODP group,there were no significant differences in operation time（P=0.06）or blood loss（P=0.24）.Complications（pancreatic fistula,P=0.62;intra-abdominal abscess,P=0.44;postpancreatectomy hemorrhage,P=0.34）were similar.There were no significant differences in the number of lymph nodes harvested（11.2±4.6 in LDP group vs.14.4±5.5 in ODP group,P=0.44）nor the rate of patients with positive lymph nodes（36%in LDP group vs.41%in ODP group,P=0.71）.Incidence of positive margins was similar（9%in LDP group vs.13%in ODP group,P=0.61）.The mean overall survival time was（29.6±3.7）months for the LDP group and（27.6±2.1）months for ODP group.There was no difference in overall survival between the two groups（P=0.34）.Conclusions：LDP is a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.A slow-compression of pancreas tissue with the GIA stapler is effective in preventing postoperative pancreatic fistula.The oncologic outcome is comparable with the conventional open approach.Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy contributed to oncological clearance.
文摘Thanks for the good comment by Matsubara et al.（2017） on our case of＂Antepartum hemorrhage fromprevious-cesarean-sectioned uterus as a potential signof uterine artery pseudoaneurysm＂ （Zhang et al., 2017）,published in the Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B （Biomedicine ＆ Biotechnology）.
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program(863)of China(Nos.2012AA011603 and 2012AA011602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30900389 and 31270026)
文摘Distance effect has been regarded as the best established marker of basic numerical magnitude processes and is related to individual mathematical abilities. A larger behavioral distance effect is suggested to be concomitant with lower mathematical achievement in children. However, the relationship between distance effect and superior mathematical abilities is unclear. One could get superior mathematical abilities by acquiring the skill of abacus-based mental calculation （AMC）, which can be used to solve calculation problems with exceptional speed and high accuracy. In the current study, we explore the relationship between distance effect and superior mathematical abilities by examining whether and how the AMC training modifies numerical magnitude processing. Thus, mathematical competencies were tested in 18 abacus-trained children （who accepted the AMC training） and 18 non-trained children. Electroencephalography （EEG） waveforms were recorded when these children executed numerical comparison tasks in both Arabic digit and dot array forms. We found that： （a） the abacus-trained group had superior mathematical abilities than their peers; （b） distance effects were found both in behavioral results and on EEG wave- forms; （c） the distance effect size of the average amplitude on the late negative-going component was different between groups in the digit task, with a larger effect size for abacus-trained children; （d） both the behavioral and EEG distance effects were modulated by the notation. These results revealed that the neural substrates of magnitude processing were modified by AMC training, and suggested that the mechanism of the representation of numerical magnitude for children with superior mathematical abilities was different from their peers. In addition, the results provide evidence for a view of non-abstract numerical representation.
文摘This study investigates the long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols （TPs） and Lactobacillus brevis M8 （LB） on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers. In experiment 1,240 broiler chickens were selected to investigate the effects of 0.06 g/kg body weight （BW） TP and 1.0 ml/kg BW LB on broilers; in experiment 2, 180 broiler chickens were assigned randomly to three groups to investigate the effects of different dosages of TP （0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 g/kg BW） combined with 1.0 ml/kg BW LB on broilers; in experiment 3, 180 broiler chickens were assigned randomly to three groups to investigate the effects of different dosages of LB （0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ml/kg BW） combined with 0.06 g/kg BW TP on broilers. The results showed that TP and LB affected serum biochemical parameters, and TP reduced serum cholesterol （CHO） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） abundances in a dosage-dependent manner （P〈0.05） on Day 84. Meanwhile, broilers fed a diet supplemented with TP or LB had a lower intestinal lipase activity on Day 84 compared with the control group （P〈0.05）. Middle and high dosages of TP increased pancreatic lipase and proventriculus pepsin activities （P〈0.05）. Also middle and high dosages of LB significantly enhanced pancreatic lipase activity （P〈0.05）, while high LB supplementation inhibited intestinal trypsase （P〈0.05） on Day 84. Furthermore, both TP and LB reduced intestinal cytokine expression and nuclear factor-K B （NF-KB） mRNA level on Days 56 and 84. In conclusion, long-term treatment of TP and LB improved lipid metabolism and digestive enzymes activities, and affected intestinal inflammatory status, which may be associated with the NF-KB signal.
基金Project supported by the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of S&T Innovation(No.2011R50013-14)the National Basic Research Program(973)of China(No.2014CB943302)+1 种基金the Major Science and Technology Programs of the Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province(No.2010C13028)the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period(No.2012BAI32B01),China
文摘Objective： To explore whether there exist differences in cognitive development between singletons and twins born after in vitro fertilization （IVF） or intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）. Methods： A total of 566 children were recruited for the study, including 388 children （singletons, n=175; twins, n=213） born after IVF and 178 children （singletons, n=87; twins, n=91 ） born after ICSI. The cognitive development was assessed using the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children （C-WISC）. Results： For all pre-term offspring, all the intelligence quotient （IQ） items between singletons and twins showed no significant differences no matter if they were born after IVF or ICSI. There was a significant difference in the cognitive development of IVF-conceived full-term singletons and twins. The twins born after IVF obtained significantly lower scores than the singletons in verbal IQ （containing information, picture ＆ vocabulary, arithmetic, picture completion, comprehension, and language）, performance IQ （containing maze, visual analysis, object assembly, and performance）, and full scale IQ （P〈0.05）. The cognitive development of full-term sin- gletons and twins born after ICSI did not show any significant differences. There was no significant difference between the parents of the singletons and twins in their characteristics where data were collected, including the age of the mothers, the current employment status, the educational backgrounds, and areas of residence. There were also no consistent differences in the duration of pregnancy, sex composition of the children, age, and height between sin- gletons and twins at the time of our study although there existed significant differences between the two groups in the sex composition of the full-term children born after ICSI （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Compared to the full-term singletons born after IVF, the full-term twins have lower cognitive development. The cognitive development of full-term singletons and twins born after ICSI did not show any significant differences. For all pre-term offspring, singletons and twins born after IVF or ICSI, the results of the cognitive development showed no significant differences.
基金Project supported by the Seed Fund of the Second Hospital of Shandong University (No.S2013010024),China
文摘This study was designed to investigate the effects of local delivery of adipose-derived stem cells （ADSCs） transfected with transcription factor osterix （OSX） on bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. New Zealand white rabbits （n=54） were randomly divided into three groups （18 rabbits per group）. A directed cloning technique was used for the construction of recombinant plasmid pEGFP-OSX, where EGFP is the enhanced green fluorescence protein. After osteodistraction of the dght mandible of all experimental rabbits, rabbits in group A were treated with ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-OSX, group B with ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-N1, and group C with physiological saline. Radiographic and histological examinations were processed after half of the animals within each group were humanely killed by injection of sodium pentothal at Week 2 or 6 after surgery. The distraction bone density was measured as its projectional bone mineral density （BMD）. Three parameters were measured, namely, the thickness of new trabeculae （TNT）, and the volumes of the newly generated cortical bone （NBV1） and the cancellous bone （NBV2） of the distracted regions. Good bone generation in the distraction areas was found in group A, which had the highest BMD, TNT, and NBV in the distraction zones among the groups. There was no significant difference in bone generation in the distraction areas between groups B and C. The results indicate that the transplantation of ADSCs transfected with pEGFP-OSX can effectively promote bone generation during distraction in vivo.
基金Project (No. 2011FZA7005) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘Xiongdankaiming tablet (XDKMT), a well-known compound in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used for the treatment of acute iridocyclitis and primary open-angle glaucoma. In this paper, accurate and reliable methods were developed for the identification of 20 constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/ESI-MSn ), and determination of nine of the constituents (chlorogenic acid, gentiopicroside, isochlorogenic acid B, diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin, diosmetin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, acacetin, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid) was developed using HPLC with ultraviolet absorption detector and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-UV/ELSD) for the first time. The best results were obtained on a Zorbax SB-C18 column with gradient elution using water (0.1% formic acid) (A) and methanol (0.1% formic acid) (B) at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, owing to their low UV absorption, were detected by ELSD. The other seven compounds were analyzed by HPLC-UV with variable wavelengths. The calibration curves of all nine constituents showed good linear regression (R2 >0.9996) within the linearity ranges. The limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.0460-9.90 μg/ml and 0.115-24.8 μg/ml, respectively. The accuracy, in terms of recovery, varied from 95.3% to 104.9% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 4.4%. Precision (with the intra- and inter-day variations less than 4.4%) was also suitable for its intended use. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of major components in XDKMT, which provides an appropriate method for the quality control of XDKMT.
文摘Objective： The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional （3D） dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone during incisor retraction and intrusion in adult patients with maximum anchorage. Methods： Twenty adult patients with bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion had the four first premolars ex- tracted. Miniscrews were placed to provide maximum anchorage for upper incisor retraction and intrusion. A computed tomography （CT） scan was performed after placement of the miniscrews and treatment. The 3D reconstructions of pre- and post-CT data were used to assess the dehiscence of upper anterior alveolar bone. Results： The amounts of upper incisor retraction at the edge and apex were （7.64±1.68） and （3.91±2.10） mm, respectively, and （1.34±0.74） mm of upper central incisor intrusion. Upper alveolar bone height losses at labial alveolar ridge crest （LAC） and palatal alveolar ridge crest （PAC） were 0.543 and 2.612 mm, respectively, and the percentages were （6.49±3.54）% and （27.42±9.77）%, respectively. The shape deformations of LAC-labial cortex bending point （LBP） and PAC-palatal cortex bending point （PBP） were （15.37±5.20）° and （6.43±3.27）°, respectively. Conclusions： Thus, for adult patients with bimaxillary protrusion, meehanobiological response of anterior alveolus should be taken into account during incisor retraction and intrusion. Pursuit of maximum anchorage might lead to upper anterior alveolar bone loss.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31070123)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(No.201003004)
文摘Ustilago coicis causes serious smut on Coix lacryma-jobi in Dayang Town,Jinyun County,Zhejiang Province of China.In this paper,ultrastructural assessments on fungus-host interactions and teliospore development are presented,and molecular phylogenetic analyses have been done to elucidate the phylogenetic placement of the taxon.Hyphal growth within infected tissues was both intracellular and intercellular and on the surface of fungus-host interaction,and the fungal cell wall and the invaginated host plasma membrane were separated by a sheath comprising two distinct layers between the fungal cell wall and the invaginated host plasma membrane.Ornamentation development of teliospore walls was unique as they appeared to be originated from the exosporium.In addition,internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and large subunit(LSU) sequence data showed that U.coicis is closely related to Ustilago trichophora which infects grass species of the genus Echinochloa(Poaceae).
