Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphopro...Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphoproteomes.This is largely due to the need to improve protein extraction efficiency from plant cells,which have a dense cell wall,and to minimize sample loss resulting from the stringent sample clean-up steps required for the removal of a large amount of biomolecules interfering with phosphopeptide purification and mass spectrometry analysis.To this end,we developed a method with a streamlined workflow for highly efficient purification of phosphopeptides from tissues of various green organisms including Arabidopsis,rice,tomato,and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,enabling in-depth identification with high quantitative reproducibility of about 11000 phosphosites,the greatest depth achieved so far with single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)runs operated in a data-dependent acquisition(DDA)mode.The mainstay features of the method are the minimal sample loss achieved through elimination of sample clean-up before protease digestion and of desalting before phosphopeptide enrichment and hence the dramatic increases of time-and cost-effectiveness.The method,named GreenPhos,combined with single-shot LC-MS,enabled in-depth quantitative identification of Arabidopsis phosphoproteins,including differentially phosphorylated spliceosomal proteins,at multiple time points during salt stress and a number of kinase substrate motifs.GreenPhos is expected to serve as a universal method for purification of plant phosphopeptides,which,if samples are further fractionated and analyzed by multiple LC-MS runs,could enable measurement of plant phosphoproteomes with an unprecedented depth using a given mass spectrometry technology.展开更多
The development of agriculture is one of the most transformative changes in the history of humankind.Among the most common changes occurring during plant domestication are reductions in seed dispersal and changes in p...The development of agriculture is one of the most transformative changes in the history of humankind.Among the most common changes occurring during plant domestication are reductions in seed dispersal and changes in pigmentation.Although there are archaeological records of these processes,the advancement of genomics offers a tool to achieve greater insight into the process of converting wild plants into crops(Smýkal et al.,2018).This involved and resulted in a set of specific phenotypic changes referred to collectively as the domestication syndrome.Recently,less obvious domestication-related modifications have also been identified,including changes in plant biochemistry.These processes are often intertwined.For example,among visible changes,selection for visual appearance such as pigmentation is governed by modulation of specific metabolic pathways.Like genomic tools,the improvement of analytical methods provides the opportunity to reveal metabolomic changes involved in plant domestication.展开更多
In rice, the Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase OsDMI3 is an important positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In ABA signaling, H_(2)O_(2) is required for ABA-induced activation of OsDMI3, which...In rice, the Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase OsDMI3 is an important positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In ABA signaling, H_(2)O_(2) is required for ABA-induced activation of OsDMI3, which in turn increase H_(2)O_(2) production. However, how OsDMI3 regulates H_(2)O_(2) production in ABA signaling remains unknown. Here we show that OsRbohB is the main NADPH oxidase involved in ABA-induced H_(2)O_(2) production and ABA-mediated physiological responses. OsDMI3 directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsRbohB at Ser-191, which is OsDMI3-mediated site-specific phosphorylation in ABA signaling. Further analyses revealed that OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB Ser-191 phosphorylation positively regulates the activity of NADPH oxidase and the production of H_(2)O_(2) in ABA signaling, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of seed germination and root growth to ABA and plant tolerance to water stress and oxidative stress. Moreover, we discovered that the OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB phosphorylation and H_(2)O_(2) production is dependent on the sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases SAPK8/9/10, which phosphorylate OsRbohB at Ser-140 in ABA signaling. Taken together, these results not only reveal an important regulatory mechanism that directly activates Rboh for ABA-induced H_(2)O_(2) production but also uncover the importance of this regulatory mechanism in ABA signaling.展开更多
Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its of...Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its offspring.Apomixis allows instant fixation and propagation though seeds with heterozygous genotypes,showing great potential in plant breeding and agricultural practice(Ye and Cui,2019).Apomixis naturally occurs in hundreds of plant species,but it is absent in major crop species(Underwood and Mercier,2022).Recently,synthetic apomixis has been engineered in rice by combining Mitosis instead of Meiosis(MiMe)with a mutation of MATRILINEAL or ectopic expression of BABY BOOM1(BBM1),enabling clonal reproduction of F1 hybrids through seeds and stable transmission of heterotic phenotypes over generations(Khanday et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2019;Liu et al.,2022).However,the fertility of both two strategies was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type,which hinders the application of both strategies in agriculture.In this study,we established synthetic apomixis with a high fertility that is almost comparable to normal hybrid rice.展开更多
In the post-genome-wide association study era,multi-omics techniques have shown great power and poten-tial for candidate gene mining and functional genomics research.However,due to the lack of effective data integrati...In the post-genome-wide association study era,multi-omics techniques have shown great power and poten-tial for candidate gene mining and functional genomics research.However,due to the lack of effective data integration and multi-omics analysis platforms,such techniques have not still been applied widely in rape-seed,an important oil crop worldwide.Here,we report a rapeseed multi-omics database(BnlR;http:/l yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/BnlR),which provides datasets of six omics including genomics,transcriptomics,variomics,epigenetics,phenomics,and metabolomics,as well as numerous"variation-gene expression-phenotype"associations by using multiple statistical methods.In addition,a series of multi-omics search and analysis tools are integrated to facilitate the browsing and application of these datasets.BnlR is the most comprehensive multi-omics database for rapeseed so far,and two case studies demonstrated its power to mine candidate genes associated with specific traits and analyze their potential regulatory mechanisms.展开更多
Dear Editor,Male sterile lines,especially cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)lines,are extensively used in commercial hybrid seed production.Therefore a better understanding of the genetic basis of fertility restoration for...Dear Editor,Male sterile lines,especially cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)lines,are extensively used in commercial hybrid seed production.Therefore a better understanding of the genetic basis of fertility restoration for CMS is important for the utility of heterosis in crops.In general,restorer of fertility(Rf)is controlled by one or two major genomic genes,and most of the Rf genes encode pro-teins containing P type pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR)motifs(Wang et al.,2006;Hu et al.,2012;Tang et al.,2014;Liu et al.,2016).S type CMS(CMS-S)is the main type of maize CMS with wide cytoplasmic sources,and orf355-orf77 in CMS-S was associated with male sterility(Zabala et al.,1997).The 5'stem-loop of the transcript of orf355-orf77 was thought to be associ-ated with its stability(Xiao et al.,2006).Recently,Xiao et al.(2020)confirmed that orf355 is the causal gene of CMS-S.Rf3,the main restorer of CMS-S,has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2 for a long time(Laughnan and Gabay,1978).Since then,great efforts have been made on genetic mapping and cloning of this gene(Xu et al.,2009).展开更多
Eukaryotic organisms are equipped with quality-control mechanisms that survey protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and remove non-native proteins by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Recent research has s...Eukaryotic organisms are equipped with quality-control mechanisms that survey protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and remove non-native proteins by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Recent research has shown that cytokinin-degrading CKX proteins are subjected to ERAD during plant development. The mechanisms of plant ERAD, including the export of substrate proteins from the ER, are not fully understood and the molecular components involved in the ERAD of CKX are unknown. We show that heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPP) interact specifically with CKX proteins synthesized in the ER and processed by ERAD. CKX-HIPP protein complexes were detected at the ER as well as in the cytosol, suggesting that the complexes involve retrotranslocated CKX protein species. Altered CKX levels in HIPP-overexpressing and higher-order hipp mutant plants suggest that the studied HIPP proteins control the ERAD of CKX. Deregulation of CKX proteins caused corresponding changes in the cytokinin signaling activity and triggered typical morphological cytokinin responses. Notably, transcriptional repression of HIPP genes by cytokinin indicates a feedback regulatory mechanism of cytokinin homeostasis and signaling responses. Moreover, the loss of HIPP genes constitutively activates the unfolded protein response and compromises the ER stress tolerance, supporting the conclusion that HIPPs represent novel functional components of plant ERAD.展开更多
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and the major carriers of disease and mortality as well as the drivers of global processes.How plant viruses potentially influence global processes is an emer...Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and the major carriers of disease and mortality as well as the drivers of global processes.How plant viruses potentially influence global processes is an emergent issue,particularly for their putative implications in applications.Upon infection and spread,plant viruses are capable of reprogramming host gene expression via RNA silencing by releasing viral suppressors of RNA silencing,viral small interfering RNAs(vsiRNAs),and by inducing the production of viral-associated small interfering RNAs(va-siRNAs).Recently,studies on various crop-virus pathosystems suggest that RNA silencing suppressors(RSSs)。展开更多
Although roots are mainly embedded in the soil, recent studies revealed that light regulates mineral nutrient uptake by roots. However, it remains unclear whether the change in root system architecture in response to ...Although roots are mainly embedded in the soil, recent studies revealed that light regulates mineral nutrient uptake by roots. However, it remains unclear whether the change in root system architecture in response to different rhizosphere nutrient statuses involves light signaling. Here, we report that blue light regulates primary root growth inhibition under phosphate-deficient conditions through the cryptochromes and their downstream signaling factors. We showed that the inhibition of root elongation by low phosphate requires blue light signal perception at the shoot and transduction to the root. In this process, SPA1 and COP1 play a negative role while HY5 plays a positive role. Further experiments revealed that HY5 is able to migrate from the shoot to root and that the shoot-derived HY5 autoactivates root HY5 and regulates primary root growth by directly activating the expression of LPR1, a suppressor of root growth under phosphate starvation. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism by which blue light signaling regulates phosphate deficiency-induced primary root growth inhibition, providing new insights into the crosstalk between light and nutrient signaling.展开更多
Plasma membrane proteins,especially transmembrane receptors and transporters,play central roles in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and in the adaptation of the cells and organisms to changes in the environment.Bes...Plasma membrane proteins,especially transmembrane receptors and transporters,play central roles in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and in the adaptation of the cells and organisms to changes in the environment.Besides transcriptional regulation,protein targeting,posttranslational modification,ligandbinding,protein-protein interactions,and protein degradation are all key regulatory processes that can influence the abundance and activity of these receptors and transporters.Intensive research in the last decades have shown that posttranslational modification with the small modifier protein ubiquitin is crucial for selective protein degradation.展开更多
Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA that can affect gene expression and silence transposable element(TE)activities.In plants,cytosine methylation occurs in three distinct sequence contexts:CG,CHG...Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA that can affect gene expression and silence transposable element(TE)activities.In plants,cytosine methylation occurs in three distinct sequence contexts:CG,CHG,and CHH(where H=C,A,or T)(Law and Jacobsen,2010).The RNA-directed DNA methylation(RdDM)pathway catalyzes all types of de novo cytosine methylation,especially within small TEs or at the edges of large TEs.In brief,two plant-specific RNA polymerases,Pol IV and Pol V,independently synthesize relatively short single-stranded RNAs at RdDM target regions(Law and Jacobsen,2010).Pol IV transcripts are converted to double-stranded RNA by RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2.These double-stranded RNAs are processed into 24-nt small interfering RNAs(siRNAs)by DICER-LIKE 3.ARGONAUTE 4 binds these siRNAs and is targeted to RdDM target loci,with Pol V transcripts as scaffolds.Finally,DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 is recruited to RdDM target regions through an indirect interaction with ARGONAUTE 4 and catalyzes cytosine methylation.展开更多
The trivalent form (Al^3+) of aluminum (Al), an abundant metal in the Earth's crust, is highly toxic to plant cells when released into soils under acidic conditions. Because approximately 50% of the world's ar...The trivalent form (Al^3+) of aluminum (Al), an abundant metal in the Earth's crust, is highly toxic to plant cells when released into soils under acidic conditions. Because approximately 50% of the world's arable soils are acidic, Al toxicity poses a big threat to crop production worldwide. Physiologically, Al toxicity inhibits root growth, leading to poor ion and water uptake by roots. Over Iong-term evolution, many plants have developed certain strategies to tolerate Al toxicity. One well-characterized mechanism in several species such as wheat, sorghum, and maize involves root exudation of organic acids such as citrate and malate that bind Al to form non toxic complexes and preve nt its entrance into cells.展开更多
Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice,employs the transcription activator-like effectors(TALEs)to induce the expression of the OsSWEET family of putative sugar transporter gene...Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice,employs the transcription activator-like effectors(TALEs)to induce the expression of the OsSWEET family of putative sugar transporter genes,which function in conferring disease susceptibility(S)in rice plants.To engineer broadspectrum bacterial blight resistance,we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to disrupt the TALEbinding elements(EBEs)of two S genes,OsSWEETH and OsSWEET14,in rice cv.Kitaake,which harbors the recessive resistance allele of Xa25/OsSWEET13.The engineered rice line MS14K exhibited broadspectrum resistance to most Xoo strains with a few exceptions,suggesting that the compatible strains may contain new TALEs.We identified two PthXo2-like TALEs,Tal5LN18 and Tal7PX061,as major virulence factors in the compatible Xoo strains LN18 and PX061,respectively,and found that Xoo encodes at least five types of PthXo2-like effectors.Given that PthXo2/PthXo2.1 target OsSlVEETf3 for transcriptional activation,the genomes of 3000 rice varieties were analyzed for EBE variationsin the OsSWEET13 promoter,and 10Xa25-like haplotypes were identified.We found that Tal5LN18 and Tal7PX〇6i bind slightly different EBE sequences in the OsSWEET13 promoter to activate its expression.CRISPR/Cas9 technology was then used to generate InDels in the EBE of the OsSWEET13 promoter in MS14K to creat a new germplasm with three edited OsSWEET EBEs and broad-spectrum resistance against all Xoo strains tested.Collectively,our findings illustrate how to disarm TALE-S co-evolved loci to generate broad-spectrum resistance through the loss of effector-triggered susceptibility in plants.展开更多
基金support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2019YFA0707100,2019YFA0802203)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24040202)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001704)。
文摘Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphoproteomes.This is largely due to the need to improve protein extraction efficiency from plant cells,which have a dense cell wall,and to minimize sample loss resulting from the stringent sample clean-up steps required for the removal of a large amount of biomolecules interfering with phosphopeptide purification and mass spectrometry analysis.To this end,we developed a method with a streamlined workflow for highly efficient purification of phosphopeptides from tissues of various green organisms including Arabidopsis,rice,tomato,and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,enabling in-depth identification with high quantitative reproducibility of about 11000 phosphosites,the greatest depth achieved so far with single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)runs operated in a data-dependent acquisition(DDA)mode.The mainstay features of the method are the minimal sample loss achieved through elimination of sample clean-up before protease digestion and of desalting before phosphopeptide enrichment and hence the dramatic increases of time-and cost-effectiveness.The method,named GreenPhos,combined with single-shot LC-MS,enabled in-depth quantitative identification of Arabidopsis phosphoproteins,including differentially phosphorylated spliceosomal proteins,at multiple time points during salt stress and a number of kinase substrate motifs.GreenPhos is expected to serve as a universal method for purification of plant phosphopeptides,which,if samples are further fractionated and analyzed by multiple LC-MS runs,could enable measurement of plant phosphoproteomes with an unprecedented depth using a given mass spectrometry technology.
基金support from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic(19-07155S)and the Grant Agency of Palacky University(IGA-2023_001)on legume domestication and seed development.T.P.is supported by the Kirkhouse Trust。
文摘The development of agriculture is one of the most transformative changes in the history of humankind.Among the most common changes occurring during plant domestication are reductions in seed dispersal and changes in pigmentation.Although there are archaeological records of these processes,the advancement of genomics offers a tool to achieve greater insight into the process of converting wild plants into crops(Smýkal et al.,2018).This involved and resulted in a set of specific phenotypic changes referred to collectively as the domestication syndrome.Recently,less obvious domestication-related modifications have also been identified,including changes in plant biochemistry.These processes are often intertwined.For example,among visible changes,selection for visual appearance such as pigmentation is governed by modulation of specific metabolic pathways.Like genomic tools,the improvement of analytical methods provides the opportunity to reveal metabolomic changes involved in plant domestication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971824 and 32170316).
文摘In rice, the Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase OsDMI3 is an important positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In ABA signaling, H_(2)O_(2) is required for ABA-induced activation of OsDMI3, which in turn increase H_(2)O_(2) production. However, how OsDMI3 regulates H_(2)O_(2) production in ABA signaling remains unknown. Here we show that OsRbohB is the main NADPH oxidase involved in ABA-induced H_(2)O_(2) production and ABA-mediated physiological responses. OsDMI3 directly interacts with and phosphorylates OsRbohB at Ser-191, which is OsDMI3-mediated site-specific phosphorylation in ABA signaling. Further analyses revealed that OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB Ser-191 phosphorylation positively regulates the activity of NADPH oxidase and the production of H_(2)O_(2) in ABA signaling, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of seed germination and root growth to ABA and plant tolerance to water stress and oxidative stress. Moreover, we discovered that the OsDMI3-mediated OsRbohB phosphorylation and H_(2)O_(2) production is dependent on the sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases SAPK8/9/10, which phosphorylate OsRbohB at Ser-140 in ABA signaling. Taken together, these results not only reveal an important regulatory mechanism that directly activates Rboh for ABA-induced H_(2)O_(2) production but also uncover the importance of this regulatory mechanism in ABA signaling.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32188102,32025028,and U20A2030)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003304)+1 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2022QC20)the Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory(B21HJ0215).
文摘Heterosis has long been exploited in the hybrid seed industry,which contributes to high and stable yields of modern agriculture(Huang et al.,2016).However,heterosis phenotypes of hybrid plants are segregated in its offspring.Apomixis allows instant fixation and propagation though seeds with heterozygous genotypes,showing great potential in plant breeding and agricultural practice(Ye and Cui,2019).Apomixis naturally occurs in hundreds of plant species,but it is absent in major crop species(Underwood and Mercier,2022).Recently,synthetic apomixis has been engineered in rice by combining Mitosis instead of Meiosis(MiMe)with a mutation of MATRILINEAL or ectopic expression of BABY BOOM1(BBM1),enabling clonal reproduction of F1 hybrids through seeds and stable transmission of heterotic phenotypes over generations(Khanday et al.,2019;Wang et al.,2019;Liu et al.,2022).However,the fertility of both two strategies was significantly reduced compared with that of the wild type,which hinders the application of both strategies in agriculture.In this study,we established synthetic apomixis with a high fertility that is almost comparable to normal hybrid rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070559)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(2021YFF1000100)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M710875)the Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021HSZD004)and the Developing Bioinformatics Platform in Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab(no.JBGS-B21HJ0001).
文摘In the post-genome-wide association study era,multi-omics techniques have shown great power and poten-tial for candidate gene mining and functional genomics research.However,due to the lack of effective data integration and multi-omics analysis platforms,such techniques have not still been applied widely in rape-seed,an important oil crop worldwide.Here,we report a rapeseed multi-omics database(BnlR;http:/l yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/BnlR),which provides datasets of six omics including genomics,transcriptomics,variomics,epigenetics,phenomics,and metabolomics,as well as numerous"variation-gene expression-phenotype"associations by using multiple statistical methods.In addition,a series of multi-omics search and analysis tools are integrated to facilitate the browsing and application of these datasets.BnlR is the most comprehensive multi-omics database for rapeseed so far,and two case studies demonstrated its power to mine candidate genes associated with specific traits and analyze their potential regulatory mechanisms.
基金supported in part by a project(No.2016YFD0100804)of the National Key Research and Development Program of Chinaa grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371635)+1 种基金a project(No.2662020SKPY011)of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chinathe 111 Project of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding(B20051).
文摘Dear Editor,Male sterile lines,especially cytoplasmic male sterile(CMS)lines,are extensively used in commercial hybrid seed production.Therefore a better understanding of the genetic basis of fertility restoration for CMS is important for the utility of heterosis in crops.In general,restorer of fertility(Rf)is controlled by one or two major genomic genes,and most of the Rf genes encode pro-teins containing P type pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR)motifs(Wang et al.,2006;Hu et al.,2012;Tang et al.,2014;Liu et al.,2016).S type CMS(CMS-S)is the main type of maize CMS with wide cytoplasmic sources,and orf355-orf77 in CMS-S was associated with male sterility(Zabala et al.,1997).The 5'stem-loop of the transcript of orf355-orf77 was thought to be associ-ated with its stability(Xiao et al.,2006).Recently,Xiao et al.(2020)confirmed that orf355 is the causal gene of CMS-S.Rf3,the main restorer of CMS-S,has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2 for a long time(Laughnan and Gabay,1978).Since then,great efforts have been made on genetic mapping and cloning of this gene(Xu et al.,2009).
基金This work was supported by grants from the Austrian Science Fund(P 30945)Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(WE 4325/1-1 and WE 4325/2-2)from the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic(European Regional Development Fund-Project"Plants as a tool for sustainable global development"no.CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827).
文摘Eukaryotic organisms are equipped with quality-control mechanisms that survey protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and remove non-native proteins by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Recent research has shown that cytokinin-degrading CKX proteins are subjected to ERAD during plant development. The mechanisms of plant ERAD, including the export of substrate proteins from the ER, are not fully understood and the molecular components involved in the ERAD of CKX are unknown. We show that heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (HIPP) interact specifically with CKX proteins synthesized in the ER and processed by ERAD. CKX-HIPP protein complexes were detected at the ER as well as in the cytosol, suggesting that the complexes involve retrotranslocated CKX protein species. Altered CKX levels in HIPP-overexpressing and higher-order hipp mutant plants suggest that the studied HIPP proteins control the ERAD of CKX. Deregulation of CKX proteins caused corresponding changes in the cytokinin signaling activity and triggered typical morphological cytokinin responses. Notably, transcriptional repression of HIPP genes by cytokinin indicates a feedback regulatory mechanism of cytokinin homeostasis and signaling responses. Moreover, the loss of HIPP genes constitutively activates the unfolded protein response and compromises the ER stress tolerance, supporting the conclusion that HIPPs represent novel functional components of plant ERAD.
基金The authors are funded by Italian MIUR Progetto NUTR-AGE(FOE-2019,DSBAD004.271)to DiSBA of the National Research Council.
文摘Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and the major carriers of disease and mortality as well as the drivers of global processes.How plant viruses potentially influence global processes is an emergent issue,particularly for their putative implications in applications.Upon infection and spread,plant viruses are capable of reprogramming host gene expression via RNA silencing by releasing viral suppressors of RNA silencing,viral small interfering RNAs(vsiRNAs),and by inducing the production of viral-associated small interfering RNAs(va-siRNAs).Recently,studies on various crop-virus pathosystems suggest that RNA silencing suppressors(RSSs)。
基金This study was funded by Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27010103 to D.-Y.C.)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31930024 to D.-Y.C.)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20180334 and 2018M642101 to Y.-Q.G.).
文摘Although roots are mainly embedded in the soil, recent studies revealed that light regulates mineral nutrient uptake by roots. However, it remains unclear whether the change in root system architecture in response to different rhizosphere nutrient statuses involves light signaling. Here, we report that blue light regulates primary root growth inhibition under phosphate-deficient conditions through the cryptochromes and their downstream signaling factors. We showed that the inhibition of root elongation by low phosphate requires blue light signal perception at the shoot and transduction to the root. In this process, SPA1 and COP1 play a negative role while HY5 plays a positive role. Further experiments revealed that HY5 is able to migrate from the shoot to root and that the shoot-derived HY5 autoactivates root HY5 and regulates primary root growth by directly activating the expression of LPR1, a suppressor of root growth under phosphate starvation. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism by which blue light signaling regulates phosphate deficiency-induced primary root growth inhibition, providing new insights into the crosstalk between light and nutrient signaling.
基金the German Science Foundation(DFG SFB969 and IS221/6-1)and by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
文摘Plasma membrane proteins,especially transmembrane receptors and transporters,play central roles in the maintenance of cell homeostasis and in the adaptation of the cells and organisms to changes in the environment.Besides transcriptional regulation,protein targeting,posttranslational modification,ligandbinding,protein-protein interactions,and protein degradation are all key regulatory processes that can influence the abundance and activity of these receptors and transporters.Intensive research in the last decades have shown that posttranslational modification with the small modifier protein ubiquitin is crucial for selective protein degradation.
基金This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI(19H04873).
文摘Cytosine methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA that can affect gene expression and silence transposable element(TE)activities.In plants,cytosine methylation occurs in three distinct sequence contexts:CG,CHG,and CHH(where H=C,A,or T)(Law and Jacobsen,2010).The RNA-directed DNA methylation(RdDM)pathway catalyzes all types of de novo cytosine methylation,especially within small TEs or at the edges of large TEs.In brief,two plant-specific RNA polymerases,Pol IV and Pol V,independently synthesize relatively short single-stranded RNAs at RdDM target regions(Law and Jacobsen,2010).Pol IV transcripts are converted to double-stranded RNA by RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2.These double-stranded RNAs are processed into 24-nt small interfering RNAs(siRNAs)by DICER-LIKE 3.ARGONAUTE 4 binds these siRNAs and is targeted to RdDM target loci,with Pol V transcripts as scaffolds.Finally,DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2 is recruited to RdDM target regions through an indirect interaction with ARGONAUTE 4 and catalyzes cytosine methylation.
文摘The trivalent form (Al^3+) of aluminum (Al), an abundant metal in the Earth's crust, is highly toxic to plant cells when released into soils under acidic conditions. Because approximately 50% of the world's arable soils are acidic, Al toxicity poses a big threat to crop production worldwide. Physiologically, Al toxicity inhibits root growth, leading to poor ion and water uptake by roots. Over Iong-term evolution, many plants have developed certain strategies to tolerate Al toxicity. One well-characterized mechanism in several species such as wheat, sorghum, and maize involves root exudation of organic acids such as citrate and malate that bind Al to form non toxic complexes and preve nt its entrance into cells.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830072)the National Transgenic Major Program(2016ZX08001-002).
文摘Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo),the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice,employs the transcription activator-like effectors(TALEs)to induce the expression of the OsSWEET family of putative sugar transporter genes,which function in conferring disease susceptibility(S)in rice plants.To engineer broadspectrum bacterial blight resistance,we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to disrupt the TALEbinding elements(EBEs)of two S genes,OsSWEETH and OsSWEET14,in rice cv.Kitaake,which harbors the recessive resistance allele of Xa25/OsSWEET13.The engineered rice line MS14K exhibited broadspectrum resistance to most Xoo strains with a few exceptions,suggesting that the compatible strains may contain new TALEs.We identified two PthXo2-like TALEs,Tal5LN18 and Tal7PX061,as major virulence factors in the compatible Xoo strains LN18 and PX061,respectively,and found that Xoo encodes at least five types of PthXo2-like effectors.Given that PthXo2/PthXo2.1 target OsSlVEETf3 for transcriptional activation,the genomes of 3000 rice varieties were analyzed for EBE variationsin the OsSWEET13 promoter,and 10Xa25-like haplotypes were identified.We found that Tal5LN18 and Tal7PX〇6i bind slightly different EBE sequences in the OsSWEET13 promoter to activate its expression.CRISPR/Cas9 technology was then used to generate InDels in the EBE of the OsSWEET13 promoter in MS14K to creat a new germplasm with three edited OsSWEET EBEs and broad-spectrum resistance against all Xoo strains tested.Collectively,our findings illustrate how to disarm TALE-S co-evolved loci to generate broad-spectrum resistance through the loss of effector-triggered susceptibility in plants.
