Background: HLA system plays an essential role in the human immune system activity and the expression of some spe-cific HLA antigens could modify the immune response to vaccinations. Celiac Disease is included among t...Background: HLA system plays an essential role in the human immune system activity and the expression of some spe-cific HLA antigens could modify the immune response to vaccinations. Celiac Disease is included among the diseases associated to specific HLA profiles, principally characterized by the expression of the HLA DQ2 antigen. Object: Our study was a retrospective study, leaded on a group of celiac children, with the object to evaluate their immunological response to both obligatory and recommended vaccinations in childhood. Materials and methods: It was a retrospec-tive study, including 66 patients affected by celiac disease, between 3 and 15 years of age, and a control group of 50 children of the same age. All patients performed both obligatory and recommended vaccinations as indicated in the Italian standard regimen for vaccinations. The immunologic response to each vaccine was analysed and compared in the two groups. Moreover, authors also studied the immunologic response to vaccines in celiac children comparing patients whose diagnosis was made before 18 months of age with those whose disease was diagnosed after 18 months of age. Results: Our results showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccine is similar to that one found in general population, except for HBV vaccine. Conclusions: the valuation of immunological response to HBV vaccine should be regularly effectuated in celiac children and revaccination should be recommended.展开更多
Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccin...Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccination as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). In 2016, seven of 21 bovine bitten by rabid dogs given IM rabies vaccination died due to rabies in Shimla Municipality. This scenario prompted the authors to look for a suitable protocol, based on human studies, to save animals. We tested various schedules of IDRV in bovine and found that a schedule of 0.2 ml given in middle 1/3rd of neck on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 along with local wound infiltration of eRIG is sufficiently immunogenic and life saving in all of them, even if bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose as tested by CRI. Rabivac Vet, a Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine, available as 1 ml per vial was used off level for IDRV. While injecting the vaccine, a raised papule of ≥1 cm will appear slowly causing a peau d’orange appearance. All 60 bovine serum samples tested by RFFIT after IDRV, had titers more than 0.5 IU/ml on day 14. Thereafter, a total of 150 animals were given five doses of IDRV as PEP, with or without RIG, after their exposure to clinically or lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose and all survived for more than a year. Serum samples from 15 animals bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose were collected on day 14 and tested for RVNA by RFFIT from NIMHANS Bangalore and all had desired antibody titers above 0.5 IU/ml, without any immunosuppression. The RFFIT titers in 55% bovine in all groups were more than adequate after one year and 100% of them had anamnestic response to a single 0.2 ml booster given at one year. Few of the bovine and even one equine (Horse. Figure 4) brought for PEP at some of nearby vet hospitals were given IM rabies vaccine with local eRIG infiltration also survived. Local eRIG infiltration appeared to have covered the lacuna of longer window period required for indigenous antibodies production through IM route in bovine that are not sufficiently produced by day 14. While five times less vaccine was used in this low cost protocol and the survival was 100% compared to traditional IM protocol where survival was 66%. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was found to be effective as 0.2 ml dose of IDRV on day 0, 3, 7 and all bovine had titers higher than the desired by day seven after single 0.2 ml vaccine booster at one year. Our study points towards a possibility of having short schedules of three shots IDRV vaccination in bovine with or without local RIG (depending on presence or absence of wound/s) as PEP and single shot IDRV as PrEP, but further studies are required on a large number of animals. Our study also points out for allowing intra-dermal use in animals as well and labeling vaccines for the same as this is low cost more immunogenic and less painful compare to IM administration.展开更多
The significant function of Toll-like receptors (TLR) is the detection of microbes by host guard cells that guide to the innate immune responses and to the successive adaptive. The current study patterns of TLR2, TLR3...The significant function of Toll-like receptors (TLR) is the detection of microbes by host guard cells that guide to the innate immune responses and to the successive adaptive. The current study patterns of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 expressing antigen presenting cells (APCs) in blood of mice after colonization with L. plantarum NC8 strain were assessed. The power of L. plantarum on serum innate cytokine and TLR responses stimulated by recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep and NC8-pSIP409-pgsA were also assessed. We confirmed that L. plantarum NC8 stimulated powerful TLR2 expressing APC responses in blood Recombinant strain stimulated a TLR3 response in spleen, and TLR9 responses were stimulated in blood or in spleen. Recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep on TLR2 and TLR9 expressing APC responses has a preservative outcome, reliable with the DCpep adjuvant outcome. In serum the recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep has increased the IL-4 and IFN-γ responses, except that on the TLR3 and TLR9 expressing CD14 APC responses it had an oppressive consequence in spleen and the IFN-α response in serum-stimulated by PRV. Our results give details that following PRV infection after immunization with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep, the systemic TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 expressing cDC and macrophage/monocyte responses.展开更多
In this study, establishing the knowledge about adult vaccination and voluntary vaccination state of adults in the prov-ince centre of Kayseri was aimed. This descriptive study was performed in 2009 May-July, in 6 pub...In this study, establishing the knowledge about adult vaccination and voluntary vaccination state of adults in the prov-ince centre of Kayseri was aimed. This descriptive study was performed in 2009 May-July, in 6 public health centres (PHC) in the province centre of Kayseri, by way of a questionnaire. 998 adults from the population of an area covered by 34 family practitioners, working under six public health care centres, in the province centre of Kayseri, were asked to fill a questionnaire. Chi-square test was used in the statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. The mean age of the participants was 37.4 ± 14.1 and 56.7% were female. 75.8% of the individuals knew that adults had to be vaccinated and 55.3% that influenza vaccination had to be done every year. 97.9% of the participants were aware of influenza vaccinLation, and the rate of vaccination was 7.8%, 97.8% knew tetanus vaccination, the awareness rate of hepatitis B vaccination was 84.4%, and vaccination rate 25.6%, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was known by 44.4%, vaccination rate in women was 1.1%, pneumococcus vaccination was known by 19.8% and vaccination rate was 0.4%. 22.0% of the individuals 65 years old and above had got an influenza vaccination while non-had got a pneumococcus vaccination. It is found that the tetanus, influenza, and hepatitis vaccinations were highly known, whereas, HPV and pneumococcus vaccinations were not, and that the number of individuals stating that they had been vaccinated was quite low.展开更多
Hydro-Pericardium Syndrome (HPS) is viral problem of commercial poultry caused by aviadeno virus type-4. In Pakistan the problems have been controlled by administering inactivated infected liver homogenate vaccine (IL...Hydro-Pericardium Syndrome (HPS) is viral problem of commercial poultry caused by aviadeno virus type-4. In Pakistan the problems have been controlled by administering inactivated infected liver homogenate vaccine (ILHV). The use of liver based HPS vaccines remained potential threat for having hypersensitivity reactions in poultry. The current study was carried out to compare the serological potency of HPS ILHV to vero cell line adopted vaccine in term of anti HPS-ELISA antibody titers. 14 HPS virus vaccines were prepared based on different concentration of antigen, type of adjuvants and source of virus substrate. Total of 160 birds were divided into 16 groups each containing 10 birds. At day of 14th age each bird of every group was injected with 0.3 ml dose of respective vaccine. It was observed that HPS infected liver based vaccine having 1 × 105.6, 1 × 105.6 and 1 × 103.6 bird lethal dose 50 induced 1092.10, 875.25 and 702.2 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. The 20, 25 and 30 doses/gm HPS infected liver vaccine induced 110.4, 1071.9 and 1037.8 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. Montanide based tissue culture HPS vaccine showed significantly higher 1148.45 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer to aluminium hydroxide based vaccine (137.2) (P 5.6 TCID50 is serological potent against field infection. The vaccines based on such formulation could be prepared in future for effective immuno-prophylaxis against HPS virus.展开更多
It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Le...It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania major on fibrosarcoma cells growth has been investigated in cell culture medium. In this experimental study, WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells treated with alive Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite or Leishmania major promastigote as case groups or left intact as control groups. Following 24 hours incubation the number of cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apoptosis were determined in case and control groups. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite decreased cell proliferation and increased cell lyses’ but it did not induce apoptosis. Trichomonas vaginalis or Leishmania major didn’t show any effects on cell proliferation, cell lyses or apoptosis. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii may have anticancer activity and further works is recommended to understand the mechanisms of action.展开更多
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are common causative agents with high infection rate in pig farms, thus a combined vaccine against both EMCV and PCV2 is highly desirable. In the ...Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are common causative agents with high infection rate in pig farms, thus a combined vaccine against both EMCV and PCV2 is highly desirable. In the present study, we developed an oil-adjuvant combination vaccine candidate comprising of inactivated EMCV and PCV2, and evaluated the safety and immunogenicity in mice and swine. The combination vaccine was found to elicit serum antibodies and had strong neutralization activity, more importantly, passive immunization with the combined vaccine protected swine against either EMCV or PCV2 lethal infections, whereas the monovalent vaccine only prevent the one of two virus challenge. Our results demonstrated the combined vaccine was safe and induced protective immune response in mice and swine as evident from sero-conservation as well as challenge studies in swine, indicating that component vaccines did not interfere with the immunogenicity of each other.展开更多
Immunotherapy as an option of treatment in cancer has experienced an important development with the inclusion of vaccines. In lung cancer this type of treatment has emerged and vaccines can be classified in three grou...Immunotherapy as an option of treatment in cancer has experienced an important development with the inclusion of vaccines. In lung cancer this type of treatment has emerged and vaccines can be classified in three groups: antigen-specific vaccines, tumor cell vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. Emepepimut (L-BLP25) and MAGE-A3 have been the vaccines most widely studied. Their promising results with benefit in survival and limited toxicity in preclinical and clinical trials have led to phase III trials with results eagerly awaited. Other vaccines have been investigated, but results were not favorable or are still pending. Hopefully, vaccines could be an additional instrument for the treatment of lung cancer in the adjuvant or metastatic setting as time will unveil the results of current and future trials.展开更多
In Uruguay a post pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation surveillance of hospitalized children with pneumonia showed an increase of complicated pneumonias, while uncomplicated pneumonias decreased. Out of 151 p...In Uruguay a post pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation surveillance of hospitalized children with pneumonia showed an increase of complicated pneumonias, while uncomplicated pneumonias decreased. Out of 151 pleural effusions, 62 were empyemas requiring drainage, the rest of cases were treated with antibiotics with a favorable outcome. Patient’s vaccinated status varied. Pneumococcal etiology was poorly documented. The few identified sero-types were 1 and 3, a fact that urges PCV13 use for their control.展开更多
Background Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are two important cytokines in inflammatory response, which may induce rolling and adhesion of both leukocytes and l...Background Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are two important cytokines in inflammatory response, which may induce rolling and adhesion of both leukocytes and lymphocytes, while modulating vascular permeability at the same time. These adhesion molecules usually serve as surrogate markers of activation and injury of vascular endothelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key factor to induce the expression and production of the above cell adhesion molecules. However, it remains to be elucidated whether exogenous ubiquitin exerts any effect on the cytokines in sepsis-induced ALI. Methods Sixty mice were devided randomly into five groups with twelve mice in each group, i.e. CLP group, SHAM group, UB1 group (10 mg/kg), UB2 group (5 mg/kg) and UB3 group(1 mg/kg). Mice of SHAM group underwent sham operation, and other four groups underwent CLP. Six hours after surgery, mice of three UB groups received ubiquitin by caudal vein injection while CLP and SHAM group received vehicle. Seven hours after surgery, blood and lungs of all mice were collected. ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TNF-α level of 9% lung homogenate and serum TNF-α level were measured by ELISA. Results Pulmonary ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TNF-α level of three UB groups were lower than CLP and SHAM group, and there were several comparisons with a statistically significant difference. Serum TNF-α level of three UB groups were slightly lower than CLP group, but far higher than SHAM group. Pulmonary ICAM-1 level, VCAM-1 level and serum TNF-α level of UB3 group were lower than UB1 and UB2 group, and there was a significant difference in VCAM-1 between UB3 and UB1 group. Pulmonary TNF-α level of UB3 group was slightly higher than UB1 and UB2 group.展开更多
Porcine cysticercosis (PC) caused by Taenia solium larvae is continuing being an important zoonotic neglected disease in many developing countries, is responsible for severe health disorders such as seizures and death...Porcine cysticercosis (PC) caused by Taenia solium larvae is continuing being an important zoonotic neglected disease in many developing countries, is responsible for severe health disorders such as seizures and death in human and it poses a serious public health risk. In general estimated prevalence for porcine cysticercosis by Ag-ELISA was 29.7% (95% CI [4.8 - 58.2]), by EITB was 24.7% (95% CI [9.2 - 38.2]), by Tongue examination was 9.4% (95% CI [0.2 - 13.2]), and by postmortem examination was 15% (95% CI [0.2 - 27.4]). Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by circulating antibody detection (Ab-ELISA) was ranged from 1.3% to 45.3%. Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by circulating T. solium antigen detection (Ag-ELISA) was ranged from 4.6% to 11.9%. Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by EITB was ranged from 6.9% to 16.7%. Average prevalence of human cysticercosis by CT scan was ranged from 23.2% to 54.6%. A fundamental factor in the occurrence of infections in most of the article was lack of health education to the community on T. solium, cysticercosis and taeniasis complex as the key towards control and eradication. The major causal factors of the disease occurrence were free roaming pigs and poor sanitary conditions.展开更多
Background: Early promotion of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination among health care workers is an important component of the HBV infection control. No available data assess immune response of HB vaccination among Egyptian m...Background: Early promotion of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination among health care workers is an important component of the HBV infection control. No available data assess immune response of HB vaccination among Egyptian medical students. Objective: we conducted this study to evaluate the immune response among medical students after completion of their vaccination schedule. Methods: A total of 150 Egyptian medical students were included. Three doses of recombinant HB vaccine had been administered to all participating students at 0, 1 and 6 months. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBs) titers, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were measured by enzyme immunoassay, 1 to 2 months after completion of vaccination course. Results: Among 150 students included, the mean age was 22.4 ± 1.7 years (range 18 - 28 years). Fifty nine (39.4%) were males and 91 (60.6%) were females. All students have anti-HBs levels more than 100 IU/L. The mean anti-HBs of included students was 8994.2 ± 6373.1 IU/L. There was no significant difference of anti-HBs levels regarding age, sex, residence or body mass index distribution. Conclusion: Early HB vaccination of health care workers is associated with good immune response and should be encouraged.展开更多
Most of the facts regarding measles aerosol vaccination have been quite thoroughly dealt with in the book by S. Plotkin, Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects—Progress and Obstacles (2006 Ed) [1]. However, there are some ...Most of the facts regarding measles aerosol vaccination have been quite thoroughly dealt with in the book by S. Plotkin, Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects—Progress and Obstacles (2006 Ed) [1]. However, there are some aspects mentioned there that should perhaps have been emphasized more strongly and others that have emerged as relevant issues since then. We shall start with the quite important point that in the Sabin et al. [2] first study made in Monterrey, N. L., México [3], antibody reaction for recipients of respiratory-route Edmonston-Zagreb vaccines was not fully developed (100%) until six months after aerosol inhalation. At six weeks, only 90% had increased blood levels of antibody, a fact for which there is no easy explanation, but one which should be considered when dealing with serologic evaluation of measles vaccines given by aerosol in which shortterm results less than encouraging. Results of the second study performed by Sabin et al. in Monterrey [2] establish that the percentage of sero-responses is directly dose-dependent. In turn, the dose itself depends on at least three facts: 1) concentration of virus in the vaccine used;2) kind of nebulizer used;and 3) time of exposure. Another point to be stressed is that the vaccine used in the first trials [1]-[3], as well in the aerosol mass vaccination in México, though originally the Ickic strain attenuated in HDP, was also grown for final harvesting in HDP (MRC-5), whereas current Edmonston-Zagreb vaccines are obtained by final culture in chick embryo fibroblasts that provide 1 log more final product, more beneficial from an economic point of view, but not for adaptation to human tissues. A crucial consideration in aerosol measles mass campaigns is the lack of electricity/ energy supply, particularly in rural communities. To deal with these issues, a rudimentary assembly was utilized to produce the aerosol for mass vaccinations performed during the serious Mexican epidemic of 1990-1991: a tire pump connected to a Clay-Adams nebulizer. As this equipment works only with direct current, a car battery was used to supply sufficient energy to vaccinate thousands of children.展开更多
Susceptibility to pneumococcal infections in Sj?gren syndrome (SS)―an autoimmune inflammatory disease―patients is not well known, although these patients frequently develop respiratory diseases. The relative risk of...Susceptibility to pneumococcal infections in Sj?gren syndrome (SS)―an autoimmune inflammatory disease―patients is not well known, although these patients frequently develop respiratory diseases. The relative risk of developing pneumococcal disease in SS patients versus diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) patients, matched by age, gender, and length of enrolment was studied. From January 1998 to September 2013 the records of Donostia University Hospital were analyzed, which among other patient’s data includes: number and type of hospital admissions and number and type of laboratory determinations. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of the same serotype causing recurrent infections were characterized by PFGE. The study comprised 127 patients in the SS group (69 primary and 58 secondary) and 127 in the DM-2 group as control. In 12 SS patients, (9.4%) 22 pneumococcal disease episodes were detected. Two patients (1.6%) with a single episode each one were observed among DM-2 patients, p = 0.01, RR for SS patients 6 (95% CI 1.4 to 26.3). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups of patients in infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae. Most pneumococcal serotypes in SS patients belonged to the 13-valent (50%) and 23-valent (75%) anti-pneumococcal vaccine. SS patients are associated with and increased risk of suffering from pneumococcal disease. Vaccination should be considered in this group of patients.展开更多
Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results...Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results of an influenza vaccination program implemented within a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: Using records from calendar years 2005-2013, we completed a retrospective analysis of annual influenza vaccination rates at this center. A mandatory influenza vaccination policy was implemented in 2010, while prior to that vaccination was encouraged but not required. Vaccinations are free to employees and distributed at various locations. Annual influenza vaccination rates were examined by calendar year and by occupational group (medical, nursing, administrative, scientific, other support staff). Results: High levels of adherence with the mandatory influenza policy were observed for all employee groups. Prior to influenza vaccine mandates flu vaccination rates ranged from ~30% - 40% and increased to 85% - 89% with the mandate. Conclusions: Robust influenza vaccination rates have been sustained since implementation of a vaccination mandate supporting further expansion of policies requiring influenza vaccination for HCPs.展开更多
Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic...Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.展开更多
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary cause of illness and death among children younger than 5 years in China. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was the only conjugated vaccine (PCV) available in C...Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary cause of illness and death among children younger than 5 years in China. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was the only conjugated vaccine (PCV) available in China from 2008 to 2013. This randomized, controlled, open-label study conducted at 46 Beijing clinics involved 3281 healthy 2-5-year-old Chinese children, randomized 1:1 to receive one dose of the S. pneumoniae heptavalent conjugated vaccine (PCV7) (n = 1643) or Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib) (n = 1638). The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of PCV7 against that of Hib vaccination in the nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae colonization in healthy Chinese children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) samples for culture, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were collected before vaccination and at Day 60 and 180 post-vaccination. A total 3281 children were enrolled in the study. Demographic characteristics were similar among both study groups: 1641 children received PCV7. Before immunization, S. pneumoniae was isolated in 338 and 360 children in the PCV7 (144 PCV7 isolates) and Hib groups (145 PCV7 isolates), respectively. At Day 180, PCV7 vaccination was more effective than Hib vaccination in reduction NP carriage (20.2% [P = 0.052]) and new acquisition (19.0% [P = 0.066]). When reductions in NP carriage and new acquisition of PCV7 VT plus 6A was analyzed, reduction in the PCV7 vaccinated group achieved statistical significance (P = 0.034 and P = 0.042 versus Hib, respectively). NP carriage of NVT increased in both groups (P = 0.305 between study groups at Day 180). PCV7 decreased NP carriage of non-susceptible VT to amoxicillin (P = 0.000), ceftriaxone (P = 0.047) and MDR (P = 0.024) versus Hib. PCV7 vaccination in Chinese children 2 to 5 years of age was more effective than vaccination with Hib in the reduction of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage, new acquisition and non-susceptible isolates.展开更多
There have been tremendous improvements in immunization coverage since the Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched. We highlight inherent challenges in measuring immunization coverage with precision as coverag...There have been tremendous improvements in immunization coverage since the Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched. We highlight inherent challenges in measuring immunization coverage with precision as coverage levels increase due to the sensitivity of coverage to the accuracy of target population estimates. In fact, when comparing across groups at high levels of coverage, error in target population estimates can obscure differences in immunization coverage.展开更多
Avian influenza is the most contagious disease not only in poultry, but also in humans. Avian influenza in humans occurs mainly in Southeast Asia, but no human-to-human pandemic has occurred. Meanwhile, outbreaks of a...Avian influenza is the most contagious disease not only in poultry, but also in humans. Avian influenza in humans occurs mainly in Southeast Asia, but no human-to-human pandemic has occurred. Meanwhile, outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry occur on a global scale and cause a large economic loss. Migration antibodies passed from mother birds via eggs are said to be an important component of the immune system that protects birds from infection. Thus, the immunity status of mother birds can determine the ability of offspring to defend against infection. In this study, we investigated the presence of anti-avian influenza virus antibody in chickens hatched on a poultry farm in Indonesia and examined the involvement of migratory antibodies in protecting against virus infection by infectious experiments of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens. Blood was collected from randomly selected chicks, and antibodies against avian influenza virus were evaluated in all birds. Since these young birds had no history of vaccination, the antibodies were deemed to have been transferred from the mother birds. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titer in each bird varied. Infection of these birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 intra-nasally resulted in a high mortality rate in chicks with low antibody titers but a low mortality rate in chicks with high antibody titers. These findings indicate that migratory antibody prevented highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 infection in chicks, suggesting that such a preventive effect could also be expected with outdoor natural infection.展开更多
An active surveillance system of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) started on September 2008 in Lombardy, Italy, among children aged less than 60 months and admitted for suspicion of IPD at emergency room of ten hos...An active surveillance system of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) started on September 2008 in Lombardy, Italy, among children aged less than 60 months and admitted for suspicion of IPD at emergency room of ten hospitals. This study examined the clinical characteristics of children enrolled up to December 2010, that is just before the introduction in this region of voluntary mass vaccination, free of charge, based on the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Two hundred fifty one children were suspected and 20 were confirmed as having IPD, based on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood. Thirty-nine percent of children had received pneumococcal vaccination previously, and full vaccination with three doses of hepta-valent vaccine (PCV7) had been administered in 21.4%. Co-morbidity conditions were more frequent in children with confirmed than non-confirmed IPD (10.0% vs. 0.9%). The annual incidence rate of confirmed IPD was 28.6/100,000 (binomial 95% confidence interval, 18.6 to 44.1/100,000. Among confirmed IPD children, 11 exhibited pneumonia with bacteremia, 6 bacteremia without focus, 2 septicemia, 1 meningitis. Seventeen (85%) isolates were identified, and nine serotypes. The overall serotype coverage was 29.4% for PCV7 and 82.3% for PCV13. In non-vaccinated children, the coverage of PCV7 and PCV13 was 41.7% and 75.0%, respectively. Non-vaccine serotypes 12B, 15C, and 23B were identified. Antibiotic resistance was found in seven children, that is against penicillin (serotype 15C), erythromycin (14, 19A, 19F), tetracycline (15C, 19F), chloramphenicol (23F), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23F). Two of these children had received antibiotic therapy (penicillin or azithromycin) during the week before hospital admission. The coverage vaccination rate in Lombardy was relatively low during the surveillance period and serotype distribution widespread. The introduction of PCV13 and a mass vaccination program in young children might impact positively on invasive pneumococcal disease in this surveilled population. Active long-term surveillance of non-vaccine serotypes is required wordwide.展开更多
文摘Background: HLA system plays an essential role in the human immune system activity and the expression of some spe-cific HLA antigens could modify the immune response to vaccinations. Celiac Disease is included among the diseases associated to specific HLA profiles, principally characterized by the expression of the HLA DQ2 antigen. Object: Our study was a retrospective study, leaded on a group of celiac children, with the object to evaluate their immunological response to both obligatory and recommended vaccinations in childhood. Materials and methods: It was a retrospec-tive study, including 66 patients affected by celiac disease, between 3 and 15 years of age, and a control group of 50 children of the same age. All patients performed both obligatory and recommended vaccinations as indicated in the Italian standard regimen for vaccinations. The immunologic response to each vaccine was analysed and compared in the two groups. Moreover, authors also studied the immunologic response to vaccines in celiac children comparing patients whose diagnosis was made before 18 months of age with those whose disease was diagnosed after 18 months of age. Results: Our results showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccine is similar to that one found in general population, except for HBV vaccine. Conclusions: the valuation of immunological response to HBV vaccine should be regularly effectuated in celiac children and revaccination should be recommended.
文摘Cattle are the backbone of household economy in rural areas of India and many of them die after bites by potentially rabid dogs, despite being given currently recommended five shots of intramuscular (IM) rabies vaccination as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). In 2016, seven of 21 bovine bitten by rabid dogs given IM rabies vaccination died due to rabies in Shimla Municipality. This scenario prompted the authors to look for a suitable protocol, based on human studies, to save animals. We tested various schedules of IDRV in bovine and found that a schedule of 0.2 ml given in middle 1/3rd of neck on day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 along with local wound infiltration of eRIG is sufficiently immunogenic and life saving in all of them, even if bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose as tested by CRI. Rabivac Vet, a Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine, available as 1 ml per vial was used off level for IDRV. While injecting the vaccine, a raised papule of ≥1 cm will appear slowly causing a peau d’orange appearance. All 60 bovine serum samples tested by RFFIT after IDRV, had titers more than 0.5 IU/ml on day 14. Thereafter, a total of 150 animals were given five doses of IDRV as PEP, with or without RIG, after their exposure to clinically or lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose and all survived for more than a year. Serum samples from 15 animals bitten by lab confirmed rabid dogs/mongoose were collected on day 14 and tested for RVNA by RFFIT from NIMHANS Bangalore and all had desired antibody titers above 0.5 IU/ml, without any immunosuppression. The RFFIT titers in 55% bovine in all groups were more than adequate after one year and 100% of them had anamnestic response to a single 0.2 ml booster given at one year. Few of the bovine and even one equine (Horse. Figure 4) brought for PEP at some of nearby vet hospitals were given IM rabies vaccine with local eRIG infiltration also survived. Local eRIG infiltration appeared to have covered the lacuna of longer window period required for indigenous antibodies production through IM route in bovine that are not sufficiently produced by day 14. While five times less vaccine was used in this low cost protocol and the survival was 100% compared to traditional IM protocol where survival was 66%. Pre-exposure prophylaxis was found to be effective as 0.2 ml dose of IDRV on day 0, 3, 7 and all bovine had titers higher than the desired by day seven after single 0.2 ml vaccine booster at one year. Our study points towards a possibility of having short schedules of three shots IDRV vaccination in bovine with or without local RIG (depending on presence or absence of wound/s) as PEP and single shot IDRV as PrEP, but further studies are required on a large number of animals. Our study also points out for allowing intra-dermal use in animals as well and labeling vaccines for the same as this is low cost more immunogenic and less painful compare to IM administration.
文摘The significant function of Toll-like receptors (TLR) is the detection of microbes by host guard cells that guide to the innate immune responses and to the successive adaptive. The current study patterns of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 expressing antigen presenting cells (APCs) in blood of mice after colonization with L. plantarum NC8 strain were assessed. The power of L. plantarum on serum innate cytokine and TLR responses stimulated by recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep and NC8-pSIP409-pgsA were also assessed. We confirmed that L. plantarum NC8 stimulated powerful TLR2 expressing APC responses in blood Recombinant strain stimulated a TLR3 response in spleen, and TLR9 responses were stimulated in blood or in spleen. Recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep on TLR2 and TLR9 expressing APC responses has a preservative outcome, reliable with the DCpep adjuvant outcome. In serum the recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep has increased the IL-4 and IFN-γ responses, except that on the TLR3 and TLR9 expressing CD14 APC responses it had an oppressive consequence in spleen and the IFN-α response in serum-stimulated by PRV. Our results give details that following PRV infection after immunization with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-DCpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-DCpep, the systemic TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 expressing cDC and macrophage/monocyte responses.
文摘In this study, establishing the knowledge about adult vaccination and voluntary vaccination state of adults in the prov-ince centre of Kayseri was aimed. This descriptive study was performed in 2009 May-July, in 6 public health centres (PHC) in the province centre of Kayseri, by way of a questionnaire. 998 adults from the population of an area covered by 34 family practitioners, working under six public health care centres, in the province centre of Kayseri, were asked to fill a questionnaire. Chi-square test was used in the statistical analysis and p < 0.05 was accepted as significant. The mean age of the participants was 37.4 ± 14.1 and 56.7% were female. 75.8% of the individuals knew that adults had to be vaccinated and 55.3% that influenza vaccination had to be done every year. 97.9% of the participants were aware of influenza vaccinLation, and the rate of vaccination was 7.8%, 97.8% knew tetanus vaccination, the awareness rate of hepatitis B vaccination was 84.4%, and vaccination rate 25.6%, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was known by 44.4%, vaccination rate in women was 1.1%, pneumococcus vaccination was known by 19.8% and vaccination rate was 0.4%. 22.0% of the individuals 65 years old and above had got an influenza vaccination while non-had got a pneumococcus vaccination. It is found that the tetanus, influenza, and hepatitis vaccinations were highly known, whereas, HPV and pneumococcus vaccinations were not, and that the number of individuals stating that they had been vaccinated was quite low.
文摘Hydro-Pericardium Syndrome (HPS) is viral problem of commercial poultry caused by aviadeno virus type-4. In Pakistan the problems have been controlled by administering inactivated infected liver homogenate vaccine (ILHV). The use of liver based HPS vaccines remained potential threat for having hypersensitivity reactions in poultry. The current study was carried out to compare the serological potency of HPS ILHV to vero cell line adopted vaccine in term of anti HPS-ELISA antibody titers. 14 HPS virus vaccines were prepared based on different concentration of antigen, type of adjuvants and source of virus substrate. Total of 160 birds were divided into 16 groups each containing 10 birds. At day of 14th age each bird of every group was injected with 0.3 ml dose of respective vaccine. It was observed that HPS infected liver based vaccine having 1 × 105.6, 1 × 105.6 and 1 × 103.6 bird lethal dose 50 induced 1092.10, 875.25 and 702.2 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. The 20, 25 and 30 doses/gm HPS infected liver vaccine induced 110.4, 1071.9 and 1037.8 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer respectively. Montanide based tissue culture HPS vaccine showed significantly higher 1148.45 anti-HPS ELISA antibody titer to aluminium hydroxide based vaccine (137.2) (P 5.6 TCID50 is serological potent against field infection. The vaccines based on such formulation could be prepared in future for effective immuno-prophylaxis against HPS virus.
文摘It has been shown that some parasites interfere with malignant tumor cells growth in vivo or in vitro. In this work anticancer activity of three live protozoan parasites;Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Leishmania major on fibrosarcoma cells growth has been investigated in cell culture medium. In this experimental study, WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells treated with alive Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite, Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite or Leishmania major promastigote as case groups or left intact as control groups. Following 24 hours incubation the number of cells, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apoptosis were determined in case and control groups. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite decreased cell proliferation and increased cell lyses’ but it did not induce apoptosis. Trichomonas vaginalis or Leishmania major didn’t show any effects on cell proliferation, cell lyses or apoptosis. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii may have anticancer activity and further works is recommended to understand the mechanisms of action.
文摘Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are common causative agents with high infection rate in pig farms, thus a combined vaccine against both EMCV and PCV2 is highly desirable. In the present study, we developed an oil-adjuvant combination vaccine candidate comprising of inactivated EMCV and PCV2, and evaluated the safety and immunogenicity in mice and swine. The combination vaccine was found to elicit serum antibodies and had strong neutralization activity, more importantly, passive immunization with the combined vaccine protected swine against either EMCV or PCV2 lethal infections, whereas the monovalent vaccine only prevent the one of two virus challenge. Our results demonstrated the combined vaccine was safe and induced protective immune response in mice and swine as evident from sero-conservation as well as challenge studies in swine, indicating that component vaccines did not interfere with the immunogenicity of each other.
文摘Immunotherapy as an option of treatment in cancer has experienced an important development with the inclusion of vaccines. In lung cancer this type of treatment has emerged and vaccines can be classified in three groups: antigen-specific vaccines, tumor cell vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. Emepepimut (L-BLP25) and MAGE-A3 have been the vaccines most widely studied. Their promising results with benefit in survival and limited toxicity in preclinical and clinical trials have led to phase III trials with results eagerly awaited. Other vaccines have been investigated, but results were not favorable or are still pending. Hopefully, vaccines could be an additional instrument for the treatment of lung cancer in the adjuvant or metastatic setting as time will unveil the results of current and future trials.
文摘In Uruguay a post pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation surveillance of hospitalized children with pneumonia showed an increase of complicated pneumonias, while uncomplicated pneumonias decreased. Out of 151 pleural effusions, 62 were empyemas requiring drainage, the rest of cases were treated with antibiotics with a favorable outcome. Patient’s vaccinated status varied. Pneumococcal etiology was poorly documented. The few identified sero-types were 1 and 3, a fact that urges PCV13 use for their control.
文摘Background Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) are two important cytokines in inflammatory response, which may induce rolling and adhesion of both leukocytes and lymphocytes, while modulating vascular permeability at the same time. These adhesion molecules usually serve as surrogate markers of activation and injury of vascular endothelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key factor to induce the expression and production of the above cell adhesion molecules. However, it remains to be elucidated whether exogenous ubiquitin exerts any effect on the cytokines in sepsis-induced ALI. Methods Sixty mice were devided randomly into five groups with twelve mice in each group, i.e. CLP group, SHAM group, UB1 group (10 mg/kg), UB2 group (5 mg/kg) and UB3 group(1 mg/kg). Mice of SHAM group underwent sham operation, and other four groups underwent CLP. Six hours after surgery, mice of three UB groups received ubiquitin by caudal vein injection while CLP and SHAM group received vehicle. Seven hours after surgery, blood and lungs of all mice were collected. ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TNF-α level of 9% lung homogenate and serum TNF-α level were measured by ELISA. Results Pulmonary ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and TNF-α level of three UB groups were lower than CLP and SHAM group, and there were several comparisons with a statistically significant difference. Serum TNF-α level of three UB groups were slightly lower than CLP group, but far higher than SHAM group. Pulmonary ICAM-1 level, VCAM-1 level and serum TNF-α level of UB3 group were lower than UB1 and UB2 group, and there was a significant difference in VCAM-1 between UB3 and UB1 group. Pulmonary TNF-α level of UB3 group was slightly higher than UB1 and UB2 group.
文摘Porcine cysticercosis (PC) caused by Taenia solium larvae is continuing being an important zoonotic neglected disease in many developing countries, is responsible for severe health disorders such as seizures and death in human and it poses a serious public health risk. In general estimated prevalence for porcine cysticercosis by Ag-ELISA was 29.7% (95% CI [4.8 - 58.2]), by EITB was 24.7% (95% CI [9.2 - 38.2]), by Tongue examination was 9.4% (95% CI [0.2 - 13.2]), and by postmortem examination was 15% (95% CI [0.2 - 27.4]). Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by circulating antibody detection (Ab-ELISA) was ranged from 1.3% to 45.3%. Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by circulating T. solium antigen detection (Ag-ELISA) was ranged from 4.6% to 11.9%. Average seroprevalence of human cysticercosis by EITB was ranged from 6.9% to 16.7%. Average prevalence of human cysticercosis by CT scan was ranged from 23.2% to 54.6%. A fundamental factor in the occurrence of infections in most of the article was lack of health education to the community on T. solium, cysticercosis and taeniasis complex as the key towards control and eradication. The major causal factors of the disease occurrence were free roaming pigs and poor sanitary conditions.
文摘Background: Early promotion of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination among health care workers is an important component of the HBV infection control. No available data assess immune response of HB vaccination among Egyptian medical students. Objective: we conducted this study to evaluate the immune response among medical students after completion of their vaccination schedule. Methods: A total of 150 Egyptian medical students were included. Three doses of recombinant HB vaccine had been administered to all participating students at 0, 1 and 6 months. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBs) titers, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and total antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were measured by enzyme immunoassay, 1 to 2 months after completion of vaccination course. Results: Among 150 students included, the mean age was 22.4 ± 1.7 years (range 18 - 28 years). Fifty nine (39.4%) were males and 91 (60.6%) were females. All students have anti-HBs levels more than 100 IU/L. The mean anti-HBs of included students was 8994.2 ± 6373.1 IU/L. There was no significant difference of anti-HBs levels regarding age, sex, residence or body mass index distribution. Conclusion: Early HB vaccination of health care workers is associated with good immune response and should be encouraged.
文摘Most of the facts regarding measles aerosol vaccination have been quite thoroughly dealt with in the book by S. Plotkin, Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects—Progress and Obstacles (2006 Ed) [1]. However, there are some aspects mentioned there that should perhaps have been emphasized more strongly and others that have emerged as relevant issues since then. We shall start with the quite important point that in the Sabin et al. [2] first study made in Monterrey, N. L., México [3], antibody reaction for recipients of respiratory-route Edmonston-Zagreb vaccines was not fully developed (100%) until six months after aerosol inhalation. At six weeks, only 90% had increased blood levels of antibody, a fact for which there is no easy explanation, but one which should be considered when dealing with serologic evaluation of measles vaccines given by aerosol in which shortterm results less than encouraging. Results of the second study performed by Sabin et al. in Monterrey [2] establish that the percentage of sero-responses is directly dose-dependent. In turn, the dose itself depends on at least three facts: 1) concentration of virus in the vaccine used;2) kind of nebulizer used;and 3) time of exposure. Another point to be stressed is that the vaccine used in the first trials [1]-[3], as well in the aerosol mass vaccination in México, though originally the Ickic strain attenuated in HDP, was also grown for final harvesting in HDP (MRC-5), whereas current Edmonston-Zagreb vaccines are obtained by final culture in chick embryo fibroblasts that provide 1 log more final product, more beneficial from an economic point of view, but not for adaptation to human tissues. A crucial consideration in aerosol measles mass campaigns is the lack of electricity/ energy supply, particularly in rural communities. To deal with these issues, a rudimentary assembly was utilized to produce the aerosol for mass vaccinations performed during the serious Mexican epidemic of 1990-1991: a tire pump connected to a Clay-Adams nebulizer. As this equipment works only with direct current, a car battery was used to supply sufficient energy to vaccinate thousands of children.
基金supported by a grant from the Education Department of the Basque Country Government to the UPV/EHU(IT656-13).
文摘Susceptibility to pneumococcal infections in Sj?gren syndrome (SS)―an autoimmune inflammatory disease―patients is not well known, although these patients frequently develop respiratory diseases. The relative risk of developing pneumococcal disease in SS patients versus diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2) patients, matched by age, gender, and length of enrolment was studied. From January 1998 to September 2013 the records of Donostia University Hospital were analyzed, which among other patient’s data includes: number and type of hospital admissions and number and type of laboratory determinations. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates of the same serotype causing recurrent infections were characterized by PFGE. The study comprised 127 patients in the SS group (69 primary and 58 secondary) and 127 in the DM-2 group as control. In 12 SS patients, (9.4%) 22 pneumococcal disease episodes were detected. Two patients (1.6%) with a single episode each one were observed among DM-2 patients, p = 0.01, RR for SS patients 6 (95% CI 1.4 to 26.3). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups of patients in infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae. Most pneumococcal serotypes in SS patients belonged to the 13-valent (50%) and 23-valent (75%) anti-pneumococcal vaccine. SS patients are associated with and increased risk of suffering from pneumococcal disease. Vaccination should be considered in this group of patients.
文摘Objectives: Despite the well-known advantages associated with immunization, it has proven difficult to achieve high levels of influenza vaccination among Health Care Professionals (HCPs). This report describes results of an influenza vaccination program implemented within a comprehensive cancer center. Methods: Using records from calendar years 2005-2013, we completed a retrospective analysis of annual influenza vaccination rates at this center. A mandatory influenza vaccination policy was implemented in 2010, while prior to that vaccination was encouraged but not required. Vaccinations are free to employees and distributed at various locations. Annual influenza vaccination rates were examined by calendar year and by occupational group (medical, nursing, administrative, scientific, other support staff). Results: High levels of adherence with the mandatory influenza policy were observed for all employee groups. Prior to influenza vaccine mandates flu vaccination rates ranged from ~30% - 40% and increased to 85% - 89% with the mandate. Conclusions: Robust influenza vaccination rates have been sustained since implementation of a vaccination mandate supporting further expansion of policies requiring influenza vaccination for HCPs.
文摘Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.
文摘Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary cause of illness and death among children younger than 5 years in China. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was the only conjugated vaccine (PCV) available in China from 2008 to 2013. This randomized, controlled, open-label study conducted at 46 Beijing clinics involved 3281 healthy 2-5-year-old Chinese children, randomized 1:1 to receive one dose of the S. pneumoniae heptavalent conjugated vaccine (PCV7) (n = 1643) or Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib) (n = 1638). The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of PCV7 against that of Hib vaccination in the nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae colonization in healthy Chinese children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) samples for culture, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were collected before vaccination and at Day 60 and 180 post-vaccination. A total 3281 children were enrolled in the study. Demographic characteristics were similar among both study groups: 1641 children received PCV7. Before immunization, S. pneumoniae was isolated in 338 and 360 children in the PCV7 (144 PCV7 isolates) and Hib groups (145 PCV7 isolates), respectively. At Day 180, PCV7 vaccination was more effective than Hib vaccination in reduction NP carriage (20.2% [P = 0.052]) and new acquisition (19.0% [P = 0.066]). When reductions in NP carriage and new acquisition of PCV7 VT plus 6A was analyzed, reduction in the PCV7 vaccinated group achieved statistical significance (P = 0.034 and P = 0.042 versus Hib, respectively). NP carriage of NVT increased in both groups (P = 0.305 between study groups at Day 180). PCV7 decreased NP carriage of non-susceptible VT to amoxicillin (P = 0.000), ceftriaxone (P = 0.047) and MDR (P = 0.024) versus Hib. PCV7 vaccination in Chinese children 2 to 5 years of age was more effective than vaccination with Hib in the reduction of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage, new acquisition and non-susceptible isolates.
文摘There have been tremendous improvements in immunization coverage since the Expanded Programme on Immunization was launched. We highlight inherent challenges in measuring immunization coverage with precision as coverage levels increase due to the sensitivity of coverage to the accuracy of target population estimates. In fact, when comparing across groups at high levels of coverage, error in target population estimates can obscure differences in immunization coverage.
文摘Avian influenza is the most contagious disease not only in poultry, but also in humans. Avian influenza in humans occurs mainly in Southeast Asia, but no human-to-human pandemic has occurred. Meanwhile, outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry occur on a global scale and cause a large economic loss. Migration antibodies passed from mother birds via eggs are said to be an important component of the immune system that protects birds from infection. Thus, the immunity status of mother birds can determine the ability of offspring to defend against infection. In this study, we investigated the presence of anti-avian influenza virus antibody in chickens hatched on a poultry farm in Indonesia and examined the involvement of migratory antibodies in protecting against virus infection by infectious experiments of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens. Blood was collected from randomly selected chicks, and antibodies against avian influenza virus were evaluated in all birds. Since these young birds had no history of vaccination, the antibodies were deemed to have been transferred from the mother birds. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody titer in each bird varied. Infection of these birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/H5N1 intra-nasally resulted in a high mortality rate in chicks with low antibody titers but a low mortality rate in chicks with high antibody titers. These findings indicate that migratory antibody prevented highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 infection in chicks, suggesting that such a preventive effect could also be expected with outdoor natural infection.
文摘An active surveillance system of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) started on September 2008 in Lombardy, Italy, among children aged less than 60 months and admitted for suspicion of IPD at emergency room of ten hospitals. This study examined the clinical characteristics of children enrolled up to December 2010, that is just before the introduction in this region of voluntary mass vaccination, free of charge, based on the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Two hundred fifty one children were suspected and 20 were confirmed as having IPD, based on isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood. Thirty-nine percent of children had received pneumococcal vaccination previously, and full vaccination with three doses of hepta-valent vaccine (PCV7) had been administered in 21.4%. Co-morbidity conditions were more frequent in children with confirmed than non-confirmed IPD (10.0% vs. 0.9%). The annual incidence rate of confirmed IPD was 28.6/100,000 (binomial 95% confidence interval, 18.6 to 44.1/100,000. Among confirmed IPD children, 11 exhibited pneumonia with bacteremia, 6 bacteremia without focus, 2 septicemia, 1 meningitis. Seventeen (85%) isolates were identified, and nine serotypes. The overall serotype coverage was 29.4% for PCV7 and 82.3% for PCV13. In non-vaccinated children, the coverage of PCV7 and PCV13 was 41.7% and 75.0%, respectively. Non-vaccine serotypes 12B, 15C, and 23B were identified. Antibiotic resistance was found in seven children, that is against penicillin (serotype 15C), erythromycin (14, 19A, 19F), tetracycline (15C, 19F), chloramphenicol (23F), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23F). Two of these children had received antibiotic therapy (penicillin or azithromycin) during the week before hospital admission. The coverage vaccination rate in Lombardy was relatively low during the surveillance period and serotype distribution widespread. The introduction of PCV13 and a mass vaccination program in young children might impact positively on invasive pneumococcal disease in this surveilled population. Active long-term surveillance of non-vaccine serotypes is required wordwide.
